• No se han encontrado resultados

Conference: 7th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Crowdsourcing Scientific-Technological and Innovative. Booklets

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Conference: 7th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Crowdsourcing Scientific-Technological and Innovative. Booklets"

Copied!
27
0
0

Texto completo

(1)

Title:

Corporate governance and capital structure, determining in creating economic value and

strategic financial risk. Case study: Small and medium sinaloenses business hotel.

Author:

Luis Alfredo GALLARDO-MILLÁN

Conference: 7th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Crowdsourcing Scientific-Technological and Innovative

Booklets

RENIECYT LATINDEX Research Gate DULCINEA CLASE Sudoc HISPANA SHERPA UNIVERSIA ERevistas Google Scholar DOI REBID Mendeley -DIALNET - ROAD - ORCID

www.ecorfan.org

Editorial label ECORFAN:607-8324

BCIE Control Number:2016-01

BCIE Classification (2016):221116-0101

Pages: 25 RNA: 03-2010-032610115700-14 ECORFAN-México, S.C.

244–2ItzopanStreet

La Florida,EcatepecMunicipality Mexico State, 55120 Zipcode Phone: +52 1 55 6159 2296

(2)

I n t r o d u c t i o n

M e t h o d o l o g y

R e s u l t s

C o n c l u s i o n s

R e f e r e n c e s

2

(3)

Ve n t a ja s c o m p e t it iv a s Me jo ra d e l B ie n e s t a r S o c ia l M e jo ra d e R e n d im ie n t o s C o n s o lid a c ió n im a g e n F o rt a le c im ie n t o d e la p o s ic ió n d e m e rc a d o Tra s c e n d e n c ia e c o n ó m ic a Va lo ra c ió n e m p re s a ria l F o rt a le c im ie n t o A s o c ia t iv o F in a n c ia c ió n d e b a jo c o s t o C o n t ro l G e re n c ia l I n v e rs ió n e n I n f ra e s t ru c t u ra

Min im iza c ió n d e l R ie s g o C re c im ie n t o C re a c ió n d e Va lo r P e rm a n e n c ia E s t ru c t u ra C o m p e t it iv id a d E c o n ó m ic a F a c t o r e s p a r a l a e v a l u a c i ó n d e l d e s e m p e ñ o e m p r e s a r i a l 3 1 Rappaport, (2005) 2 Myers, (1984) 3 Bhaird, (2010)

(4)

C o n t e x t u a l i z a c i ó n

La relación entre la estructura de capital y el valor de la empresa se ha instaurado como debate en la toma decisiones financieras (Atiyet, 2012), que surgen del establecimiento de objetivos, tales como:

Obtención de rendimientos superiores a los costos de capital (Miller & Modigliani, 1958),

Maximización de los niveles de deuda mediante la jerarquización financiera (Myers & Majluf, 1984), Crecimiento sostenido de los porcentajes de utilidad o ventas (Ramezani, Soenen, & Jung, 2002),

Minimización de los riesgos inherentes en el aprovechamiento de oportunidades de inversión (M & M, 1961).

P l a n t e a m i e n t o

La revisión de la literatura permitió relacionar que la gobernanza corporativa y la estructura de capital desagregadas del objetivo de la creación de valor económico,

menoscaba en las pymes la viabilidad de:

1) Garantizar rendimientos satisfactorios 2) Sustentabilidad de las ventajas competitivas 3) Oportunidades de inversión,

(5)

V a r i a b l e s I n d e p e n d i e n t e s : E s t r u c t u r a d e C a p i t a l ( E C ) D e p e n d i e n t e s : C r e a c i ó n d e V a l o r E c o n ó m i c o ( C V E ) , C r e c i m i e n t o ( G ) P r e g u n t a C e n t r a l ¿ C ó m o h a c e r f u n c i o n a l l a t e o r í a d e l a j e r a r q u i z a c i ó n f i n a n c i e r a e n l a e s t r u c t u r a d e c a p i t a l p a r a i d e n t i f i c a r l o s f a c t o r e s d e t e r m i n a n t e s d e l r i e s g o f i n a n c i e r o e s t r a t é g i c o y s e l e c c i o n a r l a s e s t r a t e g i a s f i n a n c i e r a s q u e c o n t r i b u y a n e n l a c r e a c i ó n d e v a l o r e c o n ó m i c o y e n l a g o b e r n a n z a c o r p o r a t i v a d e l a s p y m e s ?

M a t r i z d e c o n s i s t e n c i a

5 H i p ó t e s i s L a j e r a r q u i z a c i ó n f i n a n c i e r a e n l a e s t r u c t u r a d e c a p i t a l( M y e r s , 1 9 8 4 ) y e l d e s a r r o l l o d e e s t r a t e g i a s f i n a n c i e r a s a l a r g o p l a z o ( C h a n d l e r , 1 9 6 2 ), m i n i m i z a n e l r i e s g o f i n a n c i e r o e s t r a t é g i c o ( J o r i o n , 2 0 0 3 ), g e n e r a n d o o p o r t u n i d a d e s d e c r e c i m i e n t o ( D o n a l d s o n , 1 9 8 5 ) y v a l o r e c o n ó m i c o e n l a s P y M E s .( R a p p a p o r t , 2 0 0 6 )

(6)

M o d e l o t e ó r i c o Estrategias Financieras: Valuación empresarial Rappaport 2006 Características Empresariales: Pymes McKenzie 2008 Estructura de Capital:

Teoría estructura óptima de capital (TPO) Myers 2001 Crecimiento: Metas empresariales Donaldson 1985 Valor Económico: Retorno de Capital Rousseau 2010 Riesgo: Riesgo estratégico (StRisk) Jorion 2009 6

(7)

M a t r i z d e e v a l u a c i ó n d e l a s e s t r a t e g i a s f i n a n c i e r a s

Hawawini y Viallet, (1999)7

Fórmula matemática propuesta por

Donaldson (1985), para representar un sistema de financiamiento interno en equilibrio

g(S) = r [ROI + d (ROI – i)]

Jorion (2003), propone un indicador financiero ajustado que relaciona altas tasas de

riesgo de capital RaRoC = EVA / Capital

Creación de Valor EVA > 0 Faltante de Efectivo g(S) > SGR Destrucción de Valor EVA < 0 Sobrante de Efectivo g(S) < SGR Cuadrante A Cuadrante D Cuadrante B Cuadrante C Margen de Retorno ROI menos WACC

(8)

M o d e l o d e G o b e r n a n z a C o r p o r a t i v a P r i n c i p i o s e m p r e s a r i a l e s E s t r a t e g i a s P o l í t i c a s y p r o c e d i m i e n t o s G e s t i ó n d e r i e s g o s C r e a c i ó n d e V a l o r D i r e c t o r i o

A

d

m

in

is

tr

ac

n

C

om

it

és

C o l a b o r a d o r e s CEGC, (2009) 8

Modelo de valuación de empresas presentado por Miller-Modigliani

(9)

I n v e s t i g a c i ó n c u a n t i t a t i v a

• M u e s t r a e s t r a t i f i c a d a

• E n c u e s t a

• P a n e l d e d a t o s e c o n ó m i c o s

P r u e b a d e h i p ó t e s i s

• E s t r u c t u r a d e c a p i t a l

• R i e s g o f i n a n c i e r o e s t r a t é g i c o

• C r e c i m i e n t o

O b j e t o d e e s t u d i o

• P y m e s h o t e l e r a s

• S i n a l o a

P r o c e s a m i e n t o d e d a t o s

• S P S S

• A l f a d e C r o n b a c h

• R e g r e s i ó n s i m p l e

M e t o d o l o g í a

9

(10)

Estrategias Financieras: Gobernanza Corporativa Estructura de Capital Variables C r e a c i ó n d e V a l o r R i e s g o E s t r a t é g i c o E n c u e s t a P a n e l d e D a t o s Instrumentos de Investigación

% Ut

Est Deuda

CCPP

ROA

r

g

Qt

Correlación Regresión Simple Panel de datos C o n s i s t e n c i a M e t o d o l ó g i c a 10 Fórmula estadística población finita: 𝑛 = 𝑍 2 𝑝 𝑞 𝑁 𝑁𝐸2+ 𝑍2𝑝 𝑞 Namakforoosh (2010): 𝑛´ = 𝑛 1 + (𝑁𝑛)

(11)

11

R e s u l t a d o s

A n á l i s i s d e s c r i p t i v o – P y m e s H o t e l e r a s

-Tam año Mazatlán Culiacán Guas ave Los Mochis Em ple ados Tarifa Prom Cuartos Prom

Pequeño 4 11 1 15 $ 516 45 Mediano 7 1 1 40 $ 832 107 Grande 1 1 1 93 $ 2,145 112 Tarif a Prom $ 884 $ 614 $ 645 $ 1,457

Cuartos Prom 88 49 81 113

Grado de uso de las fuentes de financiación.

Fuente de financiación Nulo Corto plazo Mediano plazo Largo plazo

Proveedores 4% 96%

Acreedores 43% 39% 18%

Financiación bancaria 43% 18% 11% 28%

Fondo de fomento 82% 11% 7%

Utilidades del ejercicio 7% 43% 50%

Reservas de capital 39% 4% 25% 32%

Aportación de socios 21% 18% 14% 47%

Utilidades retenidas 39% 32% 15% 14%

Capital social preferente 75% 7% 18%

Capital de riesgo 72% 21% 7%

(12)

-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

D r ROC i g(S) Financial Risk Lineal (D) Lineal (r) Lineal (i) Lineal (g(S)) Lineal (Financial Risk)

E v i d e n c i a e m p í r i c a d e l o s d a t o s o b t e n i d o s

12

(13)

R i e s g o f i n a n c i e r o e s t r a t é g i c o -30.00% -25.00% -20.00% -15.00% -10.00% -5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 13

R e s u l t a d o s

R F E = g ( S )

– R a R O C

© L A G M

(14)

Hoteles Variables 7 9 3 10 11 12 26 23 18 14 13 1 22 15 D 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% C 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% r 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% ROC 5% 5% 16% 6% 8% 5% 13% 13% 9% 5% 6% 6% 14% 8% Ocup. 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Ventas $ 6,048 $ 2,880 $ 13,478 $ 3,730 $ 5,080 $ 2,160 $ 5,242 $ 15,217 $ 7,200 $ 2,822 $ 4,055 $ 4,269 $ 20,506 $ 5,702 % Ut 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% %Ac s/Deuda 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Capital $ 33,553 $ 19,173 $ 24,925 $ 17,735 $ 20,132 $ 14,380 $ 12,462 $ 35,470 $ 23,966 $ 16,776 $ 21,090 $ 22,049 $ 42,660 $ 21,090 TA $ 47,933 $ 27,390 $ 35,607 $ 25,336 $ 28,760 $ 20,543 $ 17,804 $ 50,672 $ 34,238 $ 23,966 $ 30,129 $ 31,499 $ 60,943 $ 30,129 i 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% g(S) 3.54% 2.60% 14.79% 4.48% 5.79% 2.60% 11.04% 11.30% 7.29% 3.17% 3.92% 3.96% 12.91% 6.35% EVA -$ 1,098 -$ 800 $ 1,880 -$ 421 -$ 223 -$ 600 $ 491 $ 1,486 $ 80 -$ 609 -$ 614 -$ 633 $ 2,449 -$ 120 RAROC -3.27% -4.17% 7.54% -2.37% -1.11% -4.17% 3.94% 4.19% 0.33% -3.63% -2.91% -2.87% 5.74% -0.57% Financial Risk 0.27% -1.57% 22.33% 2.11% 4.68% -1.57% 14.98% 15.49% 7.62% -0.47% 1.00% 1.08% 18.65% 5.78%

Z Score Derivado Max 1.25 1.20 1.79 1.29 1.36 1.20 1.61 1.62 1.43 1.23 1.27 1.27 1.70 1.38

Z Score Derivado Enc 3.89 2.53 2.07 1.93 5.80 8.10 1.28 2.09 0.96 5.00 8.25 0.65 4.20 4.01

(15)

Hoteles Variables 16 4 27 24 25 2 17 6 5 28 8 20 19 21 D 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% C 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% r 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% ROC 10% 13% 24% 8% 15% 14% 13% 50% 18% 29% 38% 15% 15% 16% Ocup. 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Ventas $ 5,069 $ 34,759 $ 42,103 $ 23,328 $ 24,235 $ 17,948 $ 13,104 $ 105,336 $ 27,086 $ 52,952 $ 52,013 $ 18,360 $ 14,688 $ 12,960 % Ut 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% %Ac s/Deuda 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Capital $ 15,338 $ 77,651 $ 52,726 $ 86,279 $ 47,453 $ 39,305 $ 31,156 $ 63,750 $ 44,098 $ 55,602 $ 41,222 $ 35,949 $ 28,760 $ 23,966 TA $ 21,912 $ 110,930 $ 75,323 $ 123,255 $ 67,790 $ 56,150 $ 44,509 $ 91,072 $ 62,997 $ 79,431 $ 58,889 $ 51,356 $ 41,085 $ 34,238 i 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% g(S) 8.23% 11.88% 22.83% 6.35% 13.85% 12.16% 11.04% 49.47% 17.08% 27.63% 37.28% 13.85% 13.85% 14.79% EVA $ 189 $ 3,688 $ 8,054 -$ 491 $ 3,152 $ 1,973 $ 1,227 $ 26,067 $ 4,298 $ 11,059 $ 12,026 $ 2,388 $ 1,910 $ 1,808 RAROC 1.23% 4.75% 15.28% -0.57% 6.64% 5.02% 3.94% 40.89% 9.75% 19.89% 29.17% 6.64% 6.64% 7.54% Financial Risk 9.46% 16.63% 38.11% 5.78% 20.49% 17.18% 14.98% 90.36% 26.83% 47.52% 66.46% 20.49% 20.49% 22.33%

Z Score Derivado Max 1.47 1.65 2.17 1.38 1.74 1.66 1.61 3.45 1.90 2.40 2.87 1.74 1.74 1.79

Z Score Derivado Enc 2.74 0.88 2.45 4.03 na 1.50 1.09 2.86 21.22 4.62 2.59 1.19 1.19 1.22

(16)

M a x i m i z a c i ó n d e l a e v i d e n c i a e m p í r i c a

16

(17)

17

(18)

18 C o m p a r a t i v o M a x i m i z a c i ó n F S t R i s k v s Z - S c o r e 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 -20.00% 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

(19)

Regression Analysis: RFE% versus Log(g%+1), RaROC%

The regression equation is

RFE% = - 1.60 + 8.42 Log(g%+1) + 0.898 RaROC%

Predictor Coef SE Coef T P VIF Constant -1.5970 0.4622 -3.46 0.002 Log(g%+1) 8.4237 0.6265 13.45 0.000 1.994 RaROC% 0.89765 0.03091 29.04 0.000 1.994 S = 0.861895 R-Sq = 99.2% R-Sq(adj) = 99.1% Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression 2 2333.2 1166.6 1570.44 0.000 Residual Error 25 18.6 0.7 Total 27 2351.8 Source DF Seq SS Log(g%+1) 1 1706.7 RaROC% 1 626.5 19

(20)

R e s u l t a d o s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 RFE -2.5 1.12 -20. -1.0 1.89 1.27 -25. 4.63 -24. -18. -16. -13. -3.6 -3.7 -1.5 -1.5 1.22 -4.5 5.57 5.57 7.02 -2.3 -8.4 0.02 0.36 -12. -0.2 4.48 F RFE -2.2 0.33 -22. -0.3 2.31 1.69 -26. 4.15 -23. -17. -15. -13. -3.2 -4.1 -2.3 -2.1 1.37 -3.3 4.46 4.46 5.44 -1.6 -7.1 0.79 1.08 -13. 0.55 4.79 -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% R ie s g o f in a n c ie ro e s tr a té g ic o

(21)

RFE-V a l o r . - E v i d e n c i a v s . M a x i m i z a c i ó n --$10 $0 $10 $20 $30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 V al or e m pr es ar ia l, ba sa do e n la pr ob abi lida d de al ca nz ar un ni ve l de v ent as de fla ct ado po r el c os to de c api ta l. M ill ar es Hoteles

Valor de las empresas con maximización de variables financieras.

Valor de las empresas con datos financieros

(22)

M a x N i v e l d e E n d e u d a m i e n t o -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% R ie sg o F ina nc ie ro E st ra g ic o Nivel de Deuda M a x d e l C o s t o d e C a p i t a l -35% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% R ie sg o Fi na nc ie ro Es tr at é gi co Costo financiero 22 C o r r e l a c i o n e s M a x T a s a d e r e t e n c i ó n -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% R ie sg o F ina nc ie ro E st ra g ic o

Tasa de retención de utilidades

C r e c i m i e n t o v s . R F E -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% R ie sg o F ina nc ie ro E st ra g ic o Crecimiento (Growth(Sales))

(23)

C r e c i m i e n t o v s . R F E -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

D

r

i

g(S)

Financial Risk

23

(24)

-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 D e u d a , C o s to , G, R F E Años de Operación

C o n c l u s i o n e s

24 Creación de valor: Combinación óptima de fuentes de financiación Estrategias financieras

Estructura de Capital (EC) Retención de Utilidades (r) Costo de Capital (i)

Rendimientos (+)

Administración del Riesgo Largo Plazo

Estructura de Capital Pecking Order Theory g(S)

RaROC

Competitividad

Valor Económico RFE

(25)

L a a d m i n i s t r a c i ó n d e l r i e s g o y

e l d i s e ñ o e i m p l e m e n t a c i ó n

d e e s t r a t e g i a s f i n a n c i e r a s ,

p u e d e c o n v e r t i r s e e n e l l a r g o p l a z o ,

e n u n a v e n t a j a c o m p e t i t i v a e

i n c re m e n t a r l a l o n g i t u d d e l

p e r i o d o d e c re c i m i e n t o ,

c re a n d o v a l o r e c o n ó m i c o

a l m i n i m i z a r e l r i e s g o f i n a n c i e ro .

C o n c l u s i o n e s

25

(26)

Acknowledgements

Dra. María de los Ángeles Cervantes Rosas

(27)

© 2016 Rights Reserved | ECORFAN,S.C. (ECORFAN®-Mexico-Bolivia-Spain-Ecuador-Cameroon-Colombia-Cuba-Salvador-Guatemala-Nicaragua-Peru-Paraguay-Democratic Republic of Congo)

© ECORFAN-Mexico, S.C.

No part of this document covered by the Federal Copyright Law may be reproduced, transmitted or used in any form or medium, whether graphic, electronic or mechanical, including but not limited to the following: Citations in articles and comments Bibliographical, compilation of radio or electronic journalistic data. For the effects of articles 13, 162,163 fraction I, 164 fraction I, 168, 169,209 fraction III and other relative of the Federal Law of Copyright. Violations: Be forced to prosecute under Mexican copyright law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, in this publication do not imply, uniformly in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protector in laws and regulations of Mexico and therefore free for General use of the international scientific community. BCIE is part of the media of ECORFAN-Mexico, S.C., E: 94-443.F: 008- (www.ecorfan.org/ booklets)

Referencias

Documento similar

Protection may be in the form of a fuse, fusible link, or a current interrupting device (circuit breaker). Automatic reclosing current interrupting devices are not allowed.

This methodology may be used for a wide range of tasks, including markets forecasts for spe- cific petroleum products, e.g., jet fuel or gasoline and integrated analysis of the

The expression ((having become common since the spring)) -the French original reads ((etant devenues populaires des le printems»- refers to the spring of 1708 and is

● Articles, papers, or written scientific works of any form, based in whole or in part on data, images or other products supplied by the SDS-WAS, will contain an

Comments: The command may be used to store positional or aperture offsets which have been found using the APOFF or OFFSET handset modes or input using the BEAMSWITCH, OFFSET

Taking into account the results obtained by our research group, a project devoted to the synthesis of the aglycones of angularly oxygenated angucyclines, natural tetracyclic

However, there exists the possibility of providing any intermediate quality by mixing water of the two sources. Mixed water of quality Q M may or may not satisfy the

Protection may be in the form of a fuse, fusible link, or a current interrupting device (circuit breaker). Automatic reclosing current interrupting devices are not