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Prevalencia de la Pérdida Auditiva en los Trabajadores expuestos a ruido industrial en la empresa Metal Mecánica S A

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(3)            '(&/$5$&,Ï1. Yo, CHRISTIAN ANDRÉS PERALTA YÁNEZ, declaro que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. La Escuela Politécnica Nacional puede hacer uso de los derechos correspondientes a este trabajo, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normativa institucional vigente. . ______________________________________. CHRISTIAN ANDRÉS PERALTA YÁNEZ.

(4)         &(57,),&$&,Ï1. Certificamos que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado por CHRISTIAN ANDRÉS PERALTA YÁNEZ, bajo nuestra supervisión.. _________________________ Dr. Fernando Carpio, MSc.. ',5(&725'(352<(&72  . _________________________ Ing. Marcelo Albuja, MSc.                      . &2',5(&725'(352<(&72 .

(5)           .    $*5$'(&,0,(172.    Agradezco a mis maestros, quienes sembraron en mí, la curiosidad: una característica que en la senda del saber, nos hace cada día mejores.    .                       .

(6)            '(',&$725,$.    Dedico este trabajo, a quienes son el soporte de la sociedad moderna. Aquellos que dejan los mejores años de su vida, muchas veces a cambio de poco. A ustedes, que deben tener todo para hacer digno y valorado su esfuerzo, amigos trabajadores..                .

(7) */26$5,2.   Audiograma (Ministerio de Protección Social, 2006; MSC, 2000): 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFDGHODUHVSXHVWDGHFDGDRtGRHVWLPXODGRHQFDGDXQDGHODVIUHFXHQFLDVHVWDEOHFLGDV DGLIHUHQWHQLYHOGHSUHVLyQH[SUHVDGRHQGHFLEHOHV G% $ Audiometría tonal liminar (Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, 2008; Comisión Técnica Médica, y Seguro Complementario de Trabajo de Riesgo, 2004): 3UXHEDTXHH[SORUDREXVFDGHWHUPLQDUHOXPEUDODXGLWLYR GHXQDSHUVRQDPHGLDQWHODHVWLPXODFLyQFRQWRQRVSXURVDGHWHUPLQDGDVIUHFXHQFLDV Audiómetro (Interacosutics, 2008; NIOSH, 1998): ,QVWUXPHQWR GLVHxDGR SDUD UHDOL]DU DXGLRPHWUtDVWRQDOHVOLPLQDUHVSRUYtDDpUHDRSRUYtDyVHD Cuerpo geniculado medial (Gardner et al, 1989; Pardo y Córdoba, 2007): (VWUXFWXUD DQDWyPLFD XELFDGD HQ HO WiODPR TXH HV HO SXQWR GH UHOHYR TXH WUDVPLWH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ KDFLDORVFHQWURVGHODDXGLFLyQXELFDGRVHQODFRUWH]DFHUHEUDOSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHOOyEXOR WHPSRUDO Decibel (dB) ([Gil y Luna, 2003; Instituto de salud Pública de Chile, 2005): 8QLGDG DGLPHQVLRQDOXVDGDSDUDH[SUHVDUHOORJDULWPRGHODUD]yQHQWUHXQDFDQWLGDGPHGLGD\XQD FDQWLGDGGHUHIHUHQFLD Escotoma (Ministerio de Protección Social, 2006; MSC, 2000): 'HVFHQVRDSDUWLUGHORV G%SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQODIUHFXHQFLDGH+]\TXHVHUHFXSHUDHQODIUHFXHQFLDGH +](QHO WUDXPDDF~VWLFROHYHHO GHVFHQVR HV KDVWDG% \ HQHO WUDXPDDF~VWLFR DYDQ]DGRHVPD\RUDORVG% Células ciliadas (Gardner et al, 1989; Pardo y Córdoba, 2007): &pOXODV QHUYLRVDV HVSHFLDOL]DGDVHQFDUJDGDVGHWUDQVIRUPDUHOHVWtPXORPHFiQLFRHQLPSXOVRHOpFWULFRSDUDOD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOHVWLPXORVRQRURHQODFRUWH]DFHUHEUDO  Hercio (Hz) (Aisa et al, 2000; Gil y Luna, 2003): 8QLGDGGHIUHFXHQFLDHOHFWURPDJQpWLFD TXHLQGLFDHOQ~PHURGHYHFHVTXHVHUHSLWHXQIHQyPHQRSRUVHJXQGR.

(8) Hipoacusia conductiva (Mathur, 2009; NIOSH, 1998):'LVPLQXFLyQGHOXPEUDODXGLWLYR GHELGRDODSUHVHQFLDGHSDWRORJtDVSUHVHQWHVWDQWRHQHORtGRH[WHUQRRPHGLRTXHDOWHUDQ ODFRQGXFFLyQQRUPDOGHOHVWtPXORPHFiQLFRKDFLDHORtGRLQWHUQR  Hipoacusia inducida por ruido (HIR) (Ministerio de Protección Social, 2006; MSC, 2000): 7DPELpQ VH FRQRFH FRPR KLSRDFXVLD QHXURVHQVRULDO LQGXFLGD SRU UXLGR TXH VH SURGXFH SRU XQD H[SRVLFLyQ SURORQJDGD  D UXLGR HQ HO OXJDU GH WUDEDMR  6X QLYHO GH DIHFWDFLyQHVGHWLSRQHXURVHQVRULDO Hipoacusia mixta (Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, 2008; Comisión Técnica Médica, y Seguro Complementario de Trabajo de Riesgo, 2004): 'LVPLQXFLyQ GHO XPEUDO DXGLWLYR SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GH SDWRORJtDV TXH DIHFWDQDODFRQGXFFLyQGHXQHVWtPXORVRQRUR\ODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOPLVPR  Hipoacusia neurosensorial (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2000; NIOSH, 1998): 'LVPLQXFLyQGHOXPEUDODXGLWLYRGHELGRDODSUHVHQFLDGHSDWRORJtDVTXHDIHFWDQDORtGR LQWHUQR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SHUR WDPELpQ VH SXHGH PDQLIHVWDU SRU SURFHVRV TXH DIHFWHQ DO QHUYLR DF~VWLFR R D ODV HVWUXFWXUDV QHUYLRVDV HQFDUJDGDV GH OOHYDU DO LPSXOVR KDVWD ORV FHQWURVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVGHODDXGLFLyQXELFDGRVHQODFRUWH]DFHUHEUDO Nivel de exposición diario equivalente (promedio ponderado en el tiempo, Leq, d) (INSHT, 2008; OSHA, 2010): 9DORUOtPLWHHVWDEOHFLGRSDUDXQDMRUQDGDQRUPDOGHWUDEDMR GHKRUDV\XQDVHPDQDODERUDOGHKRUDVDOTXHSXHGHQHVWDUH[SXHVWRVFDVLWRGRVORV WUDEDMDGRUHVGHIRUPDUHSHWLGDH[SUHVDGRHQGHFLEHOHV G% $  Nivel pico (Lpico) (Gobierno de la República del Ecuador, 1986; INSHT, 2008): (VHO YDORUPi[LPRGHSUHVLyQLQVWDQWiQHDPHGLGRHQGHFLEHOLRVSRQGHUDGRVHQODHVFDOD&DO FXDOSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHH[SXHVWRXQWUDEDMDGRUHQIXQFLyQGHOWRWDOGHLPSDFWRVJHQHUDGRV DORODUJRGHODMRUQDGDGHWUDEDMR Otitis media aguda (Mathur, 2009; Universidad de Badajoz, 2007):,QIHFFLyQGHORtGR PHGLR TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GH OtTXLGR HQ HVWD FDYLGDG TXH SXHGH VHU GH RULJHQEDFWHULDQRRYLUDO.

(9) Otoscopía (Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, 2008; Instituto de salud Pública de Chile, 2005): 0pWRGR GH GLDJQyVWLFR SRU H[DPHQItVLFRDWUDYpVGHODREVHUYDFLyQGLUHFWDGHODPHPEUDQDWLPSiQLFD\HOFRQGXFWR DXGLWLYRH[WHUQR Patognomónico (Carpio, 2001; Kim, 2010): 7pUPLQRXWLOL]DGRTXHGHILQHDODSUHVHQFLD GHO FRQMXQWR GH VLJQRV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV YLVLEOHV  \ VtQWRPDV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV VXEMHWLYDV TXHDGROHFHODSHUVRQD FRPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHXQDHQIHUPHGDGRSDWRORJtD Presbiacusia (Mathur, 2009; NIOSH, 1998): 'LVPLQXFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGDXGLWLYDTXH VHSUHVHQWDGHIRUPDQRUPDOSRUHIHFWRGHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWR Prevalencia (Carpio, 2001): &RQFHSWRHVWDGtVWLFRXWLOL]DGRHQHSLGHPLRORJtDTXHLQGLFDHO Q~PHUR WRWDO GH FDVRV SHUVRQDV TXH SDGHFHQ R WLHQHQ XQD HQIHUPHGDG  GLYLGLGR SDUD HO WRWDOGHSHUVRQDVTXHSXHGHQVHUVXVFHSWLEOHVGHFRQWUDHUODHQIHUPHGDGHQXQPRPHQWR\ OXJDUSDUWLFXODU Sonómetro (Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, 2008; Ruiz y García, 2007)): ,QVWUXPHQWRGLVHxDGR\FRQVWUXLGRSDUDUHVSRQGHU DO VRQLGR GH IRUPD SDUHFLGD D FRPR UHDFFLRQD HO RtGR KXPDQR XWLOL]DGR SDUD REWHQHU PHGLGDVREMHWLYDVGHOQLYHOGHSUHVLyQ DF~VWLFDRSUHVLyQVRQRUDH[SUHVDGRVHQGHFLEHOHV G%  Trauma acústico (Comisión Técnica Médica, y Seguro Complementario de Trabajo de Riesgo, 2004; NIOSH, 1998): 'LVPLQXFLyQGHOXPEUDODXGLWLYRGHELGRDODH[SRVLFLyQ FRQWLQXDGD\GXUDGHUDGHXQVRQLGRGHJUDQLQWHQVLGDG Trompa de Eustaquio (García, 2010; Gardner et al, 1989): (VWUXFWXUD DQDWyPLFD HQ IRUPDGHWXERFyQLFRTXHFRPXQLFDODFDMDWLPSiQLFDFRQODQDVRIDULQJH  Tubérculo cuadrigémino posterior (García, 2010; Pardo y Córdoba, 2007): (VWUXFWXUD DQDWyPLFD SHUWHQHFLHQWH DO PHVHQFpIDOR XELFDGD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SRU HQFLPD GHO SXHQWH WDPELpQGHQRPLQDGRFROtFXORLQIHULRU.

(10) Umbral Auditivo (MSC, 2000; Parra et al, 2005): NLYHOVRQRURSRUGHEDMRGHOFXDOHO RtGRKXPDQRQRGHWHFWDQLQJ~QVRQLGR  Ventana oval (Gardner et al, 1989; Pardo y Córdoba, 2007):(VWUXFWXUDDQDWyPLFDHQOD FXDO VH DVLHQWD OD EDVH GHO KXHVLOOR GHQRPLQDGR HVWULER SURSLDPHQWH OD SODWLQD  TXH VH FRPXQLFDGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQODUDPSDYHVWLEXODU  .

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(14) Ë1',&('(7$%/$6 PÁGINA Tabla 1.1.. /tPLWHVPi[LPRVSHUPLVLEOHVSRUWLHPSRGHH[SRVLFLyQ. 1~PHURGHLPSDFWRV\QLYHOSLFRSHUPLWLGRV  1LYHOHV GH 5LHVJR GH DFXHUGR FRQ VX 3UREDELOLGDG HVWLPDGD \ VXV &RQVHFXHQFLDVHVSHUDGDV   Tabla 2.2. 'HVFULSFLyQGHOWLSRGHPHGLGDDVHUDGRSWDGDHQIXQFLyQGHOYDORU GHULHVJR   Tabla 2.3. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO ULHVJR SRU SXHVWR GH WUDEDMR HQ HO SURFHVR HODERUDFLyQGHSLH]DV   Tabla 2.4. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR PHFDQL]DGR GH SLH]DV   Tabla 2.5. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH DFDEDGR GH VXSHUILFLHGHSLH]DV   Tabla 2.6. 9DORUDFLyQGHOIDFWRUGHULHVJRUXLGRHQHOSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQ GHDFFHVRULRV   Tabla 2.7. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH WUDWDPLHQWR TXtPLFRGHSLH]DV   Tabla 2.8. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH DUPDGR GH SLH]DV\DFFHVRULRV   Tabla 2.9. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH FRQWURO GH FDOLGDGGHSURGXFFLyQ   Tabla 2.10. 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH PDQWHQLPLHQWRGHPROGHV\KHUUDPLHQWDVSURGXFWLYDV   Tabla 2.11: 9DORUDFLyQ GHO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH PDQWHQLPLHQWRPHFiQLFR\HOHFWUyQLFR   Tabla 2.12. )UHFXHQFLDVHLQWHQVLGDGHVPi[LPDVGHVDOLGDGHODXGLyPHWURHQODV YtDVDpUHD\yVHD   Tabla 2.13. 1LYHOGHDWHQXDFLyQHQG%GHODFiPDUDVRQRDPRUWLJXDGDSRUIUHFXHQFLDV Tabla 1.2.  Tabla 2.1.. . Tabla 2.14. 9DULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV  Tabla 2.15. 9DULDEOHVGHSHQGLHQWHV.                                 .

(15) Tabla 2.16. 9DULDEOHVPRGHUDGRUDV  Tabla 3.1. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHHODERUDFLyQGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.2. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHPHFDQL]DGRGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.3. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHDFDEDGRVXSHUILFLHGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.4. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHHODERUDFLyQGHDFFHVRULRV  Tabla 3.5. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHWUDWDPLHQWRTXtPLFRGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.6. 0HGLFLyQGHUXLGRHQHOiUHDGHDUPDGRGHSLH]DV\DFFHVRULRV  Tabla 3.7. 0HGLFLyQGHH[SRVLFLyQDUXLGRGHOSHUVRQDOTXHFRQWURODODFDOLGDG GHORVSURFHVRVSURGXFWLYRV  Tabla 3.8. 0HGLFLyQ GH UXLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH PROGHV \ KHUUDPLHQWDV  Tabla 3.9. 0HGLFLyQ GH H[SRVLFLyQ D UXLGR GHO SHUVRQDO TXH UHDOL]D WDUHDV GH PDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODVPDTXLQDVHQODVGLIHUHQWHViUHDVSURGXFWLYDV  Tabla 3.10. 'LVWULEXFLyQSRUHGDG  Tabla3.11. 'LVWULEXFLyQ GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV VHJ~Q DxRV VH VHUYLFLR HQ OD HPSUHVD  Tabla 3.12. 3RUFHQWDMHGHSDWRORJtDVKDOODGDVHQHOSHUVRQDO  Tabla 3.13. 3UHYDOHQFLD GH ODV SDWRORJtDV DXGLRPpWULFDV HQFRQWUDGDV HQ ORV WUDEDMDGRUHVHYDOXDGRV  Tabla 3.14. 7LSRV GH KLSRDFXVLD SRU SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR QLYHO GH H[SRVLFLyQ \ DxRVGHWUDEDMR  Tabla 3.15. ([SRVLFLyQDUXLGR\UHODFLyQFRQODSUHVHQFLDGH+,5  Tabla 3.16. 1~PHURGHFDVRVGH+,5VHJ~QUDQJRGHHGDGHV  Tabla 3.17. &DVRVGHKLSRDFXVLDVHJ~QDxRVGHDQWLJHGDG Tabla 3.18. 3RUFHQWDMHGHWUDEDMDGRUHV FRQ+,5TXHODERUDURQHQRWURVSXHVWRV GHWUDEDMRHQODHPSUHVD  Tabla 3.19. 3RUFHQWDMHGHWUDEDMDGRUHVFRQ+,5H[SXHVWRVDUXGRH[WUDODERUDO  Tabla 3.20. 3RUFHQWDMHGHWUDEDMDGRUHVFRQWUDXPDDF~VWLFROHYHTXHODERUDURQ HQRWURVSXHVWRVGHWUDEDMRHQODHPSUHVD  Tabla 3.21. 3RUFHQWDMH GH WUDEDMDGRUHV FRQ WUDXPD DF~VWLFR OHYH H[SXHVWRV D UXLGRH[WUDODERUDO.                                          .

(16) Tabla 3.22. 3RUFHQWDMH GH WUDEDMDGRUHV FRQ WUDXPD DF~VWLFR DYDQ]DGR TXH ODERUDURQHQRWURVSXHVWRVGHWUDEDMRHQODHPSUHVD  Tabla 3.23. 3RUFHQWDMHGHWUDEDMDGRUHVFRQWUDXPDDF~VWLFRDYDQ]DGRH[SXHVWRV DUXLGRH[WUDODERUDO  Tabla 3.24. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.25. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHPHFDQL]DGRGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.26. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHPHFDQL]DGRGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.27. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHDFFHVRULRV  Tabla 3.28. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHWUDWDPLHQWRTXtPLFRGHSLH]DV  Tabla 3.29. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOHQHOSURFHVRGHDUPDGRGHSLH]DV\DFFHVRULRV  Tabla 3.30. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQ SHUVRQDO HQ HO SURFHVR GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH PROGHV \ KHUUDPLHQWDV  Tabla 3.31. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQ SHUVRQDO HQ HO SURFHVR GH FRQWURO GH FDOLGDG GH SURGXFFLyQ  Tabla 3.32. $WHQXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH UXLGR GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQ SHUVRQDO HQ HO FRQWURO GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR PHFiQLFR \ HOHFWUyQLFR Tabla 3.33. 3RUFHQWDMH GH WUDEDMDGRUHV TXH UHILULHURQ KDEHU SHUFLELGR GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO UXLGR FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQ  Tabla 3.34. 3RUFHQWDMHGHWUDEDMDGRUHVTXHUHILULHURQKDEHUSHUFLELGRFyPRGRDO QXHYRHTXLSRGHSURWHFFLyQ  Tabla 3.35. 3RUFHQWDMH GH WUDEDMDGRUHV TXH UHILULHURQ KDEHU SHUFLELGR PD\RU SURWHFFLyQ FRQWUD HO UXLGR FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO QXHYR HTXLSR GH SURWHFFLyQ  Tabla 3.36. 3RUFHQWDMH GH WUDEDMDGRUHV TXH FRQVLGHUDURQ RSRUWXQR FRQWLQXDU XVDQGRHOQXHYRHTXLSRGHSURWHFFLyQ   .                               .

(17) Ë1',&('(),*85$6  . PÁGINA Figura 1.1.. $QDWRPtDGHOVLVWHPDODDXGLFLyQ. $QDWRPtDGHODFyFOHD  &RQGXFFLyQGHODRQGDVRQRUDDWUDYpVGHORtGRH[WHUQR\PHGLR  8ELFDFLyQ GH OD ]RQD GH UHVSXHVWD GH IUHFXHQFLDV VREUH OD PHPEUDQDEDVLODU   Figura 1.5. 7UDQVPLVLyQGHOLPSXOVRQHUYLRVRGHVGHODFyFOHDKDFLDODFRUWH]D FHUHEUDO   Figura 2.1. )OXMRGHSURFHVRSURGXFWLYR   Figura 3.1. 1~PHURGHFDVRVGHWUDXPDDF~VWLFRSRUSURFHVR                                       Figura 1.2.  Figura 1.3.  Figura 1.4..   .                                .

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(19) i. RESUMEN. (O REMHWLYR GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR IXH OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH OD SUHYDOHQFLD GH  KLSRDFXVLD LQGXFLGDSRUUXLGRHQORVWUDEDMDGRUHVGHODHPSUHVD0HWDO0HFiQLFD6$3DUDORJUDUHVWR VH UHDOL]DURQ PHGLFLRQHV GH UXLGR  GRQGH VH SXGR FRQVWDWDU TXH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV VH HQFRQWUDURQ H[SXHVWRV DO UXLGR HQ GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV /RV SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR GRQGH VH XWLOL]DURQHTXLSRVPHFiQLFRVIXHURQORVGHPD\RUJHQHUDFLyQGHQLYHOHVGHULHVJRSDUDORV WUDEDMDGRUHV /XHJRGHKDEHUHQFRQWUDGRORVYDORUHVGHORVQLYHOHVGHH[SRVLFLyQDOUXLGRVHGHWHUPLQy HOXPEUDODXGLWLYRGHWRGRVORVWUDEDMDGRUHV6HHYLGHQFLyTXHHOGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHV SUHVHQWDURQDOWHUDFLyQDXGLWLYD/DSUHYDOHQFLDGHODKLSRDFXVLDLQGXFLGDSRUUXLGRIXHGHO   TXH FRLQFLGLy FRQ ODV PHGLFLRQHV GH UXLGR \D TXH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV FRQ HVWD SDWRORJtDVHHQFRQWUDURQH[SXHVWRVDYDORUHVSRUVREUHORTXHHVWDEOHFHODQRUPDWLYDOHJDO YLJHQWHHQHOWHPD /DSDWRORJtDDXGLWLYDTXHSUHVHQWyXQDPD\RUSUHYDOHQFLDIXHHOWUDXPDDF~VWLFROHYHTXH REWXYRXQYDORUGH(OWUDXPDDF~VWLFRDYDQ]DGRWXYRXQDSUHYDOHQFLDGHO (OPD\RUQ~PHURGHFDVRVGHHVWHWLSRGHSDWRORJtDVVHXELFDURQHQORVSXHVWRVGHWUDEDMR GRQGH ODV PHGLFLRQHV  GHPRVWUDURQ H[SRVLFLyQ DO UXLGR  /ODPy OD DWHQFLyQ KDEHU HQFRQWUDGR FDVRV  GH WUDXPD DF~VWLFR OHYH HQ SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR  GRQGH QR H[LVWLy OD H[SRVLFLyQKDFLDHOUXLGR &RPRPHGLGDSURSXHVWDGHFRQWUROLQLFLDOVHFDPELyHOHTXLSRGHSURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOGH ORVWUDEDMDGRUHVSRUXQHTXLSRFHUWLILFDGRTXHJDUDQWL]ySURWHFFLyQKDFLDODH[SRVLFLyQDO UXLGR3DUDPHGLU HO LPSDFWR GHHVWDPHGLGDORVWUDEDMDGRUHV OOHQDURQXQDHQFXHVWDTXH GHPRVWUyTXHHOGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVSHUFLELHURQGLVPLQXFLyQKDFLDODH[SRVLFLyQDO UXLGRFRQVXXVR DVt FRPR HVWXYLHURQGH DFXHUGRHQ FRQWLQXDUFRQODXWLOL]DFLyQ GHHVWH PHGLRGHSURWHFFLyQSHUVRQDOFRQWUDHOUXLGR.

(20) ii. INTRODUCCIÓN. (O UXLGR HV HO IDFWRU GH ULHVJR TXH VH HQFXHQWUD SUHVHQWH HQ FDVL WRGDV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV LQGXVWULDOHV FRPR IDFWRU SUHGRPLQDQWH GH H[SRVLFLyQ \ GHELGR D OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH VXV UHSHUFXVLRQHVVREUHHOHVWDGRGHODVDOXGGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVHVREMHWRGHFRQWURO>&DUSLR ,16+71,26+@ 0XFKRVVRQORVSDtVHVHQGRQGHVHWLHQHXQDFODUDYLVLyQVREUHHVWDSUREOHPiWLFD SRUOR TXH VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR HVWUDWHJLDV SUHYHQWLYDV \ ODV DXWRULGDGHV UHVSHFWLYDV KDQ HVWDEOHFLGR ORV FXHUSRV OHJDOHV ORV SDUiPHWURV WpFQLFRV GH FXPSOLPLHQWR SDUD TXH ORV HPSUHVDULRVFXPSODQFRQHVWDVGLVSRVLFLRQHVFRQHO~QLFRILQGHSUHVHUYDUODVDOXGGHORV WUDEDMDGRUHV H[SXHVWRV D GLYHUVRV IDFWRUHV GH ULHVJR HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH VXV DFWLYLGDGHV >&DUSLR   &RPLVLyQ 1DFLRQDO GHO 0HGLR $PELHQWH   ,16+7  ,QVWUXPHQWR$QGLQRGH6HJXULGDG\6DOXGHQHO7UDEDMR@ (Q HO (FXDGRU H[LVWH XQ GHFUHWR TXH HVWDEOHFH ORV YDORUHV OtPLWHV GH H[SRVLFLyQ DO UXLGR *RELHUQRGHOD5HS~EOLFDGHO(FXDGRU  (Q OD HPSUHVD 0HWDO 0HFiQLFD 6$ QR VH FRQRFH HO QLYHO GH H[SRVLFLyQ GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV KDFLD HO UXLGR QL WDPSRFR VH FRQRFH FXiO KD VLGR HO LPSDFWR TXH HVWH KD JHQHUDGRHQHOHVWDGRGHVDOXGDXGLWLYDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHV 3DUDGHWHUPLQDU HO QLYHOGH H[SRVLFLyQ GHORV WUDEDMDGRUHV KDFLDHOUXLGRVHGHEHQKDFHU VRQRPHWUtDVHQFDGDXQRGHORVSXHVWRVGHWUDEDMR\DTXHQRVHWLHQHQYDORUHVUHIHUHQFLDOHV TXHGHPXHVWUHQODH[LVWHQFLDRQRGHH[SRVLFLyQKDFLDHOUXLGR 3DUD FRQRFHU HO HVWDGR GH VDOXG DXGLWLYD DFWXDO GH FDGD XQR GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GHO HVWXGLR DXGLRPpWULFR HV PDQGDWRULR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO LPSDFWR TXH KD WHQLGRHOUXLGROXHJRGHFRQRFHUORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRVPHGLDQWHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOHVWXGLR GHPHGLFLyQHQORVSXHVWRVGHWUDEDMRDQWHVPHQFLRQDGRV 3RURWURODGRHVQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUVLORVWUDEDMDGRUHVSHUFLEHQXQDPHMRUDGHODSURWHFFLyQ DXGLWLYDVLVHUHDOL]DHOFDPELRGHHTXLSRVGHSURWHFFLyQDXGLWLYDFRPRPHGLGDLQLFLDOGH FRQWURO.

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Figure

Tabla 1.21~PHURGHLPSDFWRV\QLYHOSLFRSHUPLWLGRV
Figura 1.4  8ELFDFLyQGHOD]RQDGHUHVSXHVWDGHIUHFXHQFLDVVREUHODPHPEUDQDEDVLODU
Tabla 2.2.'HVFULSFLyQGHOWLSRGHPHGLGDDVHUDGRSWDGDHQIXQFLyQGHOYDORUGHULHVJR
Tabla 2.3.9DORUDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDGHOUXLGRSRUSXHVWRGHWUDEDMRHQHOSURFHVRHODERUDFLyQ
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Referencias

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