A system of integrated pronunciation exercises for the devolepment of intelligibility in English in 5th graders
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(2) E s t e d o c u m e n t o e s P r o p i e d a d P a t ri m o n i a l d e la U n i v e r s i d a d C e n t r a l “ M a r t a A b r e u ” d e L a s V i lla s , y s e e n c u e n t r a d e p o s i t a d o e n lo s f o n d o s d e la B i b li o t e c a U n i v e r s i t a r ia “ C h iq u i. Góm ez. L u bia n ”. s u b o rd in a d a. a. la. D i r e c c ió n. de. In f o r m a c ió n. C i e n tí fi c o. T é c n i c a d e la m e n c io n a d a c a s a d e a lt o s e s t u d io s . S e a u t o r i z a s u u t i li z a c i ó n b a jo la li c e n c i a s i g u ie n t e : A tr ib u c i ó n - N o C o m e r c ia l- C o m p a r ti r Ig u a l. P a r a c u a lq u i e r i n f o r m a c i ó n c o n t a c t e c o n : D i r e c c i ó n d e I n f o r m a c ió n C i e n t í fi c o T é c n ic a . U n i v e r s i d a d C e n t r a l “ M a r t a A b r e u ” d e L a s V i lla s . C a r r e t e r a a C a m a ju a n í . K m 5 ½ . S a n t a C la r a . V i lla C la r a . C u b a . C P . 5 4 8 3 0 T e lé f o n o s .: + 5 3 0 1 4 2 2 8 1 5 0 3 - 1 4 1 9.
(3) T o m y M o m , th is i s a ll fo r y o u , I a m p r o u d to b e y o u r d a u g h te r ..
(4) A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts :. T h e s e la s t 5 y e a rs h a v e m a rk e d a n e w. b e g in n in g i n m y l if e a n d I w a n t t o t h a n k. a ll t h o s e p e o p le t h a t w e r e p a r t o f it.. M o m , D a d : T h a n k y o u f o r b e in g m y f a m ily , f o r b e lie v in g in m e w h e n I n e e d e d it a n d f o r h e lp in g m e t o b e h e r e t o d a y . M o m m y , t h is is a ll f o r y o u b e c a u s e y o u d e s e r v e it , y o u a r e t h e b e s t M o m. in t h e w o r ld a n d I lo v e y o u .. M y t w o b r o t h e r s : t h a n k y o u f o r t h e c o n v e r s a t io n s , f o r t h e a d v i c e a n d f o r b e in g a lw a y s m y e x a m p le t r o u g h m y lif e .. M y n e w f a m ily : T h a n k y o u f o r a c c e p t in g m e in y o u r h o u s e a n d m a k in g m e f e e l a p a r t o f it. M ir a id a . J o s u e , S h e y la a n d L e o n a r d o y o u a r e a ll m y f a m ily .. M y lo v e : L e o d m i, t h a n k y o u. f o r m a k in g. m e. b e l ie v e. in. lo v e. a g a in . I ju s t lo v e. t h a t t h is c o u ld. be. p o s s ib le. you.. . A lf r e d o. C am acho: Y ou. a lw a y s s a id. and. h e re. w e. a r e ! T h a n k y o u f o r t h is m o m e n t.. T o a l l m y t e a c h e r s , b u t e s p e c ia l ly t o L ili . I l o v e y o u s o G odoy,. B e rth a ,. P e lló n ,. L u is ,. D eyse,. G r is e l,. m u c h , L i s a n d r a , E id a ,. G u ille r m o ,. M ile n a ,. H e le n ,. m y. t e a c h e r s . T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r k n o w le d g e .. T o m y fr ie n d s D ia n ir y s , Y a is n ie l, a n d t o y o u m y s is t e r , t h e p e r s o n w h o k n o w s m e t h e b e s t . T o A r le t y , t h a n k y o u f o r le tt in g b e in y o u r lif e , I lo v e g u y s .. A n d f o r t h o s e t h a t I f o r g o tt e n , s o r r y m y lis t is t o o lo n g a n d m y t im e is t o o s h o r t . T h a n k y o u a ll!.
(5) C o n t e n id o I.. In tro d u c ti o n ............................................................................................................. 1. II.. T h e te a c h in g a n d le a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia tio n in E n g lis h in p r im a r y s c h o o l in th e. C u b a n c o n te x t .................................................................................................................... 7. T h e c o n t e n t o f t e a c h in g p r o n u n c ia tio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 T h e g o a l o f te a c h in g p r o n u n c i a tio n i n a fo r e ig n la n g u a g e : a c c u r a c y o r in te llig i b ility . . 1 1 T h e k in d s o f p r o n u n c ia tio n p r a c tic e t h a t c o n tr ib u te to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f in te llig ib ilit y ...................................................................................................................................... 1 4 III.. Id e n tific a t io n o f t h e s tr e n g th s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f G r o u p A fr o m. “ V ie t N a m. 5. th. g ra d e fro m. H e r o i c o ” in S a n ta C la r a w i th r e s p e c t to t h e ir p r o n u n c i a tio n i n E n g li s h , in. S e p te m b e r 2 0 1 7 .............................................................................................................. 1 7. IV .. E x p e r ie n c e s o b t a in e d d u r in g t h e s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 8 w o r k in g w ith th e s a m e. s tu d e n ts i n fifth g r a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0. V .. P r o p o s a l o f a s y s te m o f p r o n u n c ia tio n e x e r c is e s fo r fifth g r a d e r s , to c o n tr ib u te to. th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f in t e llig ib ilit y in p r o n u n c i a tio n in G r o u p A in “ V ie t N a m H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y s c h o o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8. V I.. C o n c lu s io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. V II.. S u g g e s ti o n s .......................................................................................................... 3 5. V III.. B ib lio g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IX .. A p p e n d ix e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
(6) A b s tra c t T h is p a p e r p r e s e n t s a. p ro p o s a l o f a. d e v e lo p m e n t o f in t e ll ig ib il it y in fro m. G ro u p. used. as. A. a. in. “ V ie t N a m. s y s te m. o f e x e r c is e s , t o. p r o n u n c i a t io n. in. E n g l is h. in. m a t e r ia l f o r. te a c h e rs. to. te a c h. s e g r e g a t e d m a n n e r . T h e e x e r c is e s in t e g r a t e p r a c t ic e in of. E n g lis h. p r o n u n c ia t io n ,. r e p r o d u c in g t h e m t a lk in g . T h e. f if t h. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y s c h o o l . T h e s e. c o m p le m e n t a r y. d e v e lo p in g. a w a re n e s s. c o n t r ib u t e g ra d e. e x e r c is e s m a y b e p r o n u n c ia t io n. p ro p o s a l h a s. as. th e. in. a. p e r c e iv in g t h e f e a t u r e s. about. th o s e. fe a tu re s. and. in a m e a n i n g f u l w a y , s o t h a t t h e y m a y s o u n d in t e l lig ib l e w h e n b een. d ia g n o s is c o n d u c t e d in C la s s 4 w e ll. th e. s tu d e n ts. c o n c e iv e d. t a k in g. in t o. a c c o u n t th e. t h e o r e t ic a l. a n d m e t h o d o lo g ic a l b a s e s p u t t o g e t h e r b y t h e a u t h o r , t h e r e s u lt s o f a. as. to. e x p e r ie n c e s. a c t iv it ie s .. T h is. re s e a rc h. e m p ir ic a l. and. s y s t e m ic. a p p ro a c h ,. th. A. of. has. im p le m e n t in g. been. s t a t is t ic a l m e t h o d s th e. th. a n d t h e n u p d a t e d in 5 a. c o n d u c te d h is t o r ic a l -. a n a ly t ic - s y n t h e t ic ,. g r a d e a t t h is s c h o o l,. p r e l im in a r y. u s in g. a. lo g ic a l,. p ro p o s a l. v a r ie t y. of. in d u c t iv e -. p a r t ic ip a n t. le a r n in g. of. th e. t h e o r e t ic a l,. d e d u c t iv e ,. o b s e r v a t io n ,. th e. docum ent. a n a ly s is , t e a c h e r ´ s d ia r y , p e d a g o g ic a l t e s t , a n d t e a c h e r r e f le c t io n .. K e y w o r d s : I n t e llig i b il it y , p r o n u n c ia t io n , a w a r e n e s s , p r im a r y s c h o o l. R ésum é. C e t a r t ic le au. p ré s e n t u n e. d é v e lo p p e m e n t. é lè v e s. de. de. c in q u iè m e. p r o p o s it io n. d 'u n. l'in t e ll ig i b il it é année. d u. de. g ro u p e. s y s tè m e la A. d 'e x e r c ic e s. p r o n o n c ia t io n de. l'é c o le. p o u r c o n t r ib u e r. a n g la is e. p r im a ir e. chez. «. V ie t. le s N am. H e r o ic o » . C e s e x e r c ic e s p e u v e n t ê t r e u t i lis é s c o m m e m a t é r ie l s u p p lé m e n t a ir e pour que Les. le s. e x e r c ic e s. p r o n o n c ia t io n le s. e n s e ig n a n t s in t è g r e n t la. base. année. à. m a n iè r e. p a r la n t . L a. t h é o r iq u e. p r é l im in a ir e. v a r ié t é. d e. a in s i. c o n s c ie n c e. a. de é té. 4e. m é th o d e s. de. m a n iè r e. s é p a ré e .. c a r a c t é r is t iq u e s ces. de. la. c a r a c t é r is t iq u e s. et. q u 'e lle s. conçue. en. p u is s e n t. s e m b le r. te n a n t c o m p te. de. la. p a r l'a u t e u r , le s r é s u lt a t s d 'u n. c la s s e. l'e x p é r ie n c e. d e s a c t iv it é s . C e t t e. de. s o rte. d é v e lo p p é e. f a it d a n s la que. p r o n o n c ia t io n. p o u r p e r c e v o ir le s. p r o p o s it io n. l'a p p r e n t is s a g e é c o le ,. la. s ig n if ic a t iv e ,. e t m é t h o d o lo g iq u e. c e tte. p r o p o s it io n d 'u n e. de. en. d ia g n o s t ic d e. p r a t iq u e. a n g la is e , d é v e lo p p e r l a. r e p r o d u ir e. in t e ll ig ib le s. e n s e ig n e n t. de. A , p u is m is à la. re c h e rc h e. t h é o r iq u e s , e m p ir iq u e s. m is e a. é té. en. jo u r e n. œ u v re. r é a l is é e. à. 5e. d 'u n e l'a id e. e t s t a t is t iq u e s : a p p r o c h e.
(7) h is t o r iq u e o b s e r v a t io n. et. lo g i q u e ,. in d u c t if - d é d u c t if ,. p a r t ic ip a n t e , a n a ly s e. des. s y s t é m iq u e ,. a n a ly s e - s y n t h è s e ,. d o c u m e n t s , e n s e ig n a n t t o u s. le s t e s t s d 'é d u c a t io n e t d e r é f le x io n d e l'e n s e ig n e m e n t .. M o t s - c lé s : in t e llig ib i lit é , p r o n o n c ia t io n , c o n s c ie n c e , é c o le p r im a ir e. le s. jo u r s ,.
(8) I.. In tro d u c tio n. E n g lis h is. o n e o f th e. la n g u a g e s. m o s t u s e d in. t h e w o r ld. t o c o m m u n ic a t e in. th e. f ie ld s o f c o m m e r c e , lit e r a t u r e , s c ie n c e a n d d ip lo m a c y , a n d a s a lin g u a f r a n c a .. L e a r n in g a f o r e ig n la n g u a g e l ik e E n g l is h is c o m p l ic a t e d b e c a u s e s t u d e n t s n e e d to. d e a l w it h. s k ills. and. le a r n in g. s e v e ra l ty p e s. u n d e r s t a n d in g. a f o r e ig n. of. th e. la n g u a g e. c h a l le n g e s. c u lt u r e. such. o f th e. p e o p le h a v e. as. d e v e lo p in g. c o m m u n ic a t io n. t a r g e t la n g u a g e . I n. a d d it io n , w h e n. t h e o p p o r t u n it y o f b u i ld i n g f r ie n d s h ip ,. im p r o v in g u n d e r s t a n d in g a m o n g c o u n t r ie s a n d b r e a k in g d o w n c u lt u r a l b a r r ie r s .. I n C u b a t h e s c h o o l c u r r ic u lu m. in c lu d e s m a n y s u b je c t s t h a t h e lp le a r n e r s a c q u ir e. t h e n e c e s s a r y k n o w le d g e , s k il ls a n d. a t t it u d e s . W it h in t h is c u r r ic u lu m. E n g l is h i s. in c lu d e d s i n c e e le m e n t a r y s c h o o l u n t il s t u d e n t s a r e in u n iv e r s it y .. W h e n t e a c h in g E n g lis h in p r im a r y s c h o o l t h e m a in o b je c t iv e is t h a t s t u d e n t s b e a b le. to. le v e l.. use. t h e ir s k ills. A lt h o u g h. to. th e re. a re. E n g lis h , t h e p r io r it y in have. to. speak and fo u r. u n d e rs ta n d. a b ilit ie s. to. be. th e. la n g u a g e. d e v e lo p e d. t h is le v e l is s p e a k in g . T h e m a in. t a lk a b o u t a n d. u n d e rs ta n d. p la c e s , p e o p l e , a n im a ls a n d. are. in. th e. v e ry b a s ic t e a c h in g. of. t o p ic s t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s. p e r s o n a l in f o r m a t io n. t h in g s ; t h a t is , a. at a. v e r y b a s ic. and. d e s c r ip t io n. le v e l o f a b il it y in. of. th is. la n g u a g e .. In. th e. s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7 , w h ile. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y. s c h o o l in. S a n ta. d o in g. h e r t e a c h in g. C la r a , t h e. p r a c tic e. a u t h o r r e a liz e d. a t “V ie t N a m. th a t h e r stu d e n ts. w e r e h a v in g t r o u b le w it h p r o n o u n c in g in E n g lis h , a n d f o r t h is r e a s o n s h e b e g a n t a k in g. a c t io n. to. s o lv e. t h is. p r o b le m , w h ic h. r e s u lt e d. in. f o u r t h y e a r o f h e r E n g lis h t e a c h e r e d u c a t io n p r o g r a m. h e r te rm. p a p e r fo r th e. a t U C L V . D u r in g t h is t im e. s h e d ia g n o s e d h e r s t u d e n t s ( C la s s F o u r t h A ) .. I n it ia t in g s e v e ra l. th e. p r o b le m s. p r o n u n c ia t io n docum ent. 1. in. 4. te s t. th e. g ra d e rs. fro m. th. to. schoo l. a f f e c t in g. a n a ly s is ,. p e d a g o g ic a l H e r o ic o ” :. 2 0 1 6 -2 0 1 7. p a r t ic ip a n t th e. fo u rth. year. th e. t e a c h in g. a u th o r. le a r n i n g. “ V ie t N a m o b s e r v a t io n gra d e. id e n t if ie d. th e. p ro c e s s. s tu d e n ts. th e. fr o m. of. E n g l is h. in. of. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y and. e x is t e n c e. s c h o o l, th ro u g h. a d m in is t r a t io n. g ro u p. A. at. “ V ie t. of. a. N am.
(9) . I n t h e E n g lis h m a t e r ia ls f r o m w it h. in. re s ts. a. on. p r im a r y s c h o o l, p r o n u n c ia t io n w a s n o t d e a lt. s e g re g a te d. m a n n e r . T h is. th e. d e a li n g. te a c h e r. w it h. im p lie s. t h a t p r o n u n c ia t io n. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in c id e n t a lly. t e a c h in g a lo n g. th e. w ay. . G r o u p A a t “ V ie t N a m. A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , th e fo u rth g ra d e s tu d e n ts fro m. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a s h o w e d w e a k n e s s e s in t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n w h ic h a f f e c t t h e le v e l o f in t e ll ig ib il it y o f w h a t t h e y s a id o r a l ly . F o r e x a m p le , t h e y p r o n o u n c e d in. E n g lis h. w it h a. lo t o f e f f o r t , d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y o ft e n. m is s e d. lin k in g. f in a l. c o n s o n a n ts. d if f ic u lt. vow el. and. co nsonant. s t r e s s in g. th e. r ig h t. w o rd s. at. to. in it ia l. sounds,. th e. le v e l. v o w e ls , and. of. th e y. th e y. th e. m is p r o n o u n c e d. la c k e d. s e n te n c e ,. p r a c t ic e. w h ic h. in. in. tu rn. a f f e c t e d in t o n a t io n a s w e ll.. In. th e. school year. 2 0 1 6 -2 0 1 7. th e. a u th o r. im p le m e n t e d. som e. o f th e. t e a c h in g. m a t e r ia ls t h a t s h e c o n c e iv e d t r y in g t o im p r o v e t h e p r o n u n c ia t io n o f h e r s t u d e n t s and. th e. re s e a rc h. she. d id. on. her. o w n. t e a c h in g. s t u d e n t s s t ill n e e d e d m o r e p r a c t ic e , f o r t h e m. p r a c t ic e. sho w ed. th a t. her. t o p r o n o u n c e in E n g l is h w it h e a s e. a n d w it h e n o u g h c o n t r o l o f t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n . I n a d d it io n , s h e r e a liz e d t h a t t h e t e a c h in g m a t e r ia ls t h a t s h e c o n c e iv e d a n d im p le m e n t e d f a ile d t o i n t e g r a t e t h r e e t y p e s o f p r a c t ic e : p r a c t ic e in p e r c e iv in g t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n , p r a c t ic e in e n c o u r a g in g. la n g u a g e. a w a re n e s s. an d. p r a c t ic e. r e p r o d u c in g. th e. fe a tu re s. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n .. F o r t h is r e a s o n , w h e n. in. S e p te m b e r o f th e. 2 0 1 7 -2 0 1 8. w a s a p p o in t e d t o g o o n t e a c h i n g G r o u p A a t “ V ie t N a m w ho. w e re. a lr e a d y. t a k in g. t h e ir. f if t h. g ra d e ,. she. s c h o o l y e a r th e. a u th o r. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a ,. d e c id e d. to. c o n t in u e. d o in g. r e s e a r c h o n t h e t e a c h in g a n d le a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia t io n w it h t h is c la s s .. The. t e a c h in g. p a p e rs. done. o f p r o n u n c i a t io n b e fo re. in. th e. has been. E FL. th e. te a c h e r. o b je c t o f s t u d y o f s o m e. e d u c a t io n. p ro g ram. at. re s e a rc h. U C LV .. b ib l io g r a p h y c o n s u lt e d in o r d e r t o f in d a s c ie n t if ic s o lu t io n t o t h e p r o b le m a. c o n c e rn. w it h. th e. d e v e lo p m e n t. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n. a b i lit ie s. in. E n g lis h. The. show s in. th e. c o n t e x t o f C u b a n e d u c a t io n in s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l, s u c h a s in t h e p a p e r s w r it t e n b y J o m o lc a Z a m o r a J . L . ( 2 0 1 5 ) a n d Á g u ila R u iz D . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . A ls o in t h e c o n t e x t of. 2. p r im a r y. school. U daya ngani. A beyko on. N. (2 0 1 3 ). p ro p o s e d. a. s y s te m. of.
(10) c o m m u n ic a t iv e e x e r c is e s t o d e v e l o p a c c u r a c y in p r o n u n c ia t io n in E n g lis h in t h e s tu d e n ts. fro m. S anchez. Á g u i la. c o n t r ib u t e. to. C la s s A .. th e. f o r e ig n. la n g u a g e. s c h o o l.. In. th. C. (2 0 1 7 ). in. “R a m ó n. p ro p o s e d. a. P ando s y s te m. d e v e lo p m e n t o f in t e llig ib i lit y in. a d d it io n ,. c o m m u n ic a t iv e. 4. fo u rth. g ra d e. A c o s ta. a c t iv it ie s. to. s tu d e n ts. M á rq u e z, p o t e n t ia t e. in. F e rre r” of. S c h o o l,. p r o n u n c i a t io n. p r o n u n c ia t io n. from. Y e s s ic a. p r im a r y. “ V ie t (2013). p r o n u n c i a t io n. in. N am. e x e r c is e s. in. E n g l is h. H e r o ic o ”. p ro p o s e d th e. 3 rd. an d. a. as. a. p r im a r y. s y ste m. g ra d e. to. of. s tu d e n ts. f r o m G r o u p C a t “ R a m ó n P a n d o F e r r e r ” p r im a r y s c h o o l.. A ll o f t h e p r o p o s a ls lis t e d a b o v e c o n t r ib u t e id e a s t h a t m a y b e a p p lic a b le in o t h e r p r im a r y. s c h o o l c la s s e s. w it h. o th e r. s tu d e n ts ;. h o w e v e r,. th e y. te n d. to. fo c u s. on. r e p r o d u c in g t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n a n d le a v e o u t o t h e r t y p e s o f e x e r c is e s th a t. e n c o u ra g e. th e. d e v e lo p m e n t. of. la n g u a g e. a w a re n e s s. and. p r a c t ic e. in. p e r c e iv in g t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n u s in g a u d io m a t e r ia ls .. T h is p r o b le m a t ic s it u a t io n g a v e r is e t o t h e f o llo w in g s c ie n t if ic p r o b le m :. H o w t o c o n t r ib u t e t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f in t e lli g ib ilit y in p r o n u n c ia t io n in E n g lis h in C la s s 5 t h g r a d e A a t “ V ie t N a m. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y s c h o o l?. I n o r d e r t o s o lv e t h is s c ie n t if ic p r o b le m , t h e r e s e a r c h c e n t e r e d o n t h is o b je c t o f re s e a rc h :. The. t e a c h in g. and. le a r n in g. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in. E n g lis h. in. p r im a r y. s c h o o l in t h e C u b a n c o n t e x t .. The. re s e a rc h. O b je c t iv e. set. w as. to. p ro p o s e. a. s y s te m. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n. e x e r c is e s , a s a r e s u lt o f r e f le c t iv e p r a c t ic e , t o c o n t r ib u t e t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f in t e ll ig ib il it y in “ V ie t N a m. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in. E n g lis h. in. f if t h. g ra d e. s t u d e n t s fr o m. G ro u p. A. in. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y s c h o o l.. T h e p r o c e s s o f r e s e a r c h w a s g u id e d b y t h e f o llo w i n g s c ie n t if ic q u e s t io n s :. 1-. W hat. t h e o r e t ic a l a n d. le a r n in g. of. m e t h o d o lo g ic a l b a s e s. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in. E n g l is h. in. back. up. p r im a r y. th e. school. t e a c h in g in. th e. and. C uba n. c o n te x t? 2-. W h a t a re N am. H e r o ic o ”. E n g lis h ?. 3. th e. s tre n g th s a n d in. S a n ta. w eaknesses. C la r a ,. w it h. in. G ro u p. re s p e c t. to. 5 th. t h e ir. g ra d e. A. a t “ V ie t. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in.
(11) 3-. W hat. goes. changes. w e ll a n d. in. th e. G r o u p A fr o m 4-. W hat. 5. th. out as. le a r n in g. not. th e. s y s te m. r e s u lt o f t h e o f E n g lis h. go. w e ll d u r in g. p ro c e s s. g r a d e a t “ V ie t N a m. a. p ro c e s s. “ V ie t N a m. does. t e a c h in g - le a r n in g. c h a r a c t e r iz e s. e m e rg e. w h at. of. th e. E n g l is h. in t r o d u c t io n. of. p r o n u n c i a t io n. in. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a ?. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in t r o d u c t io n. p r o n u n c ia t io n. in. e x e r c is e s. of changes G ro u p. A. in. th e. fro m. th. 5. th a t. w ill. t e a c h in g g ra d e. at. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a ?. S c ie n t if ic t a s k s :. 1-. D e t e r m in a t io n. o f t h e t h e o r e t ic a l a n d. m e t h o d o lo g ic a l b a s e s t h a t b a c k u p. t h e t e a c h in g a n d l e a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia t io n. in E n g lis h in p r im a r y s c h o o l i n. th e C u b a n c o n te x t. 2-. I d e n t if ic a t io n “ V ie t N a m. o f th e. s tr e n g t h s a n d. w e a k n e s s e s in. G ro u p. 5 th. g ra d e. A. at. H e r o ic o ” i n S a n t a C la r a , w it h r e s p e c t t o t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n i n. E n g lis h . 3-. D e t e r m in a t io n in t r o d u c t io n. of w h at goes. of. p r o n u n c ia t io n. changes. in. in G r o u p A. w e ll a n d th e. fro m. 5. w hat d oes not go. t e a c h in g - le a r n in g th. w e ll d u r in g. p ro c e s s. g r a d e a t “ V ie t N a m. of. th e. E n g lis h. H e r o ic o ” in. S a n ta. C la r a . 4-. C h a r a c t e r iz a t io n e m e rg e. as. a. of. th e. r e s u lt. of. s y s te m. of. in t r o d u c t io n. p r o n u n c ia t io n cha nges. in. p r o c e s s o f E n g lis h p r o n u n c ia t io n in G r o u p A f r o m. e x e r c is e s. th e 5. t e a c h in g. th. th a t. w il l. le a r n in g. g r a d e a t “ V ie t N a m. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a .. The. f o llo w in g. m e th o d s. w e re. used. to. h e lp. th e. a u th o r. g iv e. a. s o lu t io n. to. th e. r e s e a r c h p r o b le m :. F ro m. The. t h e t h e o r e t ic a l le v e l. h is t o r ic a l- lo g ic a l. w as. used. to. b u ild. th e. t h e o r e t ic a l. and. m e t h o d o lo g ic a l. b a s e s o f t h is r e s e a r c h .. The. a n a ly t ic - s y n t h e t ic. p r o c e s s in g. in f o r m a t io n. and. th e. fro m. in d u c t iv e - d e d u c t iv e. b ib lio g r a p h ic a l. d u r in g t h e e m p ir ic a l p h a s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h .. 4. m e th o d s. s o u rc e s. and. w e re. th e. used. d a ta. w hen. c o ll e c t e d.
(12) F ro m. t h e e m p ir ic a l le v e l. P a r t ic ip a n t O b s e r v a t io n in c lu d e d o b s e r v in g t h e s t u d e n t s ’ p e r f o r m a n c e in. 1-. c la s s , w it h a f o c u s o n t h e q u a l it y o f t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n a n d t h e ir in t e r e s t . O b s e r v a t io n a ls o w a s in c lu d e d w it h a f o c u s o n w h a t t e c h n iq u e s , e x e r c is e p r o c e d u r e s w o r k e d w e ll a n d w h ic h d id n ’t w o r k w e l l.. t y p e s a n d c la s s r o o m 2-. Teacher. d ia r y. w as. a. t e c h n iq u e. used. to. keep. a. re c o rd. of. p a r t ic ip a n t. o b s e r v a t io n a n d r e f le c t io n s d o n e b y t h e a u t h o r . 3-. P e d a g o g ic a l t e s t w a s a p p li e d in o r d e r t o a s s e s s t h e s t u d e n t s ´ le a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia t io n .. 4-. D o c u m e n t a n a ly s is w o rk b o o k s a n d. w as used. in. o rd e r to. b o o k s w h a t p r o n u n c ia t io n. v e r if y in. th e. s t u d e n t s ´ E n g lis h. c o n te n t a n d. w h a t t e c h n iq u e s. a n d e x e r c is e t y p e s w e r e in c lu d e d . 5-. T r ia n g u la t io n w a s u s e d in o r d e r t o o b t a in m e t h o d o lo g ic a l r ig o r ; it in c lu d e d s o u r c e s o f in f o r m a t io n a n d m e t h o d s .. F ro m. t h e m a t h e m a t ic - s a d is t ic le v e l: P e r c e n t a g e a n a ly s is. T h e s u b je c t s o f t h e r e s e a r c h w e r e 2 7 f if t h - g r a d e s t u d e n t s f r o m N am. G r o u p A a t “ V ie t. H e r o ic o ” S c h o o l in S a n t a C la r a .. These. s tu d e n ts. w e re. a ro u n d. n in e. or. te n. ye a rs. of. age. and. s h a re d. com m on. p s y c h o lo g ic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f t h e a g e , s u c h a s le a r n in g b e t t e r t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f v is u a l a id s. th a n. th ro u g h. m a y b e c o m e a p r o b le m These th e y. s tu d e n ts. w a n t to. p r o g r e s s in. th e. e x p la n a t io n. o f r u le s ; b e in g. h y p e r a c t iv e , w h ic h. w h e n it c o m e s t o t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f d is c ip lin e in c la s s .. g e n e r a lly. m ake. an. im p r e s s t h e ir p e e r s. le a r n in g , w h ic h. e ffo rt w h e n. and. d o in g. te a c h e r. A s. f o s t e r s m o t iv a t io n. to. a. th e. a c t iv it ie s ,. r e s u lt t h e y t e n d. c a rry o n. le a r n i n g. because to. m ake. (H a rm e r J .. 2 0 0 7 ).. P r a c t ic a l C o n t r ib u t io n. The. p r a c t ic a l. e x e r c is e s. fo r. c o n t r ib u t io n f if t h. o f. g ra d e rs. t h is th a t. re s e a rc h a re. is. th e. s y s te m. c o n t e x t u a liz e d. of. w it h in. p r o n u n c ia t io n th e. t o p ic s ,. c o m m u n ic a t iv e f u n c t io n s a n d. le x ic a l s e t s o f t h e s u b je c t o f f ic ia l s y l la b u s , t a k in g. in t o. le v e ls. 5. account. th e. s tu d e n ts ´. of. a b ilit y. and. th e. p o s s ib l e. p o s it iv e. an d.
(13) n e g a t iv e t r a n s f e r s t h a t m a y o c c u r a s a r e s u lt o f t h e d if f e r e n c e s a n d s im ila r it ie s b e t w e e n t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n o f E n g lis h a n d S p a n is h .. T h is p a p e r is s t r u c t u r e d in s e v e r a l p a r t s t h a t c o m p r is e t h e in t r o d u c t io n , t h e m a in p a rt,. th e. c o n c lu s io n ,. a p p e n d ix e s .. The. th e. m a in. r e c o m m e n d a t io n s ,. p a rt. in c lu d e s. th e. th e. b ib l io g r a p h y ,. t h e o r e t ic a l. f r a m e w o r k , t h e d ia g n o s is o f t h e f i f t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s f r o m. and. and. th e. m e t h o d o lo g ic a l “V ie t N a m. C la s s A in. H e r o ic o , ” t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e im p le m e n t a t io n o f c h a n g e s in t h e t e a c h in g - le a r n in g p ro c e s s. of. p ro p o s a l. E n g l is h. of. a. p r o n u n c ia t io n. s y s te m. of. in. th e. in t e g r a t e d. ab ove. e x e r c is e s. m e n t io n e d to. c la s s ,. enhance. and. th e. in t e l lig ib i lit y. in. p r o n o u n c in g in t h o s e s t u d e n t s .. P r a c t ic a l C o n t r ib u t io n. The. p r a c t ic a l. e x e r c is e s. c o n t r ib u t io n. fo r. f if t h. c o m m u n ic a t iv e a c c o u n t th e. of. t h is. g ra d e rs. f u n c t io n s a n d. s t u d e n t s ´ le v e ls. re s e a rc h. th a t. is. th e. s y s te m. c o n t e x t u a liz e d. le x ic a l s e t s o f a b ilit y. is. o f t h e f if t h. and. th e. p r o n u n c ia t io n. w it h in. gra d e. p o s s ib le. of. th e. t o p ic s ,. s y lla b le , t a k in g. p o s it iv e. and. in t o. n e g a t iv e. t r a n s f e r s t h a t m a y o c c u r a s a r e s u lt o f t h e d if f e r e n c e s a n d s im ila r it ie s b e t w e e n t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n o f E n g lis h a n d S p a n is h .. T h is p a p e r is s t r u c t u r e d in s e v e r a l p a r t s ; n a m e ly , t h e in t r o d u c t io n , t h e m a in p a r t, th e. c o n c lu s io n ,. th e. r e c o m m e n d a t io n s ,. th e. b ib lio g r a p h y ,. and. th e. a p p e n d ix e s .. T h e m a in p a r t in c lu d e s t h e t h e o r e t ic a l a n d m e t h o d o lo g ic a l f r a m e w o r k , t h e in it ia l n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t o f f o u r t h g r a d e A a n d t h e u p d a t e m a d e in f if t h g r a d e A ; t h e r e s u lt s. o f th e. im p le m e n t a t io n. E n g lis h. p r o n u n c ia t io n. s y s te m. of. in t e g r a t e d. C la s s A f r o m. 6. in. th e. of changes above. e x e r c is e s. in V ie t N a m. to. in. th e. m e n t io n e d enhance. t e a c h in g - le a r n in g c la s s ,. and. in t e l lig ib i lit y. in. p ro c e s s. th e. p ro p o s a l o f. th e. s tu d e n ts. H e r o ic o ´ ´ p r im a r y S c h o o l in S a n t a C la r a .. of a. fro m.
(14) II.. T h e te a c h in g a n d le a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia tio n in E n g lis h in p rim a r y s c h o o l in th e C u b a n c o n te x t. In. C uba. le a r n e r s. E n g lis h use. c u lt u r e ,. is. ta u g h t. E n g l is h. k n o w le d g e. c o n te n ts , a n d. of. above. t im e s . B u t E n g lis h. in. a. a. f o r e ig n. v a r ie t y. school. a ll a s. is. as. a. of. s it u a t io n s. s u b je c t s l if e. n o t o n ly. by. n o n - n a t iv e. e n v ir o n m e n t. m ay. be. a. and. ta u g h t a s. s p e a k e rs c o u n try. in. in. a. te rm an. w h ic h. is. (E F L ). and. o th e r. s k il l, w h ic h. t a u g h t a s a s e c o n d la n g u a g e ( E S L ) , a la n g u a g e. la n g u a g e. as. a. w h ic h m eans. c u r r ic u la r. to. th a t. e n la r g e. or. n o n - c u r r ic u la r. in. c o n te m p o ra ry. in d is p e n s a b le. f o r e ig n. m eans. la n g u a g e ; it a ls o. c o u ld. b e. f o r t h e u s e o r s t u d y o f t h e E n g lis h. E n g l is h - s p e a k in g E n g l is h. is. th e. e n v ir o n m e n t .. m o th e r. That. to n g u e. ( e . g .,. A u s t r a lia , t h e U . S . ) o r o n e in w h ic h E n g l is h h a s a n e s t a b lis h e d r o le ( e . g . , I n d ia , N ig e r ia ) .. E FL. and. E S L. r e q u ir e. d if f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s t o. la n g u a g e. t e a c h in g. and. le a r n in g .. W h e n t e a c h in g a n d le a r n in g E F L t e a c h e r s n e e d t o p r e s e n t la n g u a g e s a m p le s in c o n t e x t c o n t a in in g m u s t d e a l w it h E S L. te a c h e rs. th e. li n g u is t ic. f o r m , m e a n in g p r o v id e. c o n te n t th a t s tu d e n ts. and. o p p o r t u n it ie s. use. need. e x p lic it ly . W h e n. fo r s tu d e n ts. to. a s s im ila t e. t e a c h in g. a c q u ir e. ( p ic k. and. an d. le a r n in g. u p ) th e. f o r e ig n. la n g u a g e , s u c h a s b y t e a c h in g t h e m a t ic c o n t e n t o f s c h o o l s u b je c t s t h r o u g h t h e m e d iu m. o f E n g lis h , s u c h a s t h e c a s e o f b ilin g u a l e d u c a t io n .. I n t h e lit e r a t u r e a b o u t E n g lis h L a n g u a g e T e a c h in g ( E L T ) s t u d e n t s f r o m school. a re. c o n s id e r e d. young. le a r n e r s ,. and. th e y. a re. s a id. to. s h a re. p r im a r y th e s e. c h a r a c t e r is t ic s t h a t c o n t r ib u t e t o b e tt e r le a r n in g : . T h e y a r e u s u a lly c u r io u s a b o u t t h e w o r ld a n d lik e le a r n in g . C h ild r e n t a k e in in f o r m a t io n f r o m. e v e r y t h in g a r o u n d t h e m , n o t ju s t w h a t is b e in g t a u g h t .. T h is is o f t e n ju s t a s im p o r t a n t a s m o r e f o r m a l e x p la n a t io n s . . T h e y o fte n. f in d. a b s t r a c t c o n c e p t s d if f ic u lt t o. u n d e r s t a n d . H o w e v e r , t h is. d e p e n d s o n w h a t d e v e lo p m e n t a l s t a g e t h e y h a v e r e a c h e d . . T h e y a r e h a p p y t o t a lk a b o u t t h e m s e lv e s , a n d lik e le a r n in g e x p e r ie n c e s , w h ic h in v o lv e a n d r e la t e t o t h e ir o w n liv e s .. . 7. T h e y a r e p le a s e d t o h a v e t h e t e a c h e r ´ s a p p r o v a l..
(15) . They. o fte n. f in d. it d if f ic u lt t o. c o n c e n tra te. on. th e. sam e. t h in g. fo r a. lo n g. t im e . . T h e y d e v e lo p , t h o u g h , a t d if f e r e n t r a t e s , a n d. th e re. is a. b e tw e e n. c h ild. of. te n .. lig h t. and. a. c h ild. of. f iv e ,. fo r. e x a m p le ,. and. a. c le a r d if f e r e n c e That. is. w hy. (H a rm e r, J ., 2 0 0 6 , p. 3 6 ) The. p r e v io u s. c la s s r o o m. c h a r a c t e r is t ic s. dem and. an. a t t r a c t iv e ,. c o n v e n ie n t. e n v ir o n m e n t in w h ic h a c t iv it ie s a r e c h a n g e d f r e q u e n t ly , le a r n in g a n d. p la y a r e c o m b in e d a n d a p p r o p r ia t e a c t iv it ie s a r e u s e d , s u c h a s s o n g s , p u z z le s , g a m e s , a r t , a n d p h y s ic a l m o v e m e n t , a n d s o o n . W hen. t e a c h in g. and. le a r n in g. E FL. p r o n u n c i a t io n ,. e s p e c ia l ly. to. b e g in n e r s ,. p r o n u n c ia t io n is o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e b e c a u s e it p a v e s t h e w a y t o s p e a k f lu e n t ly , w h ic h in c lu d e s t h e a b ilit y t o c o n v e y c o m p r e h e n s ib le m e s s a g e s , w it h e a s e a n d p u t t in g lit t le e f f o r t in t o it . F o r t h is r e a s o n , p r im a r y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s o f E n g lis h in C u b a o u g h t t o p a y a tt e n t io n t o t h is im p o r t a n t la n g u a g e c o m p o n e n t. T h e c o n t e n t o f t e a c h in g p r o n u n c ia t io n P r o n u n c ia t io n. is t h e. w h ic h s o m e o n e th e n. it. re fe rs. w ay a. w o rd. or a. la n g u a g e. is s p o k e n , o r t h e. m a n n e r in. u t t e r s a w o r d . I f o n e is s a id t o h a v e " c o r r e c t p r o n u n c ia t io n " ,. to. b o th. w it h in. a. p a r t ic u la r. d i a le c t .. B ut. t h is. s k i ll. has. som e. f e a t u r e s t h a t a r e in c lu d e d in it s c o n t e n t .. T h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n in a la n g u a g e a r e d iv id e d in t o t w o m a in g r o u p s , th e. s e g m e n ta l. in c lu d e. th e. and. v o w e ls. th e. s u pra s e g m e n ta l. a nd. s u p ra s e g m e n ta l fe a tu re s. th e. fe a tu re s.. c o n s o n a n ts. in c l u d e. w o rd. of. The. a. s e g m e n ta l fe a tu re s. la n g u a g e ,. s tre s s , s e n te n c e. w h e re a s. th e. s tr e s s , r h y t h m. and. in t o n a t io n ( S c o t t T h o r n b u r y , 2 0 0 6 ) .. V o w e ls E n g lis h .. and. c o n s o n a n ts. V o w e ls. u n lik e. m ake. up. c o n s o n a n ts. th e a re. speech. sounds. p ro d u c e d. (o r. w it h o u t. phonem es) any. of. s i g n if ic a n t. o b s t r u c t io n o r c o n s t r ic t io n o f t h e a ir f lo w .. C o n s o n a n ts a re. m ade. w hen. th e. a ir f lo w. fro m. th e. lu n g s is o b s t r u c t e d. in. som e. w a y b y t h e a r t ic u la t o r s . T h e y a r e c la s s if ie d in t e r m s o f t h e p la c e o f a r t ic u la t io n , a n d t h e m a n n e r o r t y p e o f o b s t r u c t io n a n d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s o u n d is p r o d u c e s w it h v o ic e .. 8.
(16) In. E n g lis h. one. th e re. a re. r e la t io n s h ip. th a t a re. a ls o. tw e n ty fo u r c o n s o n a n t s o u n d s , a n d th e re. b e tw e e n. c a lle d. conson ant sounds an d. th o s e. c o n s o n a n ts . C o n s o n a n t s o u n d s. is n o t a. le tte rs o f th e. c a rry. a. o n e -to-. a lp h a b e t. g re a te r s h a re. of. in f o r m a t io n a l lo a d o f s p o k e n la n g u a g e t h a n v o w e ls .. W it h. re s p e c t. to. s u p r a s e g m e n t a ls ,. w o rd. s tre s s. is. th e. e ffe c t. of. e m p h a s iz in g. c e r t a in s y lla b le s b y in c r e a s in g t h e ir lo u d n e s s , le n g t h o r p it c h . W o r d s tr e s s r e f e r s to. p r o m in e n c e. at. th e. w o rd. le v e l.. T h e re. a re. fe w. r e lia b le. r u le s. as. to. w h ic h. s y lla b le s a r e s t r e s s e d in a w o r d . B u t t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y in t w o – s y lla b le w o r d s t o p la c e t h e s t r e s s o n t h e f ir s t s y lla b le , a n d in p o ly s y lla b ic w o r d s t h e t e n d e n c y is to. p la c e. th e. s t r e s s in. th e. t h ir d –. t o – la s t s y lla b le . H o w e v e r , t h is p a t t e r n. can. be. o v e r r id d e n b y c e r t a in s u f f ix e s s u c h a s – t io n a n d - ic t h a t a t t r a c t t h e s t r e s s t o t h e p e n u lt im a t e. s y lla b le .. A nd. th e re. is. a n o th e r. g ro u p. of. w o rd s. th at. a re. s p e lt t h e. s a m e b u t a r e s t r e s s e d d if f e r e n t ly a c c o r d in g t o w h e t h e r t h e y a r e b e in g u s e d a s a v e rb. or. as. s e n te n c e. a. nou n.. W o rd s. one. s y lla b le. but. n o r m a lly of. at. r e t a in. le a s t. t h e ir. one. n o rm a l s tre s s. w o rd. w i ll. b e. p a tte rn s. g iv e n. in. a. p a r t ic u la r. p r o m in e n c e . T h is is u s u a l ly b e c a u s e t h a t w o r d s ig n a l s w h a t is n e w. in f o r m a t io n. in t h e s e n t e n c e , o r b e c a u s e it m a r k s a c o n t r a s t .. S e n t e n c e s t r e s s r e f e r s t o t h e p a t t e r n s o f s t r e s s e d a n d u n s t r e s s e d s y lla b le s o v e r a. w h o le. e x p la in. s e n te n c e . w he n. S e n te n c e. u tte ra n c e s. s tre s s. a re. is. r e la t e d. p re s e n te d. in. to. t h e ir. m e a n in g , c o n te x ts .. so In. it. is. th e. e a s ie r. to. absence. of. c o n t e x t t h e r e is n o w a y w e c a n d e c id e w h a t w o r d is s tr e s s e d in a s e n t e n c e .. R h y th m. is t h e w a y t h a t s o m e w o r d s a r e e m p h a s iz e d s o a s t o g iv e t h e e ff e c t o f. r e g u la r b e a t s . I t in t e r a c t s w it h s e n t e n c e s t r e s s a n d to. o r g a n iz e. speech. k in d s o f r h y t h m . A t im e d. S p a n is h. t im e d a re. rh yth m. s h o u ld. be. E n g lis h. w il l t e n d. 9. s y l la b le F re n c h. th a t. c o n n e c t io n. has been. and. c o n te x t. th e y. m e a n in g f u l u n it s .. d if f e r e n c e. la n g u a g e s a n d. t im e d ,. w hat. in t o. a re. to. t r y in g. b e tw e e n. to. say,. s tre s s. la n g u a g e s. b e tw e e n. t im e d .. T h is. because. a l l s y l la b le s a n d m o re. so,. v o w e l q u a lit y :. have. w h a t a re. l a n g u a g e s . E n g l is h. p r io r it iz e d. m uch. and. D if f e r e n t. m ade. s y l la b le. p u t s tre s s o n. in t o n a t io n t o h e lp s p e a k e r s. c a lle d. is c l a s s if ie d. in d ic a t e s. C uban. fo r. th e. s tre s s e d. fa ct. th at. s y lla b le s. s tre s s -. a s s tre s s th e. s tu d e n ts. t h is a f f e c t s t h e. g iv e n. d if f e r e n t. C uba. le a r n in g. m e a n in g th e re. is. of a. w il l i n c lu d e.
(17) c le a r. v o w e ls. w h e re a s. u n s tre s s e d. s y l la b le s. w il l in c lu d e. o b s c u re d. or. re d u c e d. v o w e ls .. I n t o n a t io n. has been. c a ll e d. th e. m u s ic. o f s p e e c h . I t is t h e. m e a n in g f u l u s e. th a t. s p e a k e r s m a k e o f c h a n g e s o f t h e ir v o ic e p it c h . T h is s u p r a s e g m e n t a l f e a t u r e i s in s e p a r a b ly s tre s s. and. advanced. l in k e d. to. rh y th m , as. to. o th e r s u p ra s e g m e n ta l fe a tu re s p a u s in g. th e. f u n c t io n. and of. speech. ra te .. in t o n a t io n ,. o f p r o n u n c ia t io n. M any. and. th e. t h e o r ie s k in d s. such. have. of. as. b een. m e a n in g s. it. e x p r e s s e s . T h e m a in c a n d id a t e s a r e :. -. G r a m m a t ic a l. f u n c t io n ,. such. as. in d ic a t in g. th e. d if f e r e n c e. b e tw e e n. s t a t e m e n t s a n d q u e s t io n s . -. A t t it u d in a l f u n c t io n , s u c h. a s in d ic a t in g. in t e r e s t , s u r p r is e , b o r e d o m. and. s o o n , w h a t is c a lle d h ig h a n d lo w in v o lv e m e n t . -. D is c o u r s a l. f u n c t io n ,. in f o r m a t io n. th a t. is. such a lr e a d y. as. c o n t r a s t in g. know n. and. new. hence. in f o r m a t io n. s h a re d. w it h. b e tw e e n. th e. s p e a k e rs .. I n t o n a t io n. lik e. o t h e r p a r a lin g u is t ic f e a t u r e s o f la n g u a g e. s e e m s to. be. a. s y s tem. t h a t is b e s t a c q u ir e d t h r o u g h e x p o s u r e r a t h e r t h a n le a r n e d t h r o u g h f o r m a l s t u d y .. L e a r n in g t o p r o n o u n c e in t e ll ig i b ly in c lu d e s b e in g a b le t o p e r c e iv e t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n a n d t h e m e a n in g s t h a t t h e y c a r r y . S t u d e n t s n e e d t o b e a b le t o :. . D is c r im in a t e a m o n g t h e d is t in c t iv e s o u n d s o f E n g lis h .. . R e c o g n iz e p o s it io n s ,. E n g lis h. s tre s s. r h y t h m ic. p a tte rn s ,. s tr u c t u r e ,. w o rd s. in. in t o n a t io n a l. s tre s s e d. c o n to u rs ,. and. and. u n s tre s s e d t h e ir. r o le. in. s ig n a l in g in f o r m a t io n . . R e c o g n iz e r e d u c e d f o r m s o f w o r d s .. . D is t in g u is h. w o rd. b o u n d a r ie s , r e c o g n iz e. a. c o re. o f w o rd s , a n d. in te rp re t. w o r d o r d e r p a tt e r n s a n d t h e ir s ig n if ic a n c e . . P r o c e s s s p e e c h a t d if f e r e n t r a t e s o f d e liv e r y .. . P ro c e s s. speech. c o n t a in i n g. pauses,. e rro rs ,. c o r r e c t io n s ,. p e r f o r m a n c e v a r ia b le s . I n a d d it io n , le a r n in g t o p r o n o u n c e in t e llig i b ly in c lu d e s b e in g a b le t o :. 10. and. o th e r.
(18) . O r a lly p r o d u c e. d if f e r e n c e s a m o n g. th e. E n g l is h. phonem es a nd. a llo p h o n i c. v a r ia n t s . . P ro d u c e. E n g lis h. s tre s s. p a tte rn s ,. w o rd s. in. s tre s s e d. and. u n s tre s s e d. p o s it io n s , r h y t h m ic s tr u c t u r e , a n d in t o n a t io n a l c o n t o u r s . . P ro d u c e re d u c e d fo rm s o f w o rd s a n d p h ra s e s .. . P r o d u c e c h u n k s o f la n g u a g e o f d if f e r e n t le n g t h s .. . P r o d u c e f lu e n t s p e e c h a t d iff e r e n t r a t e s o f d e liv e r y. W hen. t e a c h in g. e n c o u ra g e. th e. E n g lis h s tu d e n ts. in. a. to. f o r e ig n. a n a ly z e. la n g u a g e. s a m p le s. c o n te x t. o f la n g u a g e. r e g u la r it ie s o r r u le s ; in o t h e r w o r d s , it h e lp s t o m a k e t h e m. it. is. and. a d v is a b le. to. try. and. to f in d. c o n s c io u s o f h o w. th e. la n g u a g e f u n c t io n s . W h e n t h e s t u d e n t s a r e a s k e d t o d is c o v e r t h o s e r u le s , t h e y a r e d o in g it in d u c t iv e ly ; b u t t h e y m a y a ls o b e t o ld o r a lly o r t h r o u g h w r it t e n t ip s in t h e ir n a t iv e p ro c e s s .. la n g u a g e . W h e n. E x e r c is e s. la n g u a g e. a re. th a t. c a l le d. th e y d o. e n c o u ra g e. la n g u a g e. it lik e th e. t h is , t h e y a r e f o llo w in g. s tu d e n ts. a w a re n e s s. to. d is c o v e r. e x e r c is e s ,. or. a. th e. d e d u c t iv e. r u le s. o f th e. a w a r e n e s s - r a is in g. e x e r c is e s .. T h e g o a l o f t e a c h in g p r o n u n c ia t io n in a f o r e ig n la n g u a g e : a c c u r a c y o r in t e ll ig ib il it y “In. la n g u a g e. t e a c h in g , t h e. p h o n o lo g ic a l c o n t r o l o f a n. id e a l iz e d. n a t iv e. spe aker. h a s t r a d it io n a lly b e e n s e e n a s t h e t a r g e t , w it h a c c e n t b e in g s e e n a s a m a r k e r o f p o o r p h o n o l o g ic a l c o n t r o l. T h e in t e ll ig ib il it y. has. p r o n u n c ia t io n .. fo c u s o n. been. d e t r im e n t a l. I d e a liz e d. m o d e ls. to. th a t. a c c e n t a n d o n a c c u r a c y in s t e a d o f o n th e. d e v e lo p m e n t. ig n o r e. th e. of. th e. r e t e n t io n. of. t e a c h in g accent. of. la c k. c o n s id e r a t io n f o r c o n t e x t, s o c io lin g u is t ic a s p e c t s a n d le a r n e r s ’ n e e d s . ”. ( C o u n c il o f E u r o p e 2 0 1 7 , p . 1 3 4 ). I n t e llig ib il it y in p r o n u n c i a t io n m e a n s t h a t o t h e r p e o p le c a n. u n d e rs ta n d w h a t y o u. a r e s a y in g . S o u n d in g in t e ll ig i b le o r n o t d e p e n d s o n t h e s p e a k e r ´ s a c c e n t , w h ic h is. fo rm e d. “b y. th e. p h o n e m e s ), a n d. th e. w ay w ay. th e. s peaker. th e s e. a re. c o m b in e d. s p e e c h ” ( T h o r n b u r y S ., o p c it. , p . 1 0 7 ) .. 11. p ro n o u n c e s in. th e. in d iv id u a l. o rd e r to. p ro d u c e. sounds. (o r. c o n n e c te d.
(19) W it h a f o c u s o n in t e ll ig ib i lit y a s a g o a l f o r le a r n in g t h e p r o n u n c ia t io n o f a f o r e ig n la n g u a g e ,. The. C o u n c il o f. E u ro p e. has. is s u e d. a. new. e d it io n. E u ro p e a n F ra m e w o rk o f R e fe re n c e fo r L a n g u a g e s (C E F R w h ic h. th e y h a v e. r e d e f in e d. d e s c r ip t o r s a n d. of. th e. C om m on. C o m p a n io n 2 0 1 7 ) i n. s c a le s f o r t h is. a s p e c t o f la n g u a g e. t e a c h in g a n d le a r n in g .. The. f o llo w in g. c o re. a re a s. w e re. id e n t if ie d. to. in f o r m. w o rk. on. d e s c r ip t o r. p r o d u c t io n :. . a r t ic u la t io n - in c lu d in g p r o n u n c ia t io n o f s o u n d s / p h o n e m e s ;. . p r o s o d y in c l u d in g. in t o n a t io n , r h y t h m. a n d s tre s s –. b o th w o rd s tre s s a n d. s e n t e n c e s t r e s s – a n d s p e e c h r a t e / c h u n k in g ; . a c c e n t e d n e s s - a c c e n t a n d d e v ia t io n f r o m a ‘n o r m ; ’. . in t e ll ig ib il it y - a c c e s s ib il it y lis t e n e r s ’ p e r c e iv e d. of. m e a n in g. d if f ic u lt y. in. fo r. l is t e n e r s ,. u n d e r s t a n d in g. c o v e r in g. ( n o r m a lly. a ls o. re fe rre d. th e. to. as. c o m p r e h e n s ib il it y ) . H o w e v e r, b e c a u s e. of a. c e r t a in. o v e r l a p p in g. b e tw e e n. s u b - c a t e g o r ie s t h e. s c a le. o p e r a t io n a liz e s t h e a b o v e - m e n t io n e d c o n c e p t s in t o t h r e e c a t e g o r ie s :. . O v e r a ll p h o n o lo g ic a l c o n t r o l ( r e p la c in g t h e e x is t in g s c a le ) ;. . S o u n d a r t ic u la t io n ;. . P r o s o d ic f e a t u r e s ( in t o n a t io n , s t r e s s a n d r h y t h m ) .. O v e r a ll p h o n o l o g ic a l c o n t r o l in c lu d e s fro m. th e. in t e r lo c u t o r. to. decode. a. th e. fo c u s. on. h ow. s p e a k e r ’s. m uch. e f f o r t is. m essage.. K ey. r e q u ir e d c o n c e p ts. o p e r a t io n a liz e d in t h e s c a le in c lu d e t h e f o llo w in g :. . in t e ll ig ib il it y : h o w. m uch. e f f o r t is r e q u ir e d f r o m. t h e in t e r lo c u t o r t o d e c o d e. t h e s p e a k e r ’s m e s s a g e ; . t h e e x t e n t o f in f lu e n c e fr o m. . c o n tro l o f s o u n d s ;. . c o n t r o l o f p r o s o d ic f e a t u r e s .. S ound. a r t ic u la t io n. la n g u a g e. e m p h a s iz e s. s o u n d s (th e ra n g e. o t h e r la n g u a g e s s p o k e n ;. on. f a m ilia r it y. and. c o n f id e n c e. w it h. th e. o f s o u n d s a s p e a k e r c a n a r t ic u l a t e a n d. d e g r e e o f p r e c is io n ) . T h e k e y c o n c e p t o p e r a t io n a liz e d in t h e s c a le is :. . 12. t h e d e g r e e o f c la r it y a n d p r e c is io n in t h e a r t ic u la t io n o f s o u n d s .. w it h. ta rg e t w hat.
(20) For. P r o s o d ic. fe a tu re s to. fe a tu re s. th e. fo c u s. c o n v e y m e a n in g. in. is. an. on. th e. a b i lit y. to. e f f e c t iv e ly. i n c r e a s in g ly p r e c is e. us e. p ro s o d ic. m a n n e r. K e y c o n c e p ts. o p e r a t io n a liz e d in t h e s c a le in c lu d e t h e f o llo w in g :. . c o n t r o l o f s t r e s s , in t o n a t io n a n d / o r r h y t h m ; a n d. . a b il it y. to. e x p lo it. a n d /o r. v a ry. s tre s s. and. in t o n a t io n. to. h ig h lig h t. h is / h e r. p a r t ic u la r m e s s a g e ( p . 1 3 4 ) . G iv e n. th e. fa c t. p r o n u n c ia t io n. th a t. to. our. re s e a rc h. s tu d e n ts. w ho. fo c u s e s. a re. c le a r. up. a. te a c h e r´s. th e. b e g in n in g. la n g u a g e , a lo o k a t le v e ls A 2 a n d A 1 f r o m h e lp. on. to. t e a c h in g. le a rn. and. E n g lis h. le a r n in g. as. a. of. f o r e ig n. t h e P h o n o lo g ic a l C o n t r o l S c a le s m a y. e x p e c t a t io n s. in. te rm s. of. le a r n in g. r e s u lt s. in. th e. p r o n u n c ia t io n o f t h e ir s t u d e n t s .. P h o n o lo g ic a l C o n t r o l S c a le s : L e v e ls A 2 a n d A 1. O v e r a ll. p h o n o lo g ic a l. S o u n d a r t ic u la t io n. P r o s o d ic f e a t u r e s. c o n tro l A 2. P r o n u n c ia t io n. is. P r o n u n c ia t io n. g e n e r a lly c l e a r e n o u g h t o. g e n e r a lly. be. w hen. u n d e rs to o d ,. but. i n t e ll ig ib le. c o m m u n ic a t in g. c o n v e r s a t io n a l. p a rtn e rs. s im p le. w il l. ask. s it u a t io n s ,. ne ed. r e p e t it io n. to fro m. fo r. t im e. to. t im e . A. s tro n g. in f lu e n c e. fro m. in. e v e ry d a y p r o v id e d. th e. in t e r lo c u t o r. m akes. an. e ffo rt. u n d e rs ta n d. to. C an. use. p r o s o d ic. p h ra s e s in. in t e l lig ib ly ,. s p it e. of. in f lu e n c e. la n g u a g e ( s ). s p e a k s o n s tre s s , rh y thm. m is p r o n u n c ia t io n. a n d in t o n a t io n m a y a f f e c t. phonem es. in t e ll ig ib il it y ,. r e q u ir in g. h in d e r. c o lla b o r a t io n. fro m. in t e r lo c u t o r s .. m akes. an. N e v e r t h e le s s ,. r e c o g n iz e. w o r d s is c le a r .. of. f a m il ia r. th e. in t e r lo c u t o r. and. in f lu e n c e. s p e a k e r 's b a c k g ro u n d. e ffo rt a d ju s t of. a n d /o r. fr o m. o th e r h e /s h e. speaks.. not. in t e ll ig ib il it y , th e. s tro n g s tre s s ,. in t o n a t io n. S y s t e m a t ic. p r o v id e d. a. on. o t h e r la n g u a g e ( s ) h e / s h e. does. of. e v e ry d a y w o rd s a n d. rh y th m. of. th e. fe a tu re s. s p e c if ic s o u n d s .. p r o n u n c ia t io n. 13. is. P r o s o d ic (e .g .. w o rd. to. a re. to. f a m ilia r ,. th e. la n g u a g e on. w o rd s. fe a tu re s stre s s ). a d e q u a te. fo r. e v e ry d a y and. u tte ra n c e s .. s im p le.
(21) p r o n u n c ia t io n . A 1. P r o n u n c ia t io n lim it e d. of. a. v e ry. r e p e r t o ir e. of. C an in. re p ro d u c e. th e. sounds. t a r g e t la n g u a g e. le a r n t w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s. c a r e f u lly g u id e d .. can. C an. be. u n d e rs to o d. som e. w it h. e f f o rt. by. num ber. used. to. th a t. s p e a k e rs. of. in t e ll ig ib le. in t e r lo c u t o r s d e a lin g th e. w it h. la n g u a g e. g ro u p. of. c o r r e c t ly. r e p e a t in g. n e w s o u n d s ).. s im p le ,. f a m ilia r. on. e lic it in g. w o rd s a n d. p h ra s e s. in t e l lig ib ly ,. s p it e. of. a. on. rh yth m , in t o n a t io n. fro m. w o rd s. v e ry. in f lu e n c e. a n d /o r. of. of. o f s im p le. s tre s s ,. and. r e p e t it io n. fe a tu re s. r e p e r t o ir e. s tro n g. by. c o r r e c t ly. th e. lim it e d. in. th e. (e .g.. as. s tre s s. o n ly. p r o v id e s. by. th e. so. if. a lim it e d r a n g e o f s o u n d s w e ll a s. is. use. p r o s o d ic. lim it e d. sounds,. speech. s u p p o rt. re p ro d u c e. if. a. a. in t e r lo c u t o r. c o n c e rn e d . C an. a r t ic u la t e. C an. o th e r. la n g u a g e ( s ). h e /s h e. speaks;. h is / h e r. in t e r lo c u t o r n e e d s t o. a n d p h ra s e s .. b e c o lla b o r a t iv e .. ( T h e C E F R I llu s t r a t iv e D e s c r ip t o r S c a le s , 2 0 1 7 , p . 1 3 5 ). T h e k in d s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n p r a c t ic e t h a t c o n t r ib u t e t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f in t e ll ig ib il it y I n o r d e r t o h e lp o u r s t u d e n t s s o u n d in t e llig i b le w h e n t h e y s p e a k , t e a c h e r s n e e d t o in c lu d e in t h e ir c l a s s e s d if f e r e n t le v e ls o f s t u d y o f t h e p r o n u n c ia t io n f e a t u r e s ( U n d e r h il l, 2 0 0 2 ) :. 1.. S t u d y o f in d iv id u a l s o u n d s ;. 2.. S t u d y o f in d iv id u a l w o r d s ; a n d. 3.. S tu d y o f c o n n e c te d s p e e c h .. T h is a u t h o r s u g g e s t s t h a t t e a c h e r s s h o u ld p r o c e e d b o t t o m - u p , a s t h e le v e ls a r e p re s e n te d. a b o v e . H o w e v e r, th e. a u t h o r b e lie v e s. t h a t a l l le v e ls s h o u ld. be. d e a lt. w it h p a r a lle l t o o n e a n o t h e r b e c a u s e w o r k o n t h e s u p r a s e g m e n t a ls m a y h e lp t h e s tu d e n ts. im p r o v e. changes. d e p e n d in g. c o n n e c te d. speech. t h e ir on fro m. p r o n u n c ia t io n. of. vo w el. w h e th e r. a. th e. b e g in n in g. v e ry. s y lla b le. is. so unds, s tre s s e d. h e lp s. th e. s in c e or. vo w el. n o t.. te a c h e r. to. A. q u a lity. fo c u s m ake. on. t h e ir. c la s s e s m e a n in g f u l; it a ls o h e lp s t h e t e a c h e r a n d t h e s t u d e n t s n o t ic e a s p e c t s o f. 14.
(22) c o n n e c te d. speech. such. as. w ea k. fo rm s,. e lis io n. and. a s s im ila t io n ,. lin k in g. an d. b le n d in g a n d p a u s e s .. T e a c h in g p r o n u n c i a t io n c o m m u n ic a t iv e ly. W hen. t e a c h in g. p r a c t ic e. p r o n u n c ia t io n. o p p o r t u n it ie s. p r o n u n c ia t io n . T h is. to. te a c h e rs. hear. w o u ld. and. i n c lu d e. th e. nee d. to. p r o v id e. p e r c e iv e. th e. s o u n d s , th e. th e. s tu d e n ts. fe a tu re s. w o rd s. and. of. th e. w it h. E n g lis h. fe a tu re s. of. c o n n e c te d s p e e c h .. T e a c h e r s m u s t a ls o p r o v id e t h e s t u d e n t s w it h o p p o r t u n it ie s t o d e v e lo p la n g u a g e a w a r e n e s s , w h ic h m a y b e d o n e b r in g in g in t o t h e ir c la s s e s la n g u a g e a w a r e n e s s r a is in g th e y. a c t iv it ie s . A. have. a c q u ir e d. s tu d e n t h a s k n o w le d g e. f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n. on. d e v e lo p e d about. it. a w a re n e s s. w h ic h. im p o r t a n t te a c h e rs. in. a. a re. p r o n u n c ia t io n. fo re ig n. a d v is e d. la n g u a g e to. lim it. th e. o n. t h e ir. d e p e n d in g. e n a b le s. t h e ir o w n . T h is m a y a ls o. la n g u a g e s ; t h e s t u d e n t s ’ m o t h e r t o n g u e a n d c o n te x t. in. p r o n u n c ia t io n. h im - h e r. in c lu d e. to. w he n. n o t ic e. c o m p a r in g. th e b o th. t h e f o r e ig n l a n g u a g e . T h is is v e r y. because. m e t a la n g u a g e s tu d e n ts ’. it. s aves. th a t. th e y. so. th a t. age,. t im e .. use. to. t h e ir. H o w e v e r, t a lk. about. c la s s e s. a re. a t t a in a b le f o r t h e s t u d e n t s .. I n a d d it io n , t e a c h e r s m u s t in c lu d e s tu d e n ts. to. re p ro d u c e. m e a n in g f u l w a y . T h is and such. and. k in d. in. t h e ir c la s s e s a c t iv it ie s t h a t e n c o u r a g e. p ro d u c e. o f p r a c t ic e. th e s h o u ld. fe a tu re s be. c h a n ts ,. ra p s,. p o e try,. s o n g s , to n g u e. p r o n u n c ia t io n. m e a n in g f u l b o t h. p s y c h o lo g ic a l ly . F o r e x a m p le , t h e y m a y u s e as. of. in t e r e s t in g. and. th e. in. a. l in g u is t ic a ll y. r e le v a n t t e x t s. t w is t e r s , p r o v e r b s. and. s a y in g s ,. d e p e n d in g o n t h e s t u d e n t s ’ a g e a n d le v e l o f a b ilit y .. R e p e t it iv e p r a c t ic e m a y a d o p t t h e f o r m. o f a d r ill p r o n u n c ia t io n o r it m a y b e d o n e. t h r o u g h s h a d o w in g a t e x t fr a g m e n t , r e c it in g , a n d s in g in g ; r a p p in g , r e p e a t in g a n d m im in g. a t th e. sam e. t im e . T h e. s tu d e n ts m a y b e. in c o r p o r a t e d. in t o. th e. p r a c t ic e. t h r o u g h c h o r u s , p a ir / t r io a n d in d iv id u a l r e p e t it io n .. D u r in g th ro u g h. th e. th re e. ty p e s. of. p r a c t ic e. lis t e n in g , a w a r e n e s s - r a is in g. ( p e r c e iv in g a c t iv it ie s. th e. and. fe atu re s a c t iv it ie s. p r o d u c e t h e f e a t u r e s o f p r o n u n c ia t io n ) t h e f o c u s s h o u ld o n m e a n in g .. 15. be. of to. p r o n u n c ia t io n. re p ro d u c e. o n fo rm. an d. a s w e ll a s.
(23) P r o n u n c ia t io n t e a c h in g s h o u ld th a t s tu d e n ts b e c o m e. b e r e la t e d t o t e a c h i n g s p e lli n g s in c e it is c r u c ia l. f a m ilia r w it h. and. p ro d u c e. c o r r e c t ly p h o n e m e - g r a p h e m e. c o rre s p o n d e n c e s .. G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , w h e n t e a c h i n g p r o n u n c ia t io n , s t u d e n t s s h o u ld b e e n g a g e d c o g n it iv e ly you. w ant. b y a s k in g to. fo c u s. th e m. on;. to. b r a in s t o r m. u s in g. w o rd s. m n e m o n ic. w it h. re s o u rc e s. p a r t ic u la r p h o n e m e s t h a t such. as. peg. w o rd s. and. s y m b o ls .. T e a c h e rs. m ay. a ls o. use. p h o n e m ic. a lp h a b e t ,. based. on. th e. f o llo w i n g. re a s o n s. sound. s p e l lin g. g iv e n b y J . H a r m e r ( 2 0 0 6 , p . p . 1 8 4 - 1 8 6 :. R e a s o n s f o r u s in g t h e p h o n e m ic c h a r t ( A p p e n d ix # 1 ). . S in c e. E n g lis h. c o rre s p o n d e n c e ,. is it. b e d e v i le d m ay. by. m ake. p r o b le m s. sense. fo r. of. s tu d e n ts. to. be. a w a re. of. th e. d if f e r e n t p h o n e m e s , a n d t h e c le a r e s t w a y o f p r o m o t in g t h is a w a r e n e s s i s t o in t r o d u c e t h e v a r io u s s y m b o ls ; . D ic t io n a r ie s. u s u a lly. g iv e. th e. p r o n u n c ia t io n. of. t h e ir. w o rd s. in. p h o n e m ic. s y m b o ls ; . W h e n b o t h t e a c h e r a n d s t u d e n t s k n o w t h e s y m b o ls it is e a s ie r t o e x p la i n w h a t m is t a k e h a s o c c u r r e d a n d w h y it h a p p e n e d ;. . I f s t u d e n t s a r e a s k e d t o r e c o g n iz e r a t h e r t h a n p r o d u c e t h e s y m b o ls , t h e n t h e s t r a in is n o t s o g r e a t , e s p e c ia lly if t h e y a r e in t r o d u c e d t o t h e v a r io u s s y m b o ls g r a d u a lly r a t h e r t h a n a ll a t o n c e .. A g a in. th e. a u th o r´s. p r io r it ie s. la n g u a g e ,. fe a tu re s. of. a s s im ila t io n , d if f e r e n t f r o m. li n k in g th e. s h o u ld. c o n n e c te d. and. b l e n d in g ,. be. th e. speech and. s u p ra s e g m e n ta l. such. p r a c t ic e. stu d e n ts ’ m o th er to n g u e. as. w eak. on. sounds,. fo rm s ,. th o s e and. fe a tu re s. e lis io n. sounds. w h ic h. of. b r in g. th a t. th e an d a re. about. a. c h a n g e in m e a n in g .. P r o n u n c ia t io n. m ay. be. ta u g h t. in t e g r a t in g. it. w it h. p r a c t ic e. of. v o c a b u la r y. an d. g r a m m a r , o r t e a c h e r s m a y w a n t t o f o c u s o n p r o n u n c ia t io n o n ly , o n c e in a w h i le , p e rh a p s. d u r in g. te n. or. f if t e e n. m in u t e s. (a. s e g re g a te d. t e a c h in g m a y a ls o b e lin k e d t o lis t e n in g p r a c t ic e .. 16. f a s h io n ) .. P r o n u n c ia t io n.
(24) W h e n c o n d u c t in g p r o n u n c ia t io n p r a c t ic e in t h e c l a s s r o o m , t e a c h e r s a r e a d v is e d t o u s e f e e d b a c k c o r r e c t io n t e c h n iq u e s in. o r d e r t o e n c o u r a g e s e lf - c o r r e c t io n o n. t h e p a r t o f t h e s t u d e n t s . S e lf - m o n it o r in g s h o u ld a ls o w il l. e v e n t u a lly. le a d. to. a u to n o m y. in. le a r n in g. on. b e e n c o u r a g e d , s in c e t h i s th e. p a rt. of. your. s tu d e n ts. ( N a im a n N . , 1 9 8 8 ) .. U n d e r h il l ( 2 0 0 2 F o u n d a t io n s ,. o p.. w h ic h. c it . ). has. p ro p o s e d. g u id in g. m ay. be. a p p lic a b le. in. th e. p r in c ip l e s C uba. in. c o n te x t. h is. book. to o ,. S oun d. g iv e n. t h e ir. h u m a n is t ic n a t u r e :. . P r o n u n c ia t io n c a n b e c o m e a liv in g p le a s u r e w h e n a t t e n t io n is p a i d t o t h e p h y s ic a l s id e. o f la n g u a g e , in v o lv in g. a c o u s t ic v ib r a t io n a n d h a r m o n ic s .. th e. b o d y , th e. b re a th , th e. m u s c le s. I t c a n b e c o m e p h y s ic a l, v is u a l, a u r a l,. s p a t ia l, a n d a f f e c t iv e a s w e ll a s in t e lle c t u a l, t h a t i s , m u lt is e n s o r y . . T e a c h in g. an d. le a r n i n g. p r o n u n c i a t io n. s h o u ld. go. beyond. c o n te n t. and. t e c h n iq u e , a n d t a k e in t o a c c o u n t t h e p s y c h o lo g ic a l d y n a m ic s o f le a r n in g and. th e. c r e a t io n. m o t iv a t io n. and. of. an. a tm o s p h e re. e n j o y m e n t a r is e. n a t u r a ll y. c o n d u c iv e w hen. th e. to. le a r n in g .. d e e p -s e a te d. Thus, h um an. p r e d is p o s it io n t o le a r n , t o e x p e r im e n t a n d t o s e a r c h f o r o r d e r is c r e a t iv e ly engaged.. I I I.. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s tr e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f G r o u p A fr o m g ra d e fro m. “ V ie t N a m. 5. th. H e ro ic o ” in S a n ta C la ra w ith re s p e c t to th e ir. p ro n u n c ia tio n in E n g lis h , in S e p te m b e r 2 0 1 7. T h is p h a s e th e th e n 4. th. b u i lt o n t h e r e s u lt s o b t a in e d d u r in g t h e g ra d e A fro m. “ V ie t N a m. in it ia l n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t o f. H e r o ic o ” in S a n t a C la r a a n d t h e r e s u lt s o f. t h e e x p e r ie n c e o b t a in e d d u r in g t h e s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7 .. D u r in g t h a t s c h o o l y e a r t h e a u t h o r a p p lie d p r o v id e d h e r w it h t h e of. a c t iv it ie s. to. n e c e s s a ry d a ta to. im p r o v e. s tu d e n ts ’. s o m e m e t h o d s a n d t e c h n iq u e s t h a t. s t a r t t h e p la n n i n g a n d. in t e llig ib i lit y. in. E n g lis h .. im p l e m e n t a t io n To. th a t. end,. a. p e d a g o g ic a l t e s t w a s a p p lie d t o t h e s t u d e n t s ( A p p e n d ix # 2 ) . I n a d d it io n , w it h t h e. 17.
(25) p u rp o s e. o f e x p lo r in g. le a r n in g. o f p r o n u n c ia t io n. w o rk b o o k s. and. th e. te x tb o o k s. causes. th a t w e re. d o c u m e n t a n a ly s is p a r t ic u la r ly. w it h. h a v in g w as. an. used. re s p e c t. to. e ffe c t o n. th e. s tu d e n ts ’. to. th e. s tu d e n ts ’. r e v is e. th e. tre a tm e n t. g iv e n. to. p r o n u n c ia t io n in t h e s e m a t e r ia ls ( A p p e n d ix # 3 ) .. H e r e a r e t h e r e s u lt s o b t a in e d t h e n :. . The. 4 th. g ra d e. p r o n u n c ia t io n r e s p o n s ib i lit y a c t iv it ie s. th a t. on. E n g lis h a. p ro g ra m. s y s t e m a t ic. o f d e liv e r in g appear. in. th e th e. d o e s n o t e m p h a s iz e. b a s is ,. le s s o n s 4. th. w h ic h. is. d e v o te d. g ra d e. w hy. th e. n e e d to. each. to. t h is. w o rk b o o k. a re. te a c h e r. s k il l o n n ot. w o r k w it h has. th e. t h e ir o w n . T h e. enough. to. s a t is f y. s t u d e n t s ´ n e e d s w it h r e la t io n t o p r o n u n c ia t io n .. . T h e r e a r e e x e r c is e s in t h e s t u d e n t s ’ w o r k b o o k t h a t c o u ld b e u s e d t o p r a c t ic e. p r o n u n c ia t io n ,. but. c o n d u c t in g t h e m. . N obody. has. o n ly. in c id e n t a lly. as. p a rt. of. th e. te a c h e r´s. p ro c e d u re. w h ile. in c la s s .. done. re s e a rc h. a b o u t t h is. p r im a r y s c h o o l, s o t h is p r o b le m. is s u e. b e fo re. o f p r o n u n c ia t i o n h a d. a t “ V ie t N a m. H e r o ic o ”. n e v e r b e e n tre a te d th e re. b e fo re .. S t u d e n t s ´ s tr e n g t h s. . T h e s t u d e n t s a r e m o t iv a t e d t o le a r n t h e E n g lis h la n g u a g e , a n d t h e y a r e a ls o. in t e r e s t e d in h a v in g a g o o d p r o n u n c ia t io n . . The. s tu d e n ts. lik e. to. do. a ll. k in d s. of. a c t iv it ie s. r e la t e d. w it h. th e. f o r e ig n. la n g u a g e .. S tu d e n ts ´ w e a k n e s s e s . The. fro m. m ost com m on. m is t a k e s. in. p r o n u n c ia t io n. a re. th o s e. sounds. t h a t d if f e r. S p a n is h s o u n d s , s u c h a s /t h / a s in t h a n k a n d t h e v o w e l s o u n d s .. . T h e p r o n u n c ia t io n o f c o n s o n a n t s a t t h e e n d o f t h e w o r d s , e . g . , m o d e r n .. . P r o b le m s w h e n lin k in g f in a l c o n s o n a n t s t o in it ia l v o w e ls .. . O n ly f o u r s t u d e n t s s h o w e d a c c e p t a b le p r o n u n c ia t io n a t t h is p o in t .. A f t e r d ia g n o s in g t h e le a r n in g o f p r o n u n c ia t io n o f t h e s t u d e n t s f r o m in. 18. “ V ie t. N am. H e r o ic o ”. p r im a r y. S c h o o l,. th e. a u th or. s tarte d. 4th. g ra d e B. p la n n in g. and.
(26) im p le m e n t in g. a c t iv it ie s. in t e n d e d. to. im p r o v e. t h e ir. p r o n u n c ia t io n. to. h e lp. th e m. b e c o m e in t e llig ib le i n p r o n o u n c in g E n g lis h .. The. a n a ly s is. of. r e g u la r it ie s , w it h. th e. te a c h e r. re s p e c t to. d ia r y. th e. tw o. and. r e f le c t io n s. show ed. q u e s t io n s t h a t g u id e d. th e. f o llo w in g. o u r re s e a rc h. d u r in g. t h is s t a g e . T h e s e t w o q u e s t io n s h e lp e d t o c a t e g o r iz e t h e in f o r m a t io n g a t h e r e d :. S o m e r e f le c t io n s a b o u t t h e e x p e r ie n c e. W h e n w e s t a r t e d t e a c h in g , o u r m a s t e r y o f t h e t o p ic w a s o b v io u s ly n o t c o m p le t e . A s. a. c onsequence. w e. d e a lt. w it h. p r o n u n c i a t io n. f o r w a r d . A lt h o u g h t h e s t u d e n t s le a r n e d h o w o f th e. r e p e t it io n , t h e y c o u ld. t h a t p r o n u n c ia t io n in c id e n t a l ly. so. p r o n u n c ia t io n. th a t. to. th e. w o rk. th e. in. be. done. d e v e lo p. p r a c t ic e. in t o n a t io n. m ay. p a tte rn s ,. to. in. a. have. s e gre g a te d. s e n t e n c e , r h y t h m , lin k in g , r e d u c t io n. and. s t r a ig h t. at. th e. to. how. im it a t in g le v e l. r e a liz e d. m a n n e r a s w e ll a s. o p p o r t u n it ie s. p r a c t ic e. stre s s. not. w ent on, w e. a w a r e n e s s c o n c e r n in g. an d. and. to p ro n o u n c e th e s o u n d s b e c a u s e. it b e t t e r . A s t im e. d e a lt w it h. stu d e n ts. fe a tu re s , to. p r o n u n c ia t io n la n g u a g e ,. needs. have. in c id e n t a lly. th e. of. th e. p e r c e iv e. th e. th e. fe a tu re s o f. sounds w o rd. of. th e. and. th e. o t h e r p h o n e t ic c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r i n. t h e s p e e c h c h a in .. W it h. a ll t h is. in f o r m a t io n. a v a ila b le ,. at. th e. b e g in n in g. of. th e. 2 0 1 7 -2 0 1 8. school. y e a r t h e a u t h o r u p d a t e d t h e d ia g n o s is o f h e r s t u d e n t s in t e r m s o f t h e ir s tr e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s , w it h r e s p e c t a u t h o r a p p lie d. a. new. t o t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n i n E n g lis h . T o d o t h is t h e. p e d a g o g ic a l t e s t b a s e d. in. h e r p ro p o s a l to. f o u rt h. g ra d e. s tu d e n ts .. The. id e n t if ic a t io n. o f th e. s tre n g th s a n d. w e a k n e s s e s o f G ro u p. A. from. 5. th. g ra d e. w a s c a r r ie d o u t t a k in g in t o a c c o u n t t h e s e c a t e g o r ie s : l e a r n in g r e s u lt s in E n g lis h p r o n u n c ia t io n , in t e r e s t a n d. b e h a v io r in. c la s s . T h e. d a ta. w as. g a th e re d. th ro u g h. m e t h o d s s u c h a s p a r t ic ip a n t o b s e r v a t io n a n d a p e d a g o g ic a l t e s t . ( A p p e n d ix # 4 ) T h e r e s u lt s o b t a in e d t h r o u g h t h e s e m e t h o d s a r e d is p la y e d in ( A p p e n d ix # 5 ). S tre n g th s . M ost. s tu d e n ts. (2 6. out. of. 27). show ed. in t e r e s t. in. c la s s. w il lin g t o p a r t ic ip a t e a n d im p r o v e t h e ir p r o n u n c ia t io n ;. 19. and. th e y. w e re.
(27) . M o s t o f t h e m ( 2 3 ) k e p t o n t a s k d u r in g m y c la s s e s ;. . M o s t o f t h e m ( 1 8 ) tr ie d t o u s e E n g lis h in c la s s ;. . M o s t o f th e m. o b t a in e d. h ig h. g ra d e s. in. E n g lis h. a t th e. end. o f th e. school. y e a r (2 1 ).. W eaknesses. . O n e s t u d e n t s h o w e d la c k o f in t e r e s t in c la s s a n d t h u s w o u ld n o t f o c u s o n t h e c la s s c o n t e n t a n d a c t iv it ie s m o s t o f t h e t im e ;. . S o m e s t u d e n t s ( 4 ) w o u ld n o t k e e p o n t a s k o ft e n d u r in g m y c la s s e s ;. . S o m e s t u d e n t s w o u ld. n o t t r y t o u s e E n g l is h in. c la s s b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e. a s h a m e d a n d a f r a id o f t h e ir p e e r s m o c k in g o n t h e m ;. . S ix. s tu d e n ts. o b t a in e d. lo w. g ra d e s. in. E n g lis h. at. A ll o f t h e m , t h o u g h , s t ill c o n t in u e d. to. p ro n o u n c e. th e. end. of. th e. school. y e a r;. . e f f o r t, d u e. to. th e. in it ia l v o w e ls , s o u n d s th a t d o. f a c t t h a t t h e y o f t e n m is s e d. th e y. kept. m is p r o n o u n c in g. n o t e x is t in. E n g l is h. lin k in g. d if f ic u lt. S p a n is h , a n d. in. w it h. a. lo t o f. f in a l c o n s o n a n t s t o. vow e l and. th e y n e e d e d. m o re. s t r e s s in g t h e r ig h t w o r d s a t t h e le v e l o f t h e s e n t e n c e , w h ic h. cons onant p r a c t ic e. in. in t u r n m a y. im p r o v e t h e ir in t o n a t io n a s w e ll.. T h is. p ro v e d. p ro n o u n c e. th a t in. m y. s tu d e n ts. E n g lis h. w it h. s t ill. eas e. needed and. m o re. w it h. p r a c t ic e ,. e nough. fo r. c o n tro l. th e m of. to. t h e ir. p r o n u n c ia t io n .. IV .. E x p e rie n c e s o b ta in e d d u rin g th e s c h o o l y e a r 2 0 1 7 -2 0 1 8 w o rk in g w i t h t h e s a m e s t u d e n t s i n fi ft h g r a d e. I n S e p t e m b e r o f 2 0 1 7 t h e a u t h o r c o n t in u e d t e a c h in g t h e s a m e c la s s o f s t u d e n t s in. “ V ie t N a m. H e r o ic o ” p r im a r y S c h o o l in. E n g lis h d u r in g. t h e w h o le. S a n ta. a c a d e m ic y e a r , a d d in g. C la r a . S h e u p to a. k e p t t e a c h in g. th e m. t o t a l o f a p p r o x im a t e ly. 4 0 h o u r s . U p o n b e g in n in g t h e a u t h o r w a s w e l l - f a m ilia r iz e d w it h t h e d ia g n o s is o f t h is c la s s w h ic h a ll o w e d h e r t o c a r r y o n w it h t h e m s m o o t h ly .. 20.
(28) D u r in g. t h is. schoo l. year. th e. a u th o r. kept. a. d ia r y. ( A p p e n d ix. #6). w it h. her. e x p e r ie n c e s a n d r e f le c t io n s . T h is w a s a s o u r c e o f in f o r m a t io n f o r h e r t o a n a ly z e w h a t w e n t w e ll a n d d id n ’t g o w e ll. S h e p r o c e e d e d m e t h o d o lo g ic a lly in t h is w a y :. . I d e n t if y in g t h e m e s. . I d e n t if y in g e v id e n c e s t o s u p p o r t h e r f in d in g. . R e a c h in g c o n c lu s io n s. R e s u lt s o b t a in e d. C a t e g o r iz a t io n o f t h e in f o r m a t io n in t o t h e m e s 1.. L e s s o n o b je c t iv e s. S in c e. th e. v e r y b e g in n in g. g o a ls. w hen. d e liv e r i n g. a. o f th e. s e m e s te r , th e. le s s o n , f o r e x a m p le ,. a u t h o r in t e n d e d. to. a t t a in. le v e l o f u n d e r s t a n d in g. som e. fro m. th e. s t u d e n t s , le v e l o f c o m p le x it y o f t h e a c t iv it ie s ( w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e t o o d if f ic u lt o r to o. e a s y ) , w h a t s k ill w a s. th e. m o s t a ffe c te d. in. le s s o n s , a n d. th e. r e le v a n c e. of. w h a t t h e y le a r n e d .. F o r t h e a c c o m p lis h m e n t o f t h is t a s k I a c t iv a t e d t h e ir b a c k g r o u n d k n o w le d g e a s m uch. as. p o s s ib le ,. t r y in g. to. a v o id. t h e ir. g e t t in g. lo s t. w hen. a d v a n c in g. in. th e. d if f e r e n t t o p ic s . I t is a ls o im p o r t a n t t o p o in t o u t t h a t in t h e p r e lim in a r y p r o p o s a l t h e r e w e r e s o m e t o p ic s w h ic h t h e y w e r e f a m ilia r w it h a n d t h a t m a d e e a s ie r t h e t e a c h in g. le a r n in g. p ro c e s s . A n. e x a m p le. of how. m uch. s tu d e n ts u n d e rs to o d. th e. le s s o n is p r e s e n t in t h is f r a g m e n t o f m y t e a c h in g d ia r y :. “I. f e lt m o t iv a t e d. asked. th e m. to. to d a y do,. I. because fe e l. lik e. m y w e. s tu d e n ts. a re. u n d e rs to o d. a d v a n c in g. a. lo t. a lm o s t. w it h. e v e r y t h in g. re s p e c t. to. I. t h e ir. k n o w le d g e … . ”. “ … . I s t a rt e d u n d e rs ta n d. a new and. t o p ic t o d a y w h ic h. even. th o u g h. it. is. a. is. “ F a s h io n ” . T h is o n e. d if f ic u lt. t o p ic. fo r. is h a r d f o r t h e m. th e m. e v e r y t h in g. p e r f e c t , t h e y u n d e r s t o o d a ll I s a id a n d t h e y a s k e d m e t o t e a c h t h e m. to. w a s. som e new. w o r d s t h a t w e r e n o t in t h e ir w o r k b o o k v o c a b u la r y , a ls o r e la t e d w it h t h e t o p ic … . ! ”. “ … t h is d a y I u s e d a s o n g w it h a v id e o a n d it w o r k e d p e r f e c t ly t h e y , u n d e r s t o o d e v e r y t h in g w it h o u t a n y p r o b le m … . .”. 21.
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