On aggregation and transformation of generalized metrics and its applications
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(3) DOCTORAL THESIS 2019 Doctoral Programme of Information and Communications Technology ON AGGREGATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF GENERALIZED METRICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. Juan José Miñana Prats. Thesis Supervisor: Oscar Valero Sierra Thesis tutor: Alberto Ortiz Rodríguez Doctor by the Universitat de les Illes Balears.
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(31) !. !"#$%& "($!. "#$ F #% !"# $%" #& F −1 (0) = {0}' "##$ F #% &'$ (()*)+" #& &() *+ - a, b ∈ Rn+ .* -+/* 0-+0 F (a + b) ≤ F (a) +. F (b).. "###$ F #% !,#,*,#" #& &() *+ - a, b ∈ Rn+ 1.#0- a b1 .* -+/* 0-+0 F (a) ≤. F (b).. 2* .#33 4*5(0* 67 On 0-* 3+%% (& +33 &85 0#(5% F : Rn+ → R+ .-# - +)*. +9*5+63*'. :+%*4 (5 0-* 1;4#9*5%#(5+3 +%*1 &() n ∈ N1 .* .#33 %+7 0-+0 + &85 0#(5. F : Rn+ → R+ #% + n-!"*.) 0."&".+)#1 2'# *),# "%-()037 nmp;&85 0#(5$ #& 0-* n Y &85 0#(5 DF #% + 9*0)# (5 0-* %*0 X = Xi 1 &() */*)7 &+9#37 (& n 9*0)# i=1. %<+ *% {(X1 , d1 ), . . . , (Xn , dn )}, .-*)* 0-* 9+<<#5= DF : X × X → R+ #% 4*>5*4 67. DF (x, y) = F (d1 (x1 , y1 ), . . . , dn (xn , yn )). ?-* &(33(.#5= )*%8301 <)(/*4 #5 @A℄1 <)(/#4*% %8C #*50 (54#0#(5% (5 + &85 0#(5 F 0( 6* + 9*0)#. !"#"$%&%"' ()()*) !". #$% &!" F : Rn+ → R+ '! # ()$)")$!* +,'#%%-"-.! #$% #(!$#'&! /,$ "-)$1 23!$ F -+ #$ nmp4/,$ "-)$1 n ∈ N. D5* +5 %-(.1 +4+<0#5= EF+9<3* ' 'G 0( 0-* n;4#9*5%#(5+3 +%*1 0-+0 0-*)* *F#%0 nmp;&85 0#(5% .-# - +)* 5(0 9(5(0(5*' H8)0-*)9()*1 0-#% n; 4#9*5%#(5+3 +%* +49#0% %#9#3+) -+)+ 0*)#I+0#(5% (& 0-(%* =#/*5 &() mp; &85 0#(5% #5 0-* 1;4#9*5%#(5+3 +%*' J(1 6*&()* <)*%*50#5= 0-* -+)+ 0*); #I+0#(5 (& 0-* &+9#37 (& nmp;&85 0#(5%1 .* 98%0 +4+<0 0-* 5(0#(5 (& 1; 4#9*5%#(5+3 0)#+5=3* 0)#<3*0 0( 0-* n;4#9*5%#(5+3 +%* +% &(33(.%'.
(32) !. !"#$%& "($!. "#$ %& ( a, b, c ∈ Rn+ )% )*++ ,&- .(&. (a, b, c) *, &/ n *+"-)$*. !"#$%&"'%() *+"(%,)$. *0. a b + c;. b≤a+c. &/1. c ≤ a + b.. 2#)3 )% &$% &4+% .# */.$#15 % .(% &0#$%6%/.*#/%1 (&$& .%$*7&.*#/ #0 .(% +&,, #0 nmp805/ .*#/,9. !"#$"% &'&'('. !" n ∈ N #$% &!" F : Rn+ → R+ '! # ()$ "+,$- ./!$0 +1 # nmp2()$ "+,$ +( #$% ,$&3 +( +" ()&4&&1 "/! (,&&,5+$6 78,7!8"+!19 :;<. F. F ∈ On -. :=< >( (a, b, c) +1 #$ n2%+?!$1+,$#& "8+#$6&! "8+7&!"0 "/!$ (F (a), F (b), F (c)) +1 # 12%+?!$1+,$#& "8+#$6&! "8+7&!":&.%$ #/3 */ ;<<<3 =9 >&,.*?%*$&3 @9 A$&1%$& &/1 =9 B$*++&, ,+*C(.+- 6#18 *D%1 .(% E$#4+%6 #0 6%$C*/C & D/*.% 0&6*+- #0 6%.$* ,E& %, */.# ,*/C+% #/%9 >#/ $%.%+- */ FGH℄ J,%% &+,# FGK℄L3 .(%- $%,.$* .%1 .(% ,.51- .# .(% &,% */ )(* ( &++ 6%.$* , #0 .(% #++% .*#/ .# 4% 6%$C%1 &$% 1%D/%1 #/ .(% ,&6% /#/8%6E.- ,%. X 9 M. 65,. 4% ,.$%,,%1 .(&. */ .(% &0#$%6%/.*#/%1 E&E%$,3 .(% ,.51- )&, 6&1% 0#$ E,%51#86%.$* ,3 & 6#$% C%/%$&+ /#.*#/ .(&/ .(% 6%.$* #/%9 2%N%$.(%+%,,3 )% (&N% &1&E.%1 .(%*$ $%,5+., .# .(% 6%.$*. &,% */ #$1%$. .# E5. .(%6 */ #5$ #/.%O.9 P*.( .(% &*6 #0 $% &++*/C .(% $%,5+. 4- >&,.*?%*$&3 A$&1%$& &/1 B$*++&,3 )% )*++ /%%1 .(% /%O. /#.*#/9 P% )*++ ,&- .(&. F : Rn+ → R+ *, & (,,+$,(*"'% /0% *"'%. #$*+". J,(#$.+- ma805/ .*#/L E$#N*1%1 .(&.3 0#$ &/- /#/8%6E.-. ,%. X &/1 &/- #++% .*#/ #0 6%.$* , {d1 , . . . , dn } #/ X 3 .(% 05/ .*#/ DF :. X × X → R+ *, & 6%.$* 3 )(%$% DF (x, y) = F (d1 (x, y), . . . , dn (x, y)) 0#$ &++ x, y ∈ X 9 P% (&N% $%/&6%1 .(*, #/ %E. &, ma805/ .*#/ 4% &5,% #0 */ .(*,.
(33) !. !"#$%& "($!. #$% &% #'% ()*$+,-. n +, /0+,- 1#2#3 &4+ 4 /0% )'/0 24% $#0% $2'* 2*'%3 2/ # $+,-5% 1#2*03 +, $* 4 # $2'* 2*'%6 74% 8'% %1+,- )# 2 +$ +, 2*,% &+24 24% /, %82 /) #--'%-#2+/, )*, 2+/, &+1%59 $2*1+%1 +, 24% 5+2%'#2*'% :$%% ;<=℄?6 @ /'1+,- 2/ ;!A℄3 B'/8/$+2+/, 6 6A '%0#+,$ C#5+1 &4%, &% /,$+1%' maD )*, 2+/,$6 E% %,2593 +, ;AF℄3 24% $2*19 /) 24% 5#$$ /) maD)*, 2+/,$ 4#$ G%%, /,2+,D *%16 H, 24+$ 8#8%'3 I6 J#9/' #,1 K6 L#5%'/ 4#C% '%M,%1 B'/8/$+2+/, 6 6A #,13 +, #11+2+/,3 24%9 4#C% 8'/C+1%1 # 4#'# 2%'+N#2+/, /) $* 4 # 5#$$ /) )*, 2+/,$6 H, G/24 '%$*52$ #'% +,C/5C%1 24% )/55/&+,- /, %82$6 O%2 n ∈ N #,1 /,$+1%' )*, 2+/, F : Rn+ → R+ 6 P% &+55 $#9 24#2 :+? F +$ !"#$#%& "'()**#$#%& +) )/' %# 4 a, b ∈]0, ∞[n &% 4#C% 24#2 F (a +. b) ≤ F (a) + F (b).. :++? F +$ !"#$#%& +!,!$!,& +) )/' %# 4 a, b ∈]0, ∞[n 3 &+24 a b3 &% 4#C% 24#2 F (a) ≤ F (b).. @22%,1+,- 2/ 24% #G/C% +,2'/1* %1 ,/2+/,$3 +, ;AF℄ 24% ,%Q2 8'/8/$+2+/, &#$ 8'/C%16. !"#"$%&%"' ()()*) !" n ∈ N #$% &!" F. '! # ()$ "+,$ -.+ . +/ 0,/+"+1! 2,$,",$!3 0,/+"+1! /)'#%%+"+1! #$%3 +$ #%%+"+,$3 +" /#"+/4!/ ".! (,&&,-+$5 ,$%+"+,$/6 789. : Rn+ → R+. F (0) = 03. 7:9 ;( F (a) = 03 ".!$ min{a1 , . . . an } = 0<.
(34) !. !"#$%& "($!. !"# F $% & ma'()# +$,#"#$%&'$()$'* +, -./℄ +% &12 3'', )32'$4'5 %&1% %&' 6)2+%+4' (),)%),7 +2 ,)% 1 ,' '221$7 ),5+%+), %) 3' 1 ma9:#, %+),* 2# & 12 %&' :);;)<+,= '>1(6;' 2&)<2?. !"#$%& '('()( .,#%$/"0 +!" ()# +$,# F : R2+ → R+ 1$2"# 34 F (0, 0) = 0 &#/ ( 2 $( 50%+(a, b) ∈ (0, 1) , F (a, b) = 1 $( 50%+(a, b) ≥ 1 6!"0" (a, b) 6= (0, 0) &#/ 50%+(a, b) /"#,+"% +!" 50%+ 2&7)" ,( (a, b) /$8"0"#+ (0,9 0- :+ $% #,+ !&0/ +, !" ; +!&+ F $% & ma'()# +$,# 3)+ $+ $% #,+ <,%$+$2" 9,#,+,#"@, )$5'$ %) )3%1+, 1 &1$1 %'$+A1%+), ): %&' ;122 ): ma9:#, %+),2 2+(+;1$ %) %&1% =+4', +, B&')$'( ? ?C* %&' :);;)<+,= ), '6% <12 +,%$)5# '5 +, -./℄? D'% n ∈ N 1,5 ;'% a, b, c ∈ (0, ∞)n ? B&' %$+6;'% (a, b, c) :)$(2 1,. n95+(',2+),1; 6)2+%+4' %$+1,=;' %$+6;'% +: +% :)$(2 1 n95+(',2+),1; %$+1,=;' %$+6;'%? B&' 1:)$'21+5 &1$1 %'$+A1%+), 1, 3' 2%1%'5 12 :);;)<2 E-./℄F?. *+&,-&# '('(.( ="+ n ∈ N- .,#%$/"0 & ()# +$,# (,77,6$#1 &%%"0+$,#% &0" ">)$2&7"#+?@A. F. $% &# ma'()# +$,#-. ?BA. F. !,7/% +!" (,77,6$#1 <0,<"0+$"%C. ?B-@A. F (0) = 0D. F : Rn+ → R+ -. !".
(35) !. !"#$%& "($!. !"!# $%. F (a) = 0& '()* min{a1 , . . . an } = 0&. !"+# $%. (a, b, c) ,- . /0-,',1) n23,4)*-,0*.5 '6,.*75) '6,/5)'& '()*. (F (a), F (b), F (c)) ,- . 123,4)*-,0*.5 /0-,',1) '6,.*75) '6,/5)'". "# $%&& '(%)* +*%) ),-)# +%/( 0# 1&&%(2 )/3# #4135&#) /6 ma76,( +%/()8 $*% * *19# -##( %( &,:#: %( ;<!℄>. !"#$%& '('(')(. 8)'. n ∈ N" 9() %0550:,*7 %;* ',0*- F : Rn+ −→ R+ .6). ma2%;* ',0*- :()6) %06 .55 a ∈ [0, ∞)n =. >#. F (a) =. Pn. i=1 wi ai & :()6). w1 , . . . , wn ∈ [0, ∞) :,'( max{w1 , . . . , wn } >. 0" ?% 0;6-)& '(,- @,*3 0% %;* ',0*- ,* 5;3)- '() 5.-- 0% :),7(')3 .6,'(2 4)', 4).*-& .*3 '(;- '() .6,'(4)',. !#. 4).* -)) A!B℄#". F (a) = max{w1 a1 , . . . , wn an }& :()6) w1 , . . . , wn ∈ [0, ∞) .6) -; ( '(.' max{w1 , . . . , wn } > 0". +#. F (a) = .*3. Pn. i=1 wi a(i) %06 .55. w1 , . . . , wn ∈ [0, 1] :,'( wi ≥ wj %06 i < j. max{w1 , . . . , wn } > 0& :()6) a(i) ,- '() i'( 5.67)-' 0% '() a1 , . . . , an ". 9(,- @,*3 0% %;* ',0*- ,* 5;3)- '() ?DE 0/)6.'06- :,'( 3) 6).-,*7 :),7('- -)) A!B& FB℄#". G#. 1 P F (a) = ( ni=1 (wi a)pi ) p %06 7,1)* p ∈ [1, ∞[ .*3 %06 .55 w1 , . . . , wn ∈. [0, ∞) -; ( '(.' max{w1 , . . . , wn } > 0" 9(,- @,*3 0% %;* ',0*- ,* 5;3)-. '(0-) 600'24).*2/0:)6- -; ( '(.'. H#. F (a) = min{c,. Pn. i=1 wi ai } %06 .55. p ≥ 1 -)) A!B℄#". w1 , . . . , wn ∈ [0, ∞) -; ( '(.'. max{w1 , . . . , wn } > 0 .*3 c ∈ (0, ∞)".
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q) &' 0 !"#$%&'()$ #+" ' &4 X &' 0 #,#:*15$3 '*$ 0#2 q 8 $%* >(0'&:1*$/& 8 &' 0 #,#:#*70$&6* /*0.:60.(*2 4(# $&,# ,# X × X '0$&'43 4,/ *0 % x, y, z ∈ X $%* 4,..,-B. 12345. q(x, y) = q(y, x) = 0 &4 0#2 ,#.3 &4 x = y C. 12365. q(x, z) ≤ q(x, y) + q(y, z).. DE*50/0$&,#F D?/&0#7.* &#*>(0.&$3F. E( % 0 ,# *5$ %0' )**# ('*2 &# 2&G*/*#$ 9*.2' ,4 =,15($*/ E &*# * D'**8 4,/ &#'$0# *8 H. 8 I!8 I 8 IJ8 II℄F< "# 50/$& (.0/8 >(0'&:1*$/& ' 0..,-8 01,#7. ,$%*/ 055.& 0$&,#'8 $, &#$/,2( * >(0#$&$0$&6* $* %#&>(*' ,4 9A*2 5,&#$ 4,/ $%* 0'315$,$&. ,15.*A&$3 0#0.3'&' ,4 0.7,/&$%1' 0#2 4,/ $%* 6*/&9 0$&,# ,4. 5/,7/01'< "# $%&' ,#$*A$ L<M< E %*..*@*#' &#$/,2( *2 &# HII℄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
(37) !. !"#$%& "($!. "# $ %&'&($)*+$,*-' -. /&,(* 1 $'2 ,$3*'% *',- $ -4', *,# $55)* $6*)*,7 ,- (&$) 5(-6)&/#1 *, *# #- '$,4($) ,- &8,&'2 ,9& #,427 #,$(,&2 67 :-(#;3 $'2 <-6-= *' /&,(* # ,- ,9& $#& -. >4$#*?/&,(* #1 @9* 9 @$# ,$ 3)&2 *' ABC1 BD℄F G-@1 @& -))& , ,9& /$*' (),# -6,$*'&2 *' ABD℄F H' $ #*/*)$( @$7 ,- ,9& /&,(*. → R+ *# $ n. $#&1 .-( n ∈ N1 @& @*)) #$7 ,9$, $ .4' ?. I#9-(,)7 nqmp? n Y .4' ,*-'J *. ,9& .4' ,*-' QF *# $ >4$#*?/&,(* -' ,9& #&, X = Xi 1 .-( &K&(7 ,*-' F :. Rn+. !"#$% &'()%. +)'$'),%-. /"- (%0-. i=1. .$/*)7 -. n >4$#*?/&,(* #5$ &# {(X1 , q1 ), . . . , (Xn , qn )}, @9&(& ,9& .4' ,*-'. QF : X × X → R+ *# 2&L'&2 67 QF (x, y) = F (q1 (x1 , y1 ), . . . , qn (xn , yn ))F "# *' ,9& /&,(*. F :. Rn+. $#&1 $/&'$6*)*,7 *# $ '& &##$(7 -'2*,*-' -' $ .4' ,*-'. → R+ ,- 6& $ nqmp?.4' ,*-'F M4(,9&(/-(&1 #46$22*,*K*,7 $'2. /-'-,-'7 $(& $)#- #4N *&', -'2*,*-'# ,- 6& *' )42&2 *' #4 9 $ )$##1 #4 9 $# *, @$# #9-@' *' ,9& .-))-@*'% 5(-5-#*,*-' *',(-24 &2 *' ABD℄F. F. !"#"$%&%"' ()()(() !" F ∈ On# $% F &' ()*)")*! +*, '-.+,,&"&/!0 "1!* &' + nqmp2%-* "&)*#. O-(&-K&(1 *' ABD℄1 ,9& '&8, 9$($ ,&(*+$,*-' -. ,9& )$## -. nqmp?.4' ,*-'# @$# %*K&' 1 .-))-@*'% ,9& /$*' *2&$# -. P9&-(&/ !F!FQ1 *F&F1 67 /&$'# -. ,(*$'%)& ,(*5)&#F. *+,"!,- ()()(.) !" F. .! + %-* "&)*# 41!* %-* "&)* &% +*, )*56 &" '+"&'7!' "1! %)55)8&*9 :;):!;"&!'< =>?. : Rn+ → R+. F. F ∈ On .. =@? !" a, b, c ∈ Rn+. $% a b + c, "1!* F (a) ≤ F (b) + F (c).. &' +. nqmp2.
(38) !"#$%& "($!. !" #$% &'($# )* +$%),%- ././. 0 '" 123℄ #$% *5 # #$5# #$5# %7%,8 nqmp9 *:" #')" '; 5 nmp9*:" #')" <5; =)'"#%> ):#/ !">%%>0 %7%,8 *:" #')" F : Rn+ →. R+ ;5#';*8'"( )">'#')" (2) '" +$%),%- ././. #,5";*),-; n9>'-%";')"5& #,'9 5"(&% #,'=&%#; '"#) 19>'-%";')"5& #,'5"(&% #,'=&%#;/ !" 5>>'#')"0 #$% ,% '=,) 5& '-=&' 5#')" '; ")# #,:%0 '" (%"%,5&0 ;: $ 5; #$% "%?# %?5-=&% ;$)<;/. !"#$%& '('(')( !"#$%&' ()& *+" ($!" F : Rn+ → R+ -$.&" /0 F (0) = 0 1"% ( 2 2'#((x) ∈]0, 1[ F (x) = , 1 2'#((x) ≥ 1 3)&'& x 6= 0 1"% 2'#((x) %&"!(&# ()& .14+& !* ()& 2'#( (&'5 !* .& (!' x %$6&'&"( (! 07 !" *5 #0 #$% '" &:;')" )* #$% &5;; )* nqmp9*:" #')"; '" #$% &5;; )* nmp9 *:" #')"; '; ;#,' # @% 5:;% )*0 ;: $ 5; #$% ,%;:&# @%&)< =,)7%;0 ;:@@5>'#'7'#8 5"> -)")#)"8 )" *:" #')"; F ∈ On 5,% 5&;) "% %;;5,8 )">'#')"; #) @%. nqmp9*:" #')";/. *+&,-&# '('('.( 8&( F 5&"(# 1'& &;+$.14&"(<. : Rn+ → R+. /& 1 *+" ($!"7 9)&" ()& /&4!3 #(1(&:. =>?. F. $# #+/1%%$($.&@ 5!"!(!"& 1"% F ∈ On 7. =A?. F. $# 1 nqmp:*+" ($!"7. !" .AAB0 C/D/ E5#$%<; '"#,)>: %> #$% ")#')" )* =5,#'5& -%#,' ;=5 % '" ),>%, #) =,)7'>% 5 -5#$%-5#' 5& *,5-%<),F #) -)>%& ;%7%,5& )-=:#5#')"5& =,) %;;%; #$5# 5,';% '" 5 "5#:,5& <58 '" >%")#5#')"5& ;%-5"#' ; *), =,)(,5-9 -'"( &5"(:5(%; 5"> '" =5,5&&%& =,) %;;'"( G;%% 12H℄ 5"> 12I℄ 5">0 5&;)0 ;%% 1B2℄ *), 5>>'#')"5& 5==&' 5#')"; #) &)(' =,)(,5--'"(J/.
(39) !. !"#$%& "($!. " $%&'() *$ +,**-./0 1234℄67 , !"#$!% &'#"$ $( , 1($(8.9:*;6 0.* X '0 , <=( *'$( p : X × X → R+ 0= - *-,*7 <$% ,>> x, y, z ∈ X 7 *-. <$>>$/'(). ,?'$90 ,%. -$>&@. !"# p(x, x) = p(x, y) = p(y, y) ⇔ x = y A. 1B.:,%,*'$(6. !$# p(x, x) ≤ p(x, y)A. 1+$($*$(;6. !%# p(x, y) = p(y, x)A. 1B;99.*%;6. !&# p(x, z) ≤ p(x, y) + p(y, z) − p(y, y)C. 1D%',()>. '(.E=,>'*;6. ">0$7 /. /'>> 0,; *-,* (X, p) '0 , :,%*',> 9.*%' 0:, . '< X '0 , ($(8.9:*; 0.* ,(& p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℄ ,(& I.>$/7 /. /'>> $>>. * *-. 9,'( %.0=>*0 '( *-'0 %.0.,% - &'%. *'$(C K. ,>> *-,*7 <$% n ∈ N7 /. /'>> 0,; *-,* F : Rn+ → R+ '0 , n) !"#$!% &'#"$. "'*'"+$,- ./, #$0, 10-$%*>; npmp8<=( *'$(6 '< *-. <=( *'$( PF '0 , :,%*',>. n Y 9.*%' $( *-. 0.* X = Xi 7 <$% .J.%; <,9'>; $< n :,%*',> 9.*%' 0:, .0 i=I. {(X1 , p1 , w1 ), . . . , (Xn , pn , wn )}, /-.%. *-. <=( *'$( PF : X × X → R+ '0. &.L(.& I; PF (x, y) = F (p1 (x1 , y1 ), . . . , pn (xn , yn ))C.
(40) !. !"#$%& "($!. "# $%& '()%$ *+ $%& ,-& &/(#) *# &,$0 $%& +*''*1(#) -&23'$ ,-*4(/&2 5 ,5-$(5' /&2 -(,$(*# *+ npmp6+3# $(*#27 8*# -&$&'9 ($ ,-*4(/&2 #& &225-9 *#6 /($(*#2 *# 5 +3# $(*# $* :& 5 npmp6+3# $(*#7. !"#"$%&%"' ()()(*) !" n ∈ N #$% &!" F : Rn+ → R+ '! # ()$ "+,$- .( F. +/ # npmp0()$ "+,$1 "2!$ "2! (,&&,3+$4 /"#"!5!$"/ 2,&%6 789. F. +/ 5,$,",$!-. 7:9. F. +/ /)'#%%+"+;!. 7<9 .( "2!=! !>+/"/ x ∈ Rn+ /) 2 "2#" F (x) = 01 "2!$ x = 0;&4&-$%&'&220 (# <==℄ ($ 152 ?32$(@&/ $%5$ #&($%&- $%& A*#*$*#9 #*- 23:6 5//($(4($9 5-& 23B (&#$ *#/($(*#27 "#/&&/0 $%& +*''*1(#) &C5A,'& )(4&2 &4(6 /&# & *+ 23 % 5 +5 $7. +,-.#/0 ()()(1) !" n ∈ N #$% ,$/+%!= "2! ()$ "+,$ F : Rn+ → R+ %!?$!%. '@. F (x) = F. +/ 5,$,",$!1 /)'#%%+"+;! #$% F. +( x = 0 1 ,"2!=3+/!. ∈ On - A,3!;!=1 +" +/ $," # npmp0()$ "+,$-. (. 0. ;*10 1& -& 5'' $%& %5-5 $&-(D5$(*# *+ npmp6+3# $(*#2 ,-*4(/&/ (# <==℄7. 230"!0. ()()(4) !" n ∈ N #$% ,$/+%!= F. B2!$ F +/ # npmp0()$ "+,$ +( #$% ,$&@ +( +" /#"+/?!/ "2! (,&&,3+$4 "3, C=,C!="+!/ (,= #&& a, b, c, d ∈ Rn+ 6 789. F (a) + F (b) ≤ F (c) + F (d). : Rn+ → R+ -. 32!$!;!= a + b c + d1 b c #$% b d-. 7:9 .( b a1 c a #$% F (a) = F (b) = F (c)1 "2!$ a = b = c-.
(41) !. !"#$%& "($!. "# $%& '&()*#+&' ,- $%& .& $*,#0 1& +*. 2.. $%& '&3)$*,#.%*4 5&$1&&# $%& 3)..&. ,- nmp. !"# %&'#(). nqmp. -&.(%) '/(0.10 %2*% %20 %20. 2*.* %0.&6*%&'# '! %20. '#+&%&'# &# /'%2. !"# %&'#( *#+. npmp. !"# %&'#(,. '#+&%&'# '! /0 *40#*/50 &( #'% +04*#+0+ &# 5*(( '!. npmp. 2*.* %0.&6*%&'#( '!. !"# %&'#() 72& 2 7*( * #0 0((*.8. nmp. !"# %&'#( *#+. nqmp. !"# %&'#(,. 920 !'55'7 0:*4;50) &#%.'+" 0+ &# <==℄) ;.'1&+0( *#+ &#(%*# 0 '! !"# %&'#) 72& 2 &( #0&%20.. nqmp. !"# %&'# #'. *. nmp. npmp. !"# %&'#,. !"#$%& '('(')( !" n = 1# $!%&! "'! ()& "+,& F : R+ → R+ -. F (x) =. x+1. (,/ 011 x ∈ R+ #. -&#*558) %20 !'55'7 ;.';'(&%&'# (2'7( %2*% &! 70 +04*#+ *# 0:%.* +&%&'# '# * %2"() *. nmp. npmp. !"# %&'#) %20# (" 2 * !"# %&'# &( *. !"# %&'# *#+). !"# %&'#,. *+,$,-./.,0 '('('1( !" n ∈ N 0&2 1!" F. : Rn+ → R+. 4) ' "'0" F (0) = 0# 5'!& F +4 0 nqmp3()& "+,&# ! !". nqmp. '#. -! 0 npmp3()& "+,&. #$%&'()$*%+,)& )( -,'',*,.%$,+/ *0%'1$0*0&+'. 920 */'10 (0 %&'# 7*( +01'%0+ %'. '4;&50 .0("5%( .05*%0+ %' %20 ;.'/504 '!. 40.3 * ?#&%0 !*4&58 '! ('40 +&((&4&5*.&%8 40*("40#%( &#%' * (Ş '#0, @( 7*( '/(0.10+ &# (" 2 (0 %&'#) %20 (00+ '! (" 2 (%"+&0( 7*( %20 7'.A +"0 %' B, C'.(DA *#+ E'/'F G<H℄I) &# 72& 2 &% 7*( (%"+&0+ %2'(0 !"# %&'#( 72'(0 '4;'(&%&'# 7&%2 010.8 40%.& * %"*558. '"5+ /0. (" 2 *# &+0*) '#0. ;.'1&+0( * 40%.& , J'402'7) (" 2 !"# %&'#(. '#(&+0.0+ *( * %.*#(!'.4*%&'# '! * 40%.& , K'%&1*%0+ /8 *#. '#(&+0. %20 ;.'/504 '! (%"+8 %2'(0 !"# %&'#( 72& 2. %.*#(!'.4 * 30#0.*5&60+ 40%.& &#;"% 30#0.*5&60+ 40%.&. &#%' *#'%20. '#0) *5%2'"32 %20 #*%".0 '! %20. *# /0 +&L0.0#% %' %20 '"%;"% '#0,.
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(43) !. !"#$%& "($!. "#$ %&''&()*+ )*$,-.')")$/ #&'01. a ≤ b + c,. b ≤ a + f, c ≤ g + a,. d ≤ f + g, f ≤ d + b, g ≤ c + d. 2#$ .**&-* $0 #.4. "$4)5.")&* )/ 64$/$*"$0 7$'&(8. !"#$"% &'&'()'. ")*'0 $1! !3&)4$.!'"5. !". Φ : R2+ → R+. 678. Φ. )0 $ mg2%&' ")*'+. 698. Φ. -*.:0 "-! %*..*/)'; <1*<!1")!05. 69+78 69+98 69+@8. #! $ %&' ")*'+ ,-!' "-! #!.*/ $00!12. Φ ∈ O. Φ. )0 0=>>!"1) ? )+!+? Φ(a, b) = Φ(b, a) %*1 $.. (a, b) ∈ R2+ +. %*1 $.. a, b, c, d, f, g (a, b, c) $': (d, f, g) $1! >)A!: "1)<.!"0+ Φ(a, d) ≤ Φ(b, g) + Φ(c, f ). ∈ R+. 0& - "-$". 9&4$&:$4; ($ #.:$ &7/$4:$0 "#." 7&"# Fmax .*0 F+ .4$ nqmp<%-* ")&*/8 =*/6)4$0 7> "#)/ %. "; ?8 9.4"@*; A8 9.>&4 .*0 B8 C.'$4& ". D'$0 "#$ /"-0> &* "#$ 4$'.")&*/#)6 7$"($$* nqmp<%-* ")&*/ .*0 E$"4) +$*$4.")*+ &*$ F/$$ GHI℄K8 2#$ *$L" 4$/-'" /#&(/ "#." 0$E.*0)*+ .* $L"4. &*0)")&* &* "#$ '.// &%. 2qmp<%-* ")&*/ ($ .* $*/-4$ "#." "#$> .4$ /-7 '.// &% mg<%-* ")&*/8. *$#+#,-.-#/ &'&'(&'. !" Φ : R2+ → R+ #! $ %&' ")*'+ B% Φ )0 $ 0=>>!"1) 2qmp2%&' ")*'? "-!' Φ )0 $' mg2%&' ")*'+.
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(46) !. !"#$%& "($!. !"# T (x, 1) = x". #$%&'()*+ ,%'(-.-%'/. 012' T -3 ) %'.-'&%&3 5&' .-%' #5%* .12 &3&)6 .%7%6%8-23 -' [0, 1]2 )'( -' [0, 1]/ 92 9-66 3)+ .1). T -3 ) %'.-'&%&3 t:'%*;" <%.- 2 .1). ) t:'%*; )' =2 %'3-(2*2( )3 ) =-')*+ %72*).-%' ∗ %' [0, 1]. 91- 1 3).-3>23 .12 )5%*2;2'.-%'2( )?-%;3 %5 %;;&.).-@-.+A )33% -).-@-.+A ;%'%.%'+ )'( .12 =%&'()*+ %'(-.-%'" B%A 5%* %&* %'@2'-2' 2A 92 *252* .% ) t:'%*; )3 ) =-')*+ %72*).-%'" C' -'.2*23.-'8 3&= 6)33 %5 t:'%*;3A -' %&* 3&=32D&2'. 3.&(+A )*2 .12 3% )662( C* 1-;2(2)'" C t:'%*; ∗ -3 )662(. ! #$%&'&(). -5 -. 3).-3>23 .12. 5%66%9-'8 %'(-.-%'E. F%* 2) 1 x, y ∈]0, 1[ .12*2 2?-3.3 n ∈ N 3& 1 .1). x(n) < y A 912*2 x(n) =. x ∗ · · · ∗ x n:.-;23". G' .1%32 )323 -' 91- 1 ∗ -3 %'.-'&%&3A .12' C* 1-;2(2)' t:'%*;3 )*2. 1)*) .2*-H2( =+ .12 7*%72*.+ x ∗ x < x 5%* 2) 1 x ∈]0, 1[" I9% 9266:J'%9'. 2?);7623 %5 %'.-'&%&3 C* 1-;2(2)' t:'%*;3 )*2 .12 &3&)6 7*%(& .A -"2"A. x∗P y = x·y A )'( .12 K& J)3-2@- H t:'%*;A 8-@2' =+ x∗L y = max{x+y−1, 0}" L5 %&*32A -' 82'2*)6A %'.-'&%&3 t:'%*;3 )*2 '%. C* 1-;2(2)'" G'(22(A )' 2?);762 %5 %'.-'&%&3 t:'%*; 91- 1 -3 '%':C* 1-;2(2)' -3 .12 ;-'-;&; t: '%*;A -"2"A x∗M y = min{x, y}" I1232 t:'%*;3 )*2 .12 ;%3. %;;%'6+ &32( -' F&HH+ K%8- " F-')66+A ) 9266:J'%9' 2?);762 %5 '%': %'.-'&%&3 C* 1-;2(2)'. t:'%*; -3 .12 3%: )662( M*)3.- 7*%(& . t:'%*;A 91- 1 -3 8-@2' =+ ( 0 -5 x, y ∈ [0, 1[ x ∗D y = . min{x, y} %.12*9-32 C3 -'(- ).2( )=%@2A 92 5% &3 %&* -'.2*23. %' C* 1-;2(2)' t:'%*;3A 91- 1.
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