A Plasma Display Terminal

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"M COORDINATED SC IENC E LABORATORY

A PLASMA DISPLAY TERMINAL

JACK STIFLE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - URBANA, ILLINOIS

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A PLASMA DISPLAY TERMINAL Jack Stifle

Coordinated Science Laboratory and

Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801

This work was supported in part by the Joint Services Electronics Program (U.S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DAAB 07-67-C-0199; and in part by National Science Foundation Grant USNSF GJ 81.

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government.

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

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Coordinated Science Laboratory and

Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801

ABSTRACT

This report describes a graphics terminal designed for use as a remote computer input-output terminal. The terminal features a plasma display panel, self-contained character and line generators and the ability to communicate over voice grade telephone circuits.

This work was supported in part by the Joint Services Electronics Program (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force) under Contract DAAB-07-67-C-0199; and in part by National Science Foundation Grant USNSF GJ 81.

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Several people contributed their talents to the development of this terminal. To Ray Trogdon goes the credit for the development of the very important panel decoding and driving circuits. He was assisted by Jim Knoke who was responsible for construction of these circuits.

Frank Propst and Garrie Burr were responsible for the slide projector and the design of the terminal enclosure.

Leonard Hedges supervised the fabrication of the terminal electronics and was assisted in the actual construction by George Crawford, Fred Holy, and Rich Slavens.

Thanks are due Sandra Bowles for her typing of and help in assembling this report.

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CHAPTER 1 - DESCRIPTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 TERMINAL DESCRIPTION... 2

1.2 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT... 5

CHAPTER 2 - OPERATING MODES 2.0 WORD FORMAT... 7 2.1 CONTROL WOR D... 8 2.2 MODE W O R D ... 11 2.3 MODE 0 ... 12 2.4 MODE 1... 12 2.5 MODE 2 ... 1.3 2.6 MODE 3 ... 15 2.7 MODE 4 ... 18 2.8 KEYSET WO R D... 18

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1.0 Introduction

This report describes the proposed student terminal (remote computer terminal), designed for use in the PLATO IV computer-based-education system. Although the terminal is intended for use in teaching applications, it has

many features which make it useful in many other computer terminal applica tions. These features include:

1. A 10-inch square plasma display panel that is readable in a brightly lighted room without eyestrain.

2. Permanent storage of information on the display screen without flicker. Absolutely no refreshing of the display panel by the computer is required.

3. Self-contained character and line generators plus the ability to plot points in three different modes.

4. A character writing speed of 180 characters per second and the capability of displaying up to 2352 characters on the screen. 5. A line drawing speed in excess of 600 inches per second.

6. A character set of 228 characters which is easily replaceable. 7. The ability to transmit and receive data on voice grade tele

phone circuits.

8. A random access slide projector for rear projection of static information on the display screen.

9. Additional input-output channels for the control of auxiliary equipment.

10. An optional random-access audio response unit.

The single most expensive item in any cathode-ray tube (CRT) display system is the memory needed to refresh or "hold up" an image on the face of the CRT. As many as 4K 18-bit words of memory (1 jj,s) may be required to "hold up" an

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line resolution. At a cost of 5</ per bit such a memory becomes a $3600 item.

Even before including the costs of the CRT, the digital to analog (DA) converters, and the deflection amplifiers, all of which can easily add up to an additional $1000, a cost level has been reached that is prohibitive for most large scale users of graphic display terminals.

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Fortunately, the plasma display panel 5 with its inherent capability of storing information on the display screen eliminates entirely the costly items mentioned above. Preliminary estimates indicate that using MOS/LSI technology the terminal described in this report can be produced in quantity for approxi mately $2500. This total terminal cost is almost 1/3 less than the cost of

just the memory required to operate a comparable CRT system.

1.1 Terminal Description

A block diagram of the prototype terminal is shown in Figure 1.0. The terminal input section contains both a parallel and a serial input port. The parallel port is an optional feature used mainly for engineering purposes. At present, this port is designed to interface with a CDC 1604 Computer. The serial input port is designed to accept data arriving at a rate of 1200 bits/second in

1D. L. Bitzer, and H. G. Slottow, "The Plasma Display Panel - A Digitally Addressable Display with Inherent Memory," Proceedings, Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, California, November 1966, p. 541.

2B. M. Arora, D. L. Bitzer, H. G. Slottow, and R. H. Willson, "The Plasma Display Panel: A New Device for Information Display and Storage," Proceedings 8th

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Parallel Input (Optional )

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the form of a frequency-modulated (fm) signal, which permits the terminal to operate on voice grade (Schedule 4) telephone circuits. The terminal word size is 20 bits and therefore the terminal word rate is 60 words per second. The terminal word format is discussed in Section 2.

The demodulator recovers the data from the fm signal and shifts the data into the serial input register (SIR). After a full word has been assembled in the SIR it is transferred to the Data (D) Register.

The 20-bit D register is the distribution center of the terminal. From this register data may be transferred to all internal sections of the terminal as well as any external equipment connected to the terminal.

The 6 bit mode register (M) is analogous to the instruction register in a digital computer. This register directs the Terminal Control section in the processing of incoming data. Terminal Control provides the timing and control signals for controlling the flow of data within the terminal. Five modes of operation are available and are discussed in Section 2.

The data is displayed on a Digivue* Plasma Display Panel. This panel is a 10-inch square panel containing 512 addressable points along each axis or a total of 262,144 points. The address of any point on the panel is specified by the contents of the 9 bit X and Y registers. The outputs of these registers are sent to the decoding and driving circuits which drive the display panel.

The line generator contains the circuits used in plotting lines on the panel. Lines of any length may be drawn at the rate of 60 lines per second. The character generator contains four read-only memories each containing the points for plotting 57 characters or a total of 228 characters. Each memory *

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is removable to permit installation of special character sets. Characters are plotted at the rate of 180 characters per second which is approximately 18 times

faster than a teletypewriter.

A 64 character keyboard provides the terminal operator with an input link to the computer center. Data from the keyboard is entered into the serial out put register (SOR). From the SOR data is shifted into the modulator where it is encoded as an fm signal for transmission to the computer center.

Two additional inputs to the SOR are provided. One port permits Terminal Control to transmit terminal condition information to the computer while the other port provides access to the computer center for externally connected equipment.

In many installations several terminals may be grouped together and share a common link with the computer center. In such cases, data is taken from the parallel output port on the SOR and transferred to a multiplexor where it is encoded and transmitted to the center.

1.2 Auxiliary Equipment

Three 15 bit output channels are provided to permit operation of external equipment.

One channel is used to transmit data to a random access slide projector which can project slides on the rear of the plasma display panel. The slide

projector will contain a 256 slide memory with an access time of .2 second. A second channel may be used to address an audio response unit. The audio unit will, upon command from the computer center, play back a message to the

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terminal operator. Up to 15 minutes of prerecorded audio messages may be avail-3

able with an average access time of .5 second.

Other types of equipment which might be attached to the terminal include printers, or other hard copy devices and various types of data acquisition and recording equipment.

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D. L. Bitzer and D. Skaperdas, "A Random Access Audio Device," CERL Report X-13 (Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory, University of Illinois),

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2.0 Word Format

The data to be processed by the terminal consists of 20 bit words with the format shown in Figure 2.0.

Bit 00 Parity bit - odd parity

Bits 01 - 18 Data

Bit 19 Control bit - 0 = control word

1 = data word

Terminal words may be of two types; control words and/or data words. Data words (C = 1) contain the data to be processed by the terminal while control words (C = 0) are instructions used to establish certain conditions within the

terminal.

In the prototype terminal, words received with parity errors are aborted and the terminal condition is left unaltered. It is tentatively planned to have the terminal enter an "abort mode" upon receipt of an erroneous word and at the same time inform the computer center of this condition by transmitting a special code via the serial output register. The computer would then be required to

send a special code which would reset the terminal to normal operating mode before sending any further information.

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2 o 1 Control Word

The control word format is shown in Figure 2.1.

Bits 01 - 15 Data

Bits 16 - 18 Destination of data within the terminal

The destinations are described below.

D = 000 (NOP)

19 18 17 16 15 01 00

W / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

0 0 0 0 p

This word is a NOP (no-operation) instruction. The word is input by thè terminal but thè terminal condition is not altered in any way,

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This instruction loads the terminal mode register (M) with bits 01 - 0 6 . Bits 07 - 15 are unused. The mode word is described in detail in Section 2.2.

D = 010 (LDX)

19 18 17 16 15 10 09 01 00

* / / / ' / / / / / / / / / / ,

0 0 1 0 X p

This instruction loads the X register with bits 01 - 09. Bits 10 - 15 are unused„

D = 011 (LDY)

19 18 17 16 15 10 09

01

00

This instruction loads the Y register with bits 01 - 09. Bits 10 - 15 are unused.

D = 100 (SSL)

19 18 17 16 15 01 00

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This instruction is used to display a slide on the plasma panel. Bits 01 - 14 are sent to the slide projector when they are used for slide addressing or other projector control operations.

D = 101 (AUD)

19 18 17 16 15 01 00

1 0 1 AUDIO DATA

This instruction is used to control the audio response unit. Bits 01 - 14 are sent to the audio unit where they may be used for message addressing or other control operation.

D = 110 (EXT)

This instruction transfers bits 01 - 15 to any equipment attached to the external output channel of the terminal.

D = 111

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2.2 Mode Word

For each mode of terminal operation there is an associated mode word which directs the terminal processing of incoming data. Once placed in any given mode the terminal remains in that mode until receipt of a new LDM instruction. The mode word format is shown in Figure 2.2.

06 05 04 03 02 01

m2

M i M o W / E 1 W / E 0 S

Figure 2.2 Mode Word Format

Bits 04 - 06 Specify mode of displaying data Bits 02 - 03 Select write or erase function as

follows t

W / E 1 W/E0

0 0 Erase

1 0 Erase ; suppress all write operations

0 1 Write .

1 1 Write ; suppress all erase operations

Bit 01 Screen command.. This bit is used in

conjunction with bit 02 to perform operations on the entire display as follows:

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W/E0 s

X 0 No screen operation

0 1 Write entire panel.

1 1 Erase entire panel.

A screen operation, if called for, is performed at the time the mode word is loaded into the M register.

2.3 Mode 000

Mode 0 is a point plotting mode. Each mode 0 data word (Figure 2.3) specifies the address of a point on the panel to be written or erased. The W/Eq bit in the mode word determines which operation is performed.

19 18 10 09 01 00

2.4 Mode 001

Mode 1 is a "pencil" mode. Each mode 1 data word contains six 3 bit relative addresses as shown in Figure 2.4. Each 3 bit address indicates the

0100

1 P „ P 7 P 0 P„ P, P rt P

5 4 3 2 1 0

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location of one of eight points adjacent to the present panel address as speci fied by the X and Y registers. See Figure 2.5. For each 3 bit address, the X and Y registers are updated as directed and the point is written or erased as specified by the W/Eq bit in the mode word.

Ill 000 001

110 XY 010

--- Present Panel Address

101 100 Oil

Figure 2.5 Mode 1 Addressing

2.5 Mode 010

In mode 2 the display panel is considered to be composed of 4 x 4 matrices; each matrix having its contents specified by a mode 2 data word. The contents

f

of each position in a matrix is specified by a bit in the data word as indicated in Figure 2.6. Bits 17 and 18 of the data word specify the origin of the next matrix.

The table in Figure 2.7 indicates the function to be performed at each matrix position as a function the corresponding bit (b^) in the data word and

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19 18 17 16 01 00

1 OR MATRIX DATA P

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b. i W / E 1 W/E0 Function 0 0 0 write 0 1 0 no operation 0 0 1 erase 0 1 1 no operation 1 0 0 erase 1 1 0 erase 1 0 1 write 1 1 1 write

Figure 2.7 Mode 2 Write-Erase Table

2 o 6 Mode 011

Mode 3 is a character plotting mode. The data words in this mode contain 3-6 bit character codes as shown in Figure 2.8.

19 18 13 12 07 06 01 00

1 CHAR 1 CHAR 2 CHAR 3

P

Figure 2.8 Mode 3 Data Word

Characters are stored in four sets of 57 plotting characters each, the codes for which are shown in Table 2.1. Note that codes 34 - 37 are used to select one of the four character sets. A given character set remains selected until receipt of a different character set select code.

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00 BKSP BKSP BKSP BKSP 01 A a 02 B b 03 C c 04 D d 05 E e 06 F f 07 G _g 10 H h 11 I i 12 J -i 13 K k 14 L 1 15 M m 16 N n 17 0 o 20 P P 21 Q q 22 R r 23 S s 24 T t 25 U U 26 V V 27 W w 3 0 X X 3 1 Y y 3 2 Z Z 3 3 CR CR 3 4 SELEC T Mo SE LE C T Mo SE L E C T «0 SELEC T Mo 35 SE LE C T Mi SE L E C T Mi SELEC T Ml SELEC T Mi 36 SELEC T M a SE LE C T Ma SE LE C T M * SELEC T Mq 37 SE LE C T m3 SELEC T m3 SE LE C T m3 SELEC T m3

40 SPACE SPACE SPACE SPACE

41 i

_.

_J 42 fl

A

43 # ■ 44 $ ▲ 45 % '••" 46 & _._.₂ 47 y t 50 ₍ _[ 51 ₎ _] 52 * tt 53 + 54 y

t

55

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-♦ 56 l 57 / 4 60 a 4 61 i i 62 2 2 63 3 3 64 4 4 65 5 5 66 6 6 67 7 7 70 8 e 71 9 9 72 • • < 73 y

_t

74 < ₁ 75 } 76 > > 77 ?

UNDER

LINE

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The codes for SPACE, BKSP, CAR» RTN.S and the 4 character set select codes are common to all character sets» With the exception of these 7 charac ters, set Mq is a standard USASCII character set» Characters are plotted in a 9 x 12 matrix which includes character spacing» See Figure 2.9»

Figure 2.9 Character Matrix

Character write/erase is controlled by the write/erase bits in the mode word. If W/Eq = 1, characters are written; if W/E = 0, characters are erased. If W/E^ = 0, the background or normally unfilled portion of each character matrix will be erased for W/E^ = 1 or written for W/E^ = 0. However, if W/E^ = 1, the

character background remains unaltered.

Up to 42 lines of 56 characters each may be plotted for a total of 2352 characters. In comparison, a typical page of double spaced type consists of 27 lines of 72 characters or a total of 1944 characters.

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2.7 Mode 100

Mode 4 is a line drawing mode« Each data word, Figure 2.10, specifies the terminal coordinates of a line, the origin of which is contained in the X and Y registers.

19 18 10 09 01 ₀₀

X.

Figure 2.10 Mode 04 Data Format

The terminal point of a given line is also interpreted as the origin of the next line. Line origins may be relocated, however, by the use of the LDX and/or LDY commands without exiting from Mode 04.

An example of a Mode 04 operation is shown in Figure 2.11.

2.8 Keyset Word

Data transmitted from the terminal to the center consists of 10 bit words with the format shown in Figure 2.12.

When the keyset is transmitting data (bit 08 = 0) the data field contains the 7 bit USASCII code for the character; when an external device is transmitting data (bit 08 = 1) the data field has the format shown in Figure 2.13.

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m

0 LDY

m

_Y0 _P 1 Xl

_Yl

_?

1 x 2 Y 2 P 1 X3 y3 p 1 X0 Y o p 0 LDX x 4 P 0 LDY Y4 P o x 5 y5 p o x 6 Y6 P 3 X4 y4 p DATA X 1 Y 1 _X2 _{Y 2} X 0 Y 0 X 3 Y 3 DISPLAY

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Bit 00 Bits 01 Bit 08 Bit 09 Bits 01 Bit 07 09 08 07 01 ₀₀ DATA

Figure 2.12 Keyset Word Format

Parity bit - odd parity

07 Data field

Tag bit - indicates where data originates in terminal; 0 = keyboard

1 = external equipment Message start bit. This bit is set to a "l’V b y the hardware whenever a message is to be transmitted. It is used by the hardware only and is never seen by the computer.

09 08 07 06 01 00 S 1 I EXTERNAL

DATA P

Figure 2.13 External Data Format

06 External data word.

Identifies which of two external devices is transmitting.

Where several terminals (up to 32) share a common link to the computer cen ter the data is sent to a multiplexor which assigns an identity code and adjusts the parity bit before transmitting the data on to the center. In this case, the

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data has the format shown in Figure 2.14. Except for the identity code bit assignments are the same as in Figure 2.12,

14 13 09 08 07 01 00

IDENTITY DATA

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AFAL (AVT) Dr H. V. Noble Electronics Technology Division Air Force Avionics Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB, 45433 AFAL (AVTA) R. D. Larson Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 Dr. Robert E. Fontana

Systems Research Laboratories Inc. 7001 Indian Ripple Road Dayton, Ohio 45440

Dept, of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering & Technology Ohio University

Athens, Ohio 45701 Commanding Officer Naval Avionics Facility Indianapolis, Indiana 46241 Dr. John D. Hancock, Head School of Electrical Engineering Purdue University

Lafayette, Ind 47907 Professor Joseph E. Rowe Chairman, Dept of Electrical

Engineering

The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Dr. G. J. Murphy The Technological Institute Northwestern University Evanston, 111. 60201 Commanding Officer

Office of Naval Research Branch Office 219 South Dearborn St.

Chicago, Illinois 60604 Illinois Institute of Technology Dept, of Electrical Engineering Chicago, 111 60616

The University of Arizona Dept, of Electrical Engineering Tucson, Ariz. .85721

Commander Test Command (TCDT-) Defense Atomic Support Agency Sandia Base

Albuquerque, N. M. 87115 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Attn: Report Library P. 0. Box 1663 Los Alamos, N. M. 87544 Atmospheric Sciences Office Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory White Sands Missile Range New Mexico 88002 Commanding Officer

U. S. Army Electronics R & D Activity White Sand8 Missile Range

New M exico 88002 Missile Electronic Warfare Technical Area, AMSEL-WT-MT White Sands Missile Range New M exico 88002 Director

Electronic Sciences Lab. University of Southern California Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 Engineering & Mathematical Sciences

Library

University of California at Los Angeles 405 Hilgred Avenue

Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 Aerospace Corporation P.0. Box 95085

Los Angeles, California 90045 Attn: Library Acquisitions Group Det 6, Hq OAR

Air Force Unit Post Office Los Angeles, Calif. 90045 Director, USAF PROJECT RAND Via: Air Force Liaison Office The RAND Corporation Attn: Library D 1700 M ain Street

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AF Unit Post Office Los Angeles, Calif. 90045 Dr. Sheldon J. Wells

Electronic Properties Information Center Mail Station E-175

Hughes Aircraft Company Culver City, California 90230 Director

Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Commandant

U. S. Army Command & General Staff College

Attn: Acquisitions, Library Division Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 Dept of Electrical Engineering Rice University

Houston, Texas 77001 HQ AMD (AMR) Brooks AFB, Texas 78235 USAFSAM (SMKOR) Brooks AFB, Texas 78235 Mr B. R. Locke

Technical Advisor, Requirements USAF Security Service

Kelly Air Force Base, Texas 78241 Director

Electronics Research Center The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712

Department of Electrical Engineering Texas Technological College Lubbock, Texas 79409 Commandant

U. S. Army Air Defense School Attn: Missile Sciences D i v . , C&S Dept. P.0. Box 9390

Fort Bliss, Texas 79916 Director

Aerospace Mechanics Division

Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory (OAR) USAF Academy

Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840 Director of Faculty Research Department of the Air Force U. S. Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840 Academy Library (DFSLB) U. S. Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, Colorado 80912 Utah State University Dept of Electrical Engineering Logan, Utah 84321

School of Engineering Sciences Arizona State University Tempe, Ariz. 85281 Commanding General

U. S. Army Strategic Communications Command

Attn: SCC-CG-SAE Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613 Deputy Director and Chief Scientist Office of Naval Research Branch Office 1030 East Green Street

Pasadena, California 91101 Aeronautics Library

Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories California Institute of Technology 1201 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, California 91109 Professor Nicholas George California Inst, of Technology Pasadena, California 91109 Commanding Officer Naval Weapons Center Corona Laboratories Attn: Library Corona, California 91720 Hollander Associates P.0. Box 2276 Fullerton, California 92633 Commander, U.S. Naval Missile Center Point Mugu, California 93041 W. A. Eberspacher, Associate Head Systems Integration Division Code 5340A, Box 15 U. S. Naval Missile Center Point Mugu, California 93041 The Library

Government Publications Section University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106

Naval Weapons Center Attn: Technical Library China Lake, California 93555 Library (Code 2124) Technical Report Section Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 Glen A. Myers (Code 52Mv) Assoc Professor of Elec. Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 Dr. Leo Young

Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California 94025 Union Carbide Corporation Electronic Division P.0. Box 1209

Mountain View, California 94041 Lenkurt Electric Co., Inc. 1105 County Road

San Carlos, California 94070 Attn: Mr. E. K. Peterson

Director

Microwave Physics Laboratory Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 Director

Stanford Electronics Laboratories Stanford University

Stanford, California 94305 Nuclear Instrumentation Group Bldg 29, Room 101

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Director, Electronics Research

Laboratory

University of California Berkeley, California 94720

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O R I G I N A T I N G A C T I V I T Y ( C o r p o r a t e a u t h o r ) University of Illinois

Coordinated Science Laboratory Urbana, Illinois 61801

1 2 a . R E P O R T S E C U R I T Y C L A S S I F I C A T I O N 2 b . G R O U P

3 . R E P O R T T I T L E

A PLASMA DISPLAY TERMINAL

4 . D E S C R I P T I V E N O T E S ( T y p e o f r e p o r t a n d i n c l u s i v e d a t e s ) 5 - A U T H O R ( S ) ( F i r s t na m e , m i d d l e i n i t i a l , l a s t n a m e ) STIFLE, Jack 6 - R E P O R T D A T E March, 1970 7a . T O T A L N O . O F P A G E S

21

7 b . N O . O F R E F S 8 a . C O N T R A C T O R G R A N T N O . 9 a . O R I G I N A T O R ’ S R E P O R T N U M B E R ( S )

DAAB 07-67-C-0199; also in part USNSF GJ 61

b . P R O J E C T N O . R-460 9 b . O T H E R R E P O R T N O ( S ) ( A n y o t h e r n u m b e rs t h a t m a y be a s s i g n e d t h is r e p o r t ) UILU-ENG 70-205 1 0 . D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E M E N T

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

1 1 - S U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S 1 2 . S P O N S O R I N G M I L I T A R Y A C T I V I T Y

Joint Services Electronics Program thru U.S. Army Electronics Command Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703

1 3 . A B S T R A C T

This report describes a graphics terminal designed for use as a remote computer input-output terminal. The terminal features a plasma display panel, self-contained character and line generators and the ability to communicate over voice grade telephoinje circuits.

DD ,F.r„1473

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Plasma Display

Remote Computer Terminal Character Generator Line Generator