Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 828-833
DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.317 828
P
SYCHOLOGICAL
A
CCEPTANCE
B
EHAVIOR OF THE
A
UDIENCE IN
I
DEOLOGICAL AND
P
OLITICAL
E
DUCATION
Fu Ma
1*, Kuanmin Lu
1, Yan Li
2Abstract
The psychological acceptance behavior (PAB) of the audience is a key indicator of the effectiveness of ideological and political (I&P) education. Based on psychological theories, this paper probes deep into the PAB of the audience in the I&P education. The original data were collected through a questionnaire survey on students from different grades in a university of Chongqing, China, and analyzed in the dimensions of acceptance motivation, cognition and emotion. The results show that the college students have poor PAB in the I&P education, due to the lack of motivation, smooth process and positive emotions; the PAB of the audience in the I&P education is influenced by external factors like politics, economy, culture, educator, and education content, and internal factors like development stage, need and non-rational factor. The research results help to improve the I&P education quality from the psychological perspective.
Key words: Ideological and Political (I&P) Education; Audience; Psychological Acceptance
Behavior (PAB), Questionnaire Survey.
Received: 22-02-19 | Accepted: 28-07-19
INTRODUCTION
Ideological and political (I&P) education helps people to set up a correct outlook on life, values and world outlook, enhance the quality of the people and guarantee for the overall promotion of the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In recent years, as the state and society pay the increasing attention to I&P education, the effectiveness of I&P education has become the focus of academic research.
Audience’s psychological acceptance behavior (PAB) in I&P education is the key to the effectiveness of I&P education. According to Professor Qiu Bosheng's theory, the subject's choice and intake of educational information is
1School of Marxism, Xi`an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China. 2Shaanxi Radio and Television University, Teaching Department of Ideological and Political Theory Course, Xi'an 710119, China.
E-Mail: 19964262@qq.com
the connotation of I&P education, which involves two factors: environment and educational control (Li, 2018).
Audience’s PAB in I&P education is the key to the effectiveness of I&P education. According to Professor Qiu Bosheng's theory, the subject's choice and intake of educational information is the connotation of I&P education, which involves two factors: environment and educational control (Li, 2018). The depth of subject’s acceptance is directly affected by the subject's psychological factors (Haidt, 2013), and most scholars believe that "need" psychology is a prerequisite for the acceptance of I&P education (Richardson & Slife, 2013). According to Wang Lirong, cognition and emotion are also important parts of the reception psychology of I&P education (Lapsley & Hill, 2008). At present, the research achievements on the connotation, motivation mechanism, acceptance behavior and acceptance psychology of I&P education are very rich but with a limited focus on the PAB of the audience in I&P education (Lohse-Bossenz, Kunina-Habenicht, & Kunter, 2013).
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Based on the above analysis, this study focuses on the PAB of the audience in I&P education. With college students as the research objects, this study evaluates the present situation of PAB of the audience in I&P education from the acceptance motivation, cognition link, and emotional link, summarizes the reasons for the poor PAB of the audience in I&P education, and analyzes the factors that influence the audience's PAB in I&P education from two angles of internal factors and external factors, in a bid to provide some reference basis for improving the effectiveness of I&P education.
EVALUATION ON THE PRESENT SITUATION OF
AUDIENCE’S PAB IN I&P EDUCATION
In this study, 400 students among freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors from a university in Chongqing are randomly selected to investigate the present situation and influencing factors of the audience's PAB in I&P education, and 389 valid questionnaires are collected with a collection rate of 97.25%.
Acceptance motivation
Figure 1
.
The role of I&P education
Acceptance motivation is a psychological motivation factor of the PAB in I&P education (Welch, 2011). Through investigation, it is found (Faust & Arbuthnot, 1978) that personal development and quality improvement are the main motivation for college students to accept I&P education. The I&P education can improve their own ideological and political quality, and guide and promote the learning of other
knowledge. In addition, contents of I&P education are related to examination for postgraduates and civil servants, and are conducive to their future development. But undoubtedly, there is a strong utilitarianism in the process of learning I&P education, as shown in Figure 1, which shows the results of the investigation on the role of I&P education. It can be seen from the figure that the passing examination, the examination for postgraduates and the examination for civil servants are the main roles of I&P education for college students. However, only 12.4% of the students choose to satisfy their interests or personal hobbies, which shows that most of the students do not realize the value of I&P education, but are forced to study under the pressure of the outside world. This utilitarianism will seriously affect the psychological acceptance of college students in I&P education.
Cognition link
At present, college students have a rich knowledge cognition of I&P education, which is mainly reflected in their mastery over the contents (political theories, principles, and concepts) of I&P education. This kind of knowledge cognition is mostly verified by the way of examination, and the result shows that the average score is high, which can only explain the memory and retelling of college students over the I&P education instead of proving that college students have an accurate understanding and judgment on the value of I&P education.
Emotional link
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACCEPTANCE BEHAVIOR OF THE AUDIENCE IN IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL EDUCATION 830
Positive emotion plays a positive role in promoting the PAB in I&P education, and cognition is the basis of the audience's emotional experience of I&P education. Figure 2 shows the survey results of college students' satisfaction over I&P education. It can be seen that 12.8% and 45.7% of students are satisfied or very satisfied with I&P education respectively, and 9.2% and 5.7% are not satisfied or very satisfied, respectively. This shows that the majority of students has a relatively positive identity on I&P education. However, the investigation shows that the rational basis of college students' recognition of I&P education is not enough, which mainly shows that college students have a low understanding of the contents of I&P education and lack the corresponding cognitive basis for the basic political system in China.
Analysis of the reasons for the poor PAB of the audience in I&P education
According to the investigation results of college students, the main reasons for the poor PAB of the audience in I&P education are as follows: First, the lack of motivation, acceptance motivation directly determines the integrity of the PAB of the audience in I&P education At present, the rational basis for college students' acceptance of I&P education is not enough, with strong utilitarianism and weak motivation force. Second, the unsmooth process, cognition is the initial stage of the PAB in I&P education, and practice is the final embodiment of the PAB in I&P education. However, the investigation shows that the content of I&P education has not been completely internalized and externalized in actions, that’s, the PAB has not formed a complete presentation of the results. Third, the insufficient positive cause of I&P education, the function of the positive cause is equivalent to the stimulant, which urges the audience to believe the "value," that’s, presenting the value and acceptance significance of I&P education in their lives. But the current social environment, educational environment and atmosphere fail to show the significance and value of I&P education.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING
AUDIENCE’S PAB IN I&P EDUCATION
External factors
Detailed analysis of the social environment
influence
(1) Analysis of social and economic environmental factors
The development of productive forces and the state of material life together constitute the economic environment of the society, and the quality of the social economic environment determines whether people accept and what ideology they accept (Hyemin, Jeongmin, Changwoo et al., 2017). Figure 3 shows the survey results of factors that teenagers think can enhance their trust in Marxism. It can be seen from the figure that the top three factors are China's becoming a world-class power, the disappearance of corruption and the improvement of living standards. Therefore, the economic development of the country and the improvement of the material living standard of the audience have laid a good foundation for the PAB of the audience in I&P education. On the other hand, the rapid development of social economy has created the psychology of profit-seeking of the audience, which to some extent decreases people's pursuit of the spiritual world. In particular, the current severe social competition situation and bad social climate make the audience of I&P education produce negative and resistant emotion, which affects their PAB in I&P education.
Figure 3
.
The most important factor to
enhance your trust in Marxism
(2) Analysis of political environmental factors The sum of our political system and political reality constitutes our current political environment (Maclagan, 2005). At present, Chinese people can effectively realize their participation in political life and express their individual aspirations. Through the survey of
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college students' governance performance, it is found that college students have a high degree of recognition of the people's interests, economic development and national prosperity. College students' recognition of the leadership of the Communist Party of China provides positive influence on the PAB in I&P education. The image and style of civil servants are, to a certain extent, representative of the ruling party and the political system, and the current bureaucratism, corruption and bribery of public servants have seriously affect people's recognition of the ruling party, which, to a certain extent, also impedes people's psychological acceptance of I&P education.
(3) Analysis of cultural environmental factors The cultural environment in which the individuals are cultivated will influence their value orientation and ideological outlook imperceptibly. Studies have shown (Day, 1991) that traditional culture is an important factor affecting one's beliefs and values. The reason why Marxism-Leninism can be understood and accepted by the Chinese people is that some of its ideas is consistent with the traditional ideas of Great Harmony, plain materialism and practical rationality. In addition, China's advanced cultural construction of socialism has also provided a good cultural atmosphere for I&P education.
Detailed analysis of the influence of educational factors
(1) Analysis of educators
Figure 4
.
Teacher's trust in textbook content
Educators are the main body of I&P education, and their professional identification, authority identification and self-quality affect to
a great extent the recognition and psychological acceptance of I&P education by the recipients of I&P education. The authority of teachers comes from their own quality, including personal quality, knowledge level and teaching ability. At present, some teachers' quality cannot meet the needs of I&P education. Figure 4 shows teachers' trust in the contents of textbooks.
It can be seen from the results that only 43.5% of the teachers completely believe in the views of the contents of the teaching materials, while 18% of the teachers are skeptical about the contents of the teaching materials, and 3% of the teachers have no idea. The indeterminacy of the contents taught by the educators will directly affect the PAB of the recipients.
(2) Analysis of education content
In order to realize the effectiveness of college students' PAB in I&P education, the content of I&P education must firstly be the correct reflection of objective things and their laws, that’s, scientificalness or truth; secondly focus on reality, promoting the PAB from reality, that’s, the pertinence and the reality; and finally the I&P education content should have the certain historical continuity, conforming to the college students’ cognitive psychology and the acceptance diagram.
Internal factors
Stage of the development of the recipients
The acceptance ability of the recipients will directly affect the PAB of the audience in I&P education. Modern psychological research shows that the individuals’ physiology and psychology are developing continuously, but their development is also periodic, that’s, it presents certain regularity. The recipients’ need for learning content and the ability to receive learning at different stages should also be adapted to their physiological and psychological development. Therefore, at different stages, the recipients’ ability to perceive and recognize the outside world is different, and their ability of PAB is also different. Secondly, the PAB of the recipients in the I&P education is different with the influence of the education. Finally, the changes of the recipients in cognition and experience of the objective environment as well as the change of their psychological development will also affect the PAB in I&P education. Figure 5 shows the survey results of students at different grades on "Marxist theory is the recognition of scientific truth."
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACCEPTANCE BEHAVIOR OF THE AUDIENCE IN IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL EDUCATION 832
Figure 5
.
The result of the survey on
"Marxist theory is the recognition of
scientific truth"
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Don't believe at all Do not believe General
Believe Very confident
Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior
It can be seen that the freshmen have the highest recognition of Marxist theory, and the degree of recognition gradually decreases with the growth of students' grade, which indicates that the PAB of the mainstream ideology is negatively correlated with the age structure.
The needs of the recipients
Human needs are divided into different levels. With the continuous development of the society, the needs of college students have gradually changed from the original pursuit of dedication and realization of ambitious aspirations to paying more attention to the satisfaction of their own success needs, emotional needs and enjoyment needs. Figure 6 shows the survey results of college students' needs.
Figure 6
.
Survey results for college students
It can be seen that enjoyment, success and money and status are the most important needs of college students, accounting for 35.2%, 22.3% and 19.3% respectively. The reality of college students' needs makes college students accept all the knowledge and ways that can promote their achievements. Since I&P education can improve college students' ideological and political quality and serves as the basic course of postgraduate examination, most college students show a high level of PAB to I&P education out of the need of becoming a talented person and taking a postgraduate examination.
Non-rational factors of the recipients
College students are in an important period of physiological and psychological development and with extremely complex emotional expression, they are both exuberant and sensitive. In terms of PAB in I&P education, they show love to the country and the nation. Surveys show that more than 60% of students have a high level of national pride and identity, and more than 90% of college students are willing to do their utmost for the development of their motherland. Although college students are enthusiastic about patriotism, they are extremely sensitive to social issues such as corruption and anti-corruption, and are unable to make appropriate responses and scientific judgments. For instance, regarding the leadership of the Communist Party of China, about 45% of college students hold a hard-to-choose or negative attitude, but only about 10% of them have little or no trust in the Communist Party of China.
CONCLUSIONS
The effectiveness of the I&P education lies in the acceptance behavior. In order to improve the effectiveness of the I&P education, this study focuses on the PAB of the audience in the I&P education, and the concrete conclusions are as follows:
(1) The study evaluates the present situation of the audience's PAB in I&P education from the acceptance motivation, cognition link and emotional link, and the results show that insufficient motivation, unsmooth process and lack of positive causes are main reason for the poor PAB of the audience in I&P education.
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and cultural environment), educators and educational contents are external factors that influence the PAB of the audience in I&P education.
(3) The stage of development, needs and non-rational factors of the recipients are the external factors that influence the psychological reception behavior of the audience in the I&P education.
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