Vol 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture [pdf 10Mb]

(1)

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER

,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF W ASTEW A TER , EXCRET A AND GREYW A TER VOLUME III

WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE

VOLUME

III

The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management. The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles.

This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations.

The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects; Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture; Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture; and Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture.

Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context.

ISBN 92 4 154684 0

(2)

GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF

WASTEWATER, EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

Volume 3

(3)

(4)

PREFACE

(9)

(10)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

1 INTRODUCTION

(21)

(22)

(23)

4

8. Policy aspects

9. Planning and implementation 4. Health-based

targets

5. Health protection measures 6. Monitoring and system assessment 1. Introduction Guidelines 7. Sociocultural, environmental and economic aspects Other information 2. Stockholm Framework

3. Assessment of health risk

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

2 THE STOCKHOLM FRAMEWORK

Health-based targets Basic control approaches Water/waste quality objectives Other management objectives

Define measures and interventions (requirements, specifications) based

on objectives Assessment of health risk Assess environmental exposure Tolerable health risk

Define key risk points and audit

ement

(33)

(34)

Table 2.1 (continued)

(continued)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

Treatment

Application of wastes - allowing die-off periods

Produce restriction

Control of trematode intermediate hosts

Prevention of cross-contamination Post-harvest processing Food hygiene Cooking food Consumer Hazard Treatment Personal protective equipment

Access to safe drinking-water and sanitation near facilities

Control of vectors and intermediate hosts Personal hygiene Workers and families Hazard Treatment

Access to safe drinking-water and sanitation for local communities

Restrict public access to ponds

Control of vectors and intermediate hosts Vector barriers, repellents, prophylactics Local communities Barrier Hazard

(41)

(42)

(43)

24

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

3 ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

4 HEALTH-BASED TARGETS

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

5 HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES

(67)

48 Vectors Wastewater, excreta, animal wastes Infection/ disease Workers, local communities Consumers Water body plants, fish, intermediate hosts

A = Wastewater/excreta treatment

B = Crop restriction, waste application/timing, depuration, food handling/preparation, produce washing/disinfection, food processing, cooking

C = Personal protective equipment, access control, access to safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation, personal hygiene D = Vector control (physical, biological and

chemical methods)

E = Prevent vector contact (mosquito nets, window screens, chemical repellents) F = Immunization (typhoid, hepatitis A virus,

(68)

(69)

(70)

(71)

(72)

(73)

(74)

(75)

(76)

(77)

(78)

(79)

(80)

(81)

(82)

Pond _Market

Human/animal excreta

Post-harvest risk reduction Infected

fingerlings

Contaminated feed

10,11

9 _{1, 2, 3, 4}

12, 13, 14

15, 16, 17

Human

(83)

(84)

(85)

(86)

(87)

(88)

6 MONITORING AND SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT

(89)

(90)

Assemble the team to prepare the risk management plan

Document and describe the system

Undertake a hazard assessment and risk characterization to identify and understand how risks

can be managed in the system

Assess the existing or proposed system (including a description of the system and a flow diagram)

Identify control measures — the means by which risks can be controlled

Define monitoring of control measures — what limits define acceptable performance and how

these are monitored

Establish procedures to verify that the risk management plan is working effectively and will meet

the health-based targets

Develop supporting programmes (e.g. training, hygienic practices, standard operating procedures, upgrade and

improvement, research and development, etc.)

(91)

(92)

(93)

(94)

(95)

(96)

(97)

(98)

7 SOCIOCULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL

AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

(99)

(100)

(101)

(102)

(103)

(104)

(105)

(106)

(107)

(108)

8 POLICY ASPECTS

Policy

International National Local

Legislation Institutional framework

Regulation application

(109)

(110)

(111)

(112)

(113)

(114)

(115)

(116)

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

9 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

(121)

(122)

(123)

(124)

Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture Sustainable project planning Health Environmental impact Social impact and public perception Institutional feasibility Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Market feasibility Financial feasibility

(125)

(126)

(127)

(128)

REFERENCES

(129)

(130)

(131)

(132)

(133)

(134)

(135)

(136)

(137)

(138)

(139)

(140)

Annex 1

Wastewater-fed fish pond design

O

2

CO

2

New cells

Light

Algae

(141)

(142)

Box A1.1 (continued)

(143)

124

(144)

(145)

(146)

Annex 2

FAO Code of Conduct for

Responsible Fisheries: aquaculture

and environmental impact

(147)

(148)

(149)

(150)

Procedures

Apply screening criteria to select project or policy

Establish steering group

Agree scope and terms of reference for assessment

Select assessor

Conduct assessment

Appraise the assessment

Methods

Profiling of communities

Interview stakeholders and key informants

Identify health determinants affected

Assess evidence

Establish priority impacts

Recommend and justify options for action

Collect evidence from previous

reports

Annex 3

Health impact assessment

(151)

(152)

(153)

(154)

Annex 4

Glossary of terms used in

Guidelines

1

(155)

(156)

(157)

(158)

(159)

(160)

(161)

(162)

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER

,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF VOLUME III

WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE

VOLUME

III

The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management. The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles.

This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations.

The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects; Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture; Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture; and Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture.

Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context.

WHO W ASTEW A TER AND EXCRET A USE IN AQUACUL TURE

Vol 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture [pdf 10Mb]

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER

,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE

GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF

WASTEWATER, EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

Volume 3

CONTENTS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

INTRODUCTION

2

THE STOCKHOLM FRAMEWORK

3

ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK

4

HEALTH-BASED TARGETS

5

HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES

6

MONITORING AND SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT

7

SOCIOCULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL

AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

8

POLICY ASPECTS

9

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

REFERENCES

Annex 1

Wastewater-fed fish pond design

O

CO

Annex 2

FAO Code of Conduct for

Responsible Fisheries: aquaculture

and environmental impact

Annex 3

Health impact assessment

Annex 4

Glossary of terms used in

Guidelines

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER

,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE