Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments

(1)

ÓPTICA PURA Y APLICADA – Vol. 37, núm. 3 - 2004

Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments

A. Smirnov

(1,2)

, B.N. Holben

(2)

, O. Dubovik

(1,2)

, T.F. Eck

(1,2)

, and I.Slutsker

(3,2)

1. Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland – Baltimore

County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (

[email protected]

)

2. code 923, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

3. Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA

PRESENTATION

ABSTRACT:

Atmospheric aerosol optical properties over the oceans based on the

AERONET data are presented. The results are compared with the historical

shipborne data acquired over the last 30 years. A model of the maritime aerosol

component derived using AERONET data from island locations in the Pacific,

Atlantic and Indian Ocean is presented. Maritime aerosol properties in the

Central Pacific are considered in conjunction with the information on surface

wind speed. Average size distributions for various wind speed bins can be very

well simulated with the maritime aerosol model. The maritime component can

serve as a candidate model in atmospheric correction algorithms.

(2)

Optical Properties of

Atmospheric Aerosol in

Maritime Environments

AERONET Workshop

May 10

(3)

1993

(4)

Maritime aerosol

Marcello Bartinetti

“Sea storm in Camogli”

(5)

Table 1.

Summary of aerosol optical depth measurements in maritime and coastal areas

Reference Area τ_a D Spectral range, nm N of filters

Fischer (1967) South Ocean 0.09 ... 500 1

South Pacific Ocean 0.12 ...

New Zealand coast 0.16 ...

Guttman (1968) Marshall Islands 0.11 1 450≤λ≤710 7

Guschin (1970) Indian and Atlantic ocean 0.23 20 370≤λ≤530 2

Quenzel (1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.23 3 400≤λ≤1600 8

Volz (1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.18 17 440≤λ≤1630 4

Sandomirskiy et al. (1971) Black Sea coast 0.27 ... 480≤λ≤2240 6

Kuznetsov and Izhovkina (1973) North Atlantic 0.04 ... 410≤λ≤550

Barteneva et al. (1974) Tropical Atlantic 0.22 34 350≤λ≤1010 10

Burmistrova and Shubova (1974) Tropical Pacific and Atlantic 0.18 26 550 1

Shifrin et al. (1975) Indian Ocean 0.11 21 330≤λ≤690 5

Fraser (1976) Atlantic Ocean/dust 0.50 1 500≤λ≤1070 2

Karimova (1976) North Atlantic 0.08 5 340≤λ≤630 6

Emelyanov et al. (1978) Atlantic Ocean 0.25 20 440≤λ≤710 4

Jaenicke and Schutz (1978) Island Sal 0.38 ... 380≤λ≤500 2

Adnashkin et al. (1979) Tropical Atlantic 0.19 ... 350≤λ≤1010 10

Tavartkiladze (1979) Black Sea coast 0.28 ... 370≤λ≤820 13

Wilson (1979) San-Diego 0.20 1 400≤λ≤750 10

Gulf of Mexico 0.24 7

Bermuda 0.32 1

Artemkin et al. (1980) Atlantic Ocean 0.40 ... 400≤λ≤1060 5

South Ocean 0.16 ...

Shifrin et al. (1980a) Black Sea coast 0.16 2 340≤λ≤960 9

Shifrin et al. (1980b) Baltic Sea coast 0.20 2 380≤λ≤720 5

Viollier et al. (1980) Azores 0.41 182 400≤λ≤1000

Hogan (1981) South Pacific Ocean 0.17 7 520≤λ≤620 2

Ross Sea 0.14 5

Lukyanchikova and Govorushkin (1981)

North Atlantic 0.10 11 370≤λ≤570 4

Sakunov et al. (1981) Beaufort Sea 0.07 8 350≤λ≤1000 10

Tomasi and Prodi (1982) Indian Ocean 0.27 16 500≤λ≤880 2

coast of Somalia 0.36 24

Yershov et al. (1982) Central Atlantic 0.17 16 380≤λ≤1016 11

Afonin (1983) Black Sea 0.30 ... 400≤λ≤750 8

Mediterranean Sea 0.39 ...

Atlantic Ocean 0.05 ...

coast of Guinea 0.90 ...

Artemkin and Krivoshein (1983a) North Atlantic 0.14 ... 430≤λ≤850 5

Central Atlantic 0.09 ...

Artemkin and Krivoshein (1983b) Baltic and North Seas 0.28 ... 430≤λ≤850 5

West African coast 0.37 ... 5

Gashko and Shifrin (1983) Pacific Ocean 0.14 23 370≤λ≤720 7

Eerme (1983) Baltic Sea 0.17 9 450≤λ≤710 7

Matsubara (1983) East Indian Ocean 0.09 7 370≤λ≤860 5

South Indian Ocean 0.04 4

Shaw (1983) Central Pacific Ocean 0.10 ... 410≤λ≤1000 9

Villevalde et al. (1984) Mediterranean Sea 0.50 10 380≤λ≤560 9

Shifrin et al. (1985) Black Sea coast 0.18 15 440≤λ≤1030 6

(6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7 all_hist_data (n=151)

Pacific_500 nm (n=32)

Atlantic_500 nm (n=64)

Indian_500 nm (n=12)

Inland seas_500 nm (n=39)

frequency of occurrences, %

(7)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 12:00

16:00

20:00

340 nm

380 nm

440 nm

500 nm

670 nm

870 nm

1020 nm

aerosol optical depth

(8)

Aerosol optical depth over the oceans

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30 Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

(9)

0.00 0.20

0.40 0.60

0.80 1.00

1.20 1.40

Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

yearly mean Angstrom parameter

(10)

Multi-year monthly averages

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC

Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

(11)

Multi-year monthly averages

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC

Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

Angstrom parameter

(12)

Aerosol optical depth over coastal areas

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40 Saturna Isl

San Nicolas

Wallops

COVE

Dry Tortugas

Gotland

El Arenosillo

IMS_METU

Forth Crete

Rottnest

(13)

Angstrom parameter over coastal areas

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Saturna Isl

San Nicolas

Wallops

COVE

Dry Tortugas

Gotland

El Arenosillo

IMS_METU

Forth Crete

Rottnest

(14)

Frequency of occurrences of aerosol

optical depth over the oceans

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20 Midway

Lanai

Coconut

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

frequency of occurrences, %

(15)

Frequency of occurrences of Angstrom

parameter over the oceans

0

10

20

30

40

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Midway

Lanai

Coconut

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

Angstrom parameter

(16)

Lanai, Hawaii

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.1

1

10 Jan (192/67)

Feb (177/54)

Mar (169/65)

Apr (77/33)

May (93/44)

Jun (67/33)

Jul (61/36)

Aug (96/37)

Sep (121/54)

Oct (127/45)

Nov (129/38)

Dec (88/36)

Year(12/1397)

dV/dlnR,

µ

m

3 /

µ

m

2

(17)

Aerosol optical depth diurnal variability

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20 Midway <0.10>

Lanai <0.08>

Nauru <0.08>

Tahiti <0.08>

Azores <0.11>

Bermuda <0.14>

Ascension <0.15>

Rottnest <0.07>

aerosol optical depth (500 nm)

percent departure from daily average

(18)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 Angstrom parameter

α

aerosol optical depth (500 nm)

Dust

Maritime

aerosol

(19)

Bermuda

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.1

1

10 average (N=200)

background (N=47)

maritime (N=52)

dV/dlnR,

µ

m

3 /

µ

m

2 _<

τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.13 <

α

>=1.05

<

τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.07 <

α

>=0.99

<τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.10 <α>=0.69

(20)

Lanai

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.1

1

10 average (N=784)

background (N=418)

maritime (N=520)

dV/dlnR,

µ

m

3 /

µ

m

2 _<

τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.08 <

α

>=0.89

<

τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.05 <

α

>=0.73

<τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.06 <α>=0.60

(21)

Kaashidhoo

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.1

1

10 Kaashidhoo

average (N=330)

maritime (N=30)

dV/dlnR,

µ

m

3 /

µ

m

2 radius, µm

<

τ

a

(500 nm)>=0.24 <

α

>=1.25

<τ

(22)

Maritime components of the columnar

volume size distributions

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.1

1

10 Amsterdam

Midway

Lanai

Bermuda

Kaashidhoo

dV/dlnR,

µ

m

3 /

µ

m

2

(23)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0

500 1000

1500

2000

2500

Bermuda_fine

Bermuda_coarse

Lanai_fine

Lanai_coarse

Kaashidhoo_fine

Kaashidhoo_coarse

wavelength, nm

aerosol optical depth

(24)

0.0

0.1

1.0

10

2

10

3

10

4 Bermuda

Lanai

Kaashidhoo

wavelength, nm

aerosol optical depth

340<α

_vis

<670 nm

870<α

nir

<2130 nm

α

vis

=1.03,

α

nir

=0.46

α

vis

=0.82, α

nir

=0.53

α

_vis

=0.86,

α

(25)

Table 2. Parameters of aerosol size distributions over the oceans

Reference Area Height, m

Date Air Mass Type Fraction Rv, µm σ V,

µm3/cm3 continental fine (dry) 0.19 0.81 Shettle and Fenn (1979)

oceanic coarse (dry) 2.03 0.92

Gathman (1983) maritime fine (RH=80%) 0.14 0.71

coarse (RH=80%) 1.09 0.71 giant (RH=80%) 9.07 0.71 near Bermuda 250 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 2.56 0.525 95.4 near Bermuda 1500 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 1.65 0.756 1.17 Horvath et al. (1990)

US East coast 100 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 4.19 0.742 18.8 Virginia

US East coast 1500 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 3.83 0.732 7.0 Virginia

Pacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 1.29 0.457 Patterson et al. (1980),

as presented by Horvath et al. (1990)

Mace Head 20 06/01/88 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.30 0.89 Jennings and O’Dowd

(1990) coarse (ambient) 1.40 0.73 20.04

Kim et al. (1990) 150 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.33 0.74 large (ambient) 0.74 0.46 1.13 Atlantic Ocean

off Bermuda

giant (ambient) 2.96 0.44 20.90 2570 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.52 0.13 large (ambient) 0.71 0.52 0.30 Atlantic Ocean

off Bermuda

giant (ambient) 2.78 0.58 2.00 150 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.12 0.37 3.63 large (ambient) 0.81 0.46 3.63 US East coast

North Carolina

giant (ambient) 3.63 0.50 132.3 2570 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.13 0.46 2.11 large (ambient) 0.70 0.45 0.63 US East coast

North Carolina

giant (ambient) 3.16 0.59 5.94 O’Dowd et al. (1993) 18 10/89- maritime accumulation (dry) 0.11 0.315 0.15 11/89 modified accumulation (dry) 0.14 0.301 2.19

maritime

arctic accumulation (dry) 0.13 0.328 0.17 Northeast

Atlantic in the vicinity of Faeroe Island

and Iceland continental accumulation (dry) 0.12 0.332 2.55 maritime

Pueschel et al. (1994) Southern 10000 11/89 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.41 0.038 Pacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 0.28 0.34 0.034 Kim et al. (1995) Atlantic Ocean 10 06/12/92 fine (dry) 0.10 0.39 0.89

off the Azores coarse (dry) 0.50 0.65 1.17

10 06/19/92 fine (RH=77%) 0.14 0.47 1.88 Atlantic Ocean

off the Azores coarse (RH=77%) 0.40 0.75 4.05 10 06/24/92 fine (RH=71%) 0.11 0.26 0.72 Atlantic Ocean

off the Azores coarse (RH=71%) 0.35 0.59 3.67 Gras (1995) Cape Grim 01/91- autumn CN (dry) 0.014 0.38 0.001

06/92 CNN (dry) 0.10 0.37 0.16

large (dry) 0.78 0.61 2.38 winter CN (dry) 0.010 0.30 0.000 CNN (dry) 0.19 0.49 0.35 large (dry) 0.77 0.57 3.90 spring CN (dry) 0.013 0.38 0.001 CNN (dry) 0.14 0.45 0.25 large (dry) 0.62 0.54 1.90 summer CN (dry) 0.016 0.38 0.003 CNN (dry) 0.11 0.37 0.34 large (dry) 0.89 0.60 4.51 Quinn et al. (1995) US West coast 480 Aitken (dry) 0.04 0.41 0.04

Cheeka Peak

04/91-05/91 accumulation (dry) 0.13 0.34 0.51

Smirnov, Holben, Kaufman et al. JAS, 59, 501-523, 2002.

coarse (dry) 0.98 0.69 2.65 Pacific Ocean 18 02/92- Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.34 0.01 03/92 accumulation (dry) 0.13 0.34 0.68 coarse (dry) 1.22 0.59 8.99 Quinn et al (1996) Pacific Ocean 18 03/93- maritime accumulation (dry) 0.10 0.27 0.14 05/93 coarse (dry) 1.36 0.60 7.34 Pacific Ocean 18 03/93- continental accumulation (dry) 0.15 0.29 0.49 05/93 coarse (dry) 1.22 0.60 4.82 Porter and Clarke

(1997)

Pacific and Indian Oceans

20 maritime PC4 fine (dry) 0.135 0.48 coarse (dry) 3.45 0.84 O’Dowd et al. (1997) Northeast

Atlantic

18 10/89-11/89

film drop mode (dry)

0.34 0.64 jet drop mode (dry) 4.17 0.69 Jennings et al. (1997) Mace Head 20 11/93- winter marine accumulation

(ambient)

0.2-0.25 0.69 08/94 coarse (ambient) 2.0 0.92

summer marine accumulation (ambient)

0.2-0.25 0.69 coarse (ambient) 2.5 0.69

Hess et al. (1998) water-soluble (dry) 0.15 0.81

accumulation (dry) 0.94 0.71 coarse (dry) 7.90 0.71 11/95- maritime Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.012 Brechtel et al. (1998) Macquarie

Island, Southern Ocean

12/95 accumulation (dry) 0.11 0.46 0.27

Bates et al . (1998b) Southern 18 11/95- maritime ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.37 0.001

Ocean 12/95 Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.007

accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.34 0.09 coarse (dry) 1.19 0.70 11.44 continental ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.35 0.003 Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.41 0.04 accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.28 0.12 coarse (dry) 1.33 0.73 20.03 Bates et al . (2000) Atlantic Ocean 10 06/97 - Atlantic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.17 0.000 07/97 Aitken (dry) 0.027 0.36 0.011 accumulation (dry) 0.127 0.36 0.515 Arctic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.20 0.000 Aitken (dry) 0.025 0.32 0.016 accumulation (dry) 0.123 0.35 0.492 Quinn et al. (2001) Atlantic Ocean 10 01/00 - North America fine (RH=55%) 0.14 0.34 3.70

02/00 coarseI (RH=55%) 0.57 0.59 6.18 coarseII(RH=55%) 1.75 0.47 25.05 North Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.12 0.34 0.310 marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.04 0.74 7.37

coarseII(RH=55%) 1.79 0.53 24.35 African dust fine (RH=55%) 0.10 0.34 0.349 coarseI (RH=55%) 0.68 0.64 9.22 coarseII(RH=55%) 1.31 0.47 32.05 Dust and fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.53 2.69 biomass burning coarseI (RH=55%) 1.13 0.53 25.44 Biomass

burning

fine (RH=55%) 0.16 0.41 2.54 coarseI (RH=55%) 1.19 0.53 5.87 South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.41 1.03 tropical marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.59 0.64 11.61 South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.13 0.26 1.04 temperate coarseI (RH=55%) 2.08 0.74 27.92 marine