LEY DE OHM (7)

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CONTENIDO

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INDICE

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GRÁFICAS Y TA

TABLAS

BLAS

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I. Resumen

En '( )*(+"#+( se $e*##+% e1)e*#men"('men"e '( 'e3 &e O:m 3 '( #n'uen+#( &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s #n"e*n(s &e '%s #ns"*umen"%s &e me&#&(; en e' +á'+u'% &e '%s $('%*es &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s.

P*#me*(men"e se *e('#</ un +#*+u#"% en e' +u(' e' $%'"-me"*% es"(( en )(*('e'% +%n '( *es#s"en+#( 3 e' (m)e*-me"*% ue*( &e '( +%ne1#/n; en e' +u(' se %"u$#e*%n $('%*es +%n '%s +u('es se *e('#<% '( g*(#+( V $s. I %"en#=n&%se '( e+u(+#/n e1)e*#men"(' &e '( 'e3 &e O:m. T(m#=n se *e+%'e+"(*%n '%s &("%s &e' $%'"(!e 3 '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e &e %"*% +#*+u#"% en >ue e' (m)e*-me"*% es"(( en se*#e +%n '( *es#s"en+#( )(*( *e('#<(* e' +á'+u'% &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s.

II. Objetivos de la práctica

II.1 Objetivo general

- Ve*##+(* e1)e*#men"('men"e '( 'e3 &e O:m II.2 Objetivos específicos

- An('#<(* '( #n'uen+#( &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s #n"e*n(s &e '%s #ns"*umen"%s en '( me&#&( &e *es#s"en+#(s.

- C('+u'(* e' $('%* &e '( *es#s"en+#( e1)e*#men"('; ( "*($=s &e '%s +#*+u#"%s e1)'#+(&%s.

- C%m)(*(* e' $('%* e1)e*#men"(' &e '( *es#s"en+#( +%n su $('%* "e/*#+%.

III. Marco Terico !e" de O#m1

S# se ()'#+( un( &#e*en+#( de )%"en+#(' ?&.&.).@ ( '%s e1"*em%s &e un +%n&u+"%* el$ctrico% )(*( +(&( &.&.). ()'#+(&% +#*+u'(*á un( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e  I .

,_{Vás>ue<; Ren= Gu-( &e '(%*("%*#% F-s#+( ,2; Pág. ,97}

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&igura 1- diferencia de potencial

V d.d.p. aplicado (v) I  Intensidad de corriente (A)

R = Resistencia eléctrica ( ς )

S# se +%ns"*u3e un( g*á#+( &e' $%'"(!e ?&.&.).@ ()'#+(&% en un&/n &e '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%men"e; se %"#ene un( '-ne( *e+"( >ue n%s #n&#+( >ue e' $%'"(!e ()'#+(&% es &#*e+"(men"e )*%)%*+#%n(' ( '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e; =s"( (se$e*(+#/n es $á'#&( s# su)%nem%s >ue '( "em)e*("u*( &e' +%n&u+"%* se m(n"#ene +%ns"(n"e.

Vα R '1(V RI

A '( +%ns"(n"e &e )*%)%*+#%n('#&(& se '( &en%m#n( Res#s"en+#( e'=+"*#+( >ue "#ene +%m% un#&(& &e me&#&( e' %:m#% ?ς@.

'2(

I V R =

Es"e #m)%*"(n"e *esu'"(&% es $á'#&% )(*( +%n&u+"%*es me"á'#+%s 3 se +%n%+e +%m% '( 'e3 &e O:m.

T%&% +%n&u+"%* ?e1+e)"% un su)e*+%n&u+"%*@ "#ene un( *es#s"en+#( >ue es '( %)%s#+#/n >ue =s"e )*esen"( ( '( +#*+u'(+#/n &e +%**#en"e e'=+"*#+(.

E1#s"en *es#s"en+#(s >ue se +%ns"*u3en +%n un $('%* #!% 3 >ue %+u)(n )%+% $%'umen; e' $('%* &e es"(s *es#s"en+#(s es mu3 g*(n&e +%m)(*(&% +%n e' &e '%s +('es >ue se u"#'#<(n en '( +%ne1#/n &e un +#*+u#"%. L(s )(*"es &e un +#*+u#"% +u3( *es#s"en+#( es &es)*e+#('e es *e)*esen"(&% )%* un( '-ne( *e+"( ?+('es &e +%ne1#/n@.

O"*% "#)% +%mn es '( *es#s"en+#( $(*#('e ''(m(&( *e/s"("%; >ue +%ns#s"e en un( *es#s"en+#( +%n +%n"(+"% &es'#<(n"e ( '% '(*g% &e "%&( su e1"ens#/n $(*#(n&% &e =s"( m(ne*( su $('%*. L( *es#s"en+#( &e un +%n&u+"%* $(*#( +%n '( "em)e*("u*(; en '%s

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+%n&u+"%*es me"á'#+%s '( *es#s"en+#( +*e+e +u(n&% '( "em)e*("u*( (umen"(; en e' %ns"(n"án '( *es#s"en+#( es #n&e)en&#en"e &e '( "em)e*("u*( 3 en e' C(*/n ?g*(#"%@ '( *es#s"en+#( &e+*e+e ( me&#&( >ue (umen"( '( "em)e*("u*(. ?F#g. 2@

Cu(n&% '( *es#s"en+#( $(*#( +%n '( "em)e*("u*( +%n '( "em)e*("u*(; su $('%* se &e"e*m#n( )%*

')( R = R_o?,+α ∆T @

R= Resistencia eléctrica a la temperatura T Ro=Resistencia eléctrica a la temperatura T o

Q Coeficiente de variación térmica (depende del material)

o

T T T = − ∆

( es ?@ +u(n&% '( *es#s"en+#( +*e+e +%n e' (umen"% &e '( "em)e*("u*(. ( es ?9@ +u(n&% '( *es#s"en+#( &e+*e+e +%n e' (umen"% &e '( "em)e*("u*(.

&igura 2 * +rafica R vs. T de algunos materiales ,otencia disipada

A'gun(s *es#s"en+#(s "*(en +%m% &("% '( má1#m( )%"en+#( >ue )ue&en &#s#)(* % '( #n"ens#&(& % '( "ens#/n má1#m( >ue )ue&en s%)%*"(*. Es"(s m(gn#"u&es es"án *e'(+#%n(&(s )%* m m m m I R V I P

=

2

=

Pm = Potencia m!ima disipada

Im Intensidad de corriente m!ima

Vm = Volta"e o Tensión m!ima

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P(*( *e('#<(* e' e1)e*#men"% es ne+es(*#% +%ne+"(* #ns"*umen"%s &e me&#&( >ue +uen"(n +%n un( *es#s"en+#( #n"e*n(; =s"( *es#s"en+#( )%&*-( #n'u#* 3 ('"e*(* '(s 'e+"u*(s ee+"u(&(s. P%* es"( *(</n es ne+es(*#% :(+e* un (ná'#s#s "%m(n&% en +uen"( '( u#+(+#/n &e '%s #ns"*umen"%s &e me&#&( en e' +#*+u#"% 3 $e* s# es ne+es(*#% +%**eg#* '%s *esu'"(&%s %"en#&%s.

L%s $('%*es &e '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e 3 '( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#(' se '%s )ue&e me&#* +%ne+"(n&% un (m)e*-me"*% en se*#e 3 un $%'"-me"*% en )(*('e'% *es)e+"#$(men"e.

( mperímetro antes de la conein del voltímetro

&igura )

mperímetro antes de la conein del voltímetro

#  $uer%a electromotri% (f.e.m.) Volta"e &ue entre'a la fuente (v) R'  Resistencia interna del ampermetro

R = Resistencia interna del voltmetro

I'  Intensidad de corriente &ue detecta el ampermetro

l = Intensidad de corriente &ue circula a travos de la resistencia l ( Intensidad do corriente &ue circula por el voltmetro.

P(*( =s"e "#)% &e +%ne1#/n; '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e >ue #n&#+( e' (m)e*-me"*% es"á &(&( )%*

'/( I a = I r +I v

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A&emás '0( v v R V I = En"%n+es '( v a v R V I I = −

V  &.&.). >ue m(*+( e' $%'"-me"*% en"*e '%s )un"%s A 3 B P%* '% "(n"%; e' $('%* &e '( *es#s"en+#( se*á

'( v a r R V I V I V R − = =

S# se ()'#+(*( &#*e+"(men"e '( 'e3 &e O:m

'3(

a

I V RI =

E' e**%* en '( me&#+#/n &e I* es n% :(e* +%ns#&e*(&% '( #n"ens#&(& &e +%**#en"e >ue

+#*+u'( )%* e' $%'"-me"*%; es &e+#*

'14( ∆ I r = I a − I r =I v

E' e**%* *e'("#$% '11( r v r r I I I I = ∆

C%m% e' $%'"-me"*% se '% +%ne+"( en )(*('e'% ( '( *es#s"en+#(

'12( V = I r R = I vRv '1)( v r v R R I I = 9 J 9

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Segn '( e+. ?,4@ )%&*-( ()'#+(*se &#*e+"(men"e '( 'e3 &e O:m; s#n ee+"u(* n#ngun( +%**e++#/n )(*( I( se e' +%+#en"e R K R $ es mu+:% men%* (' e**%* &e' '-m#"e &e '%s

#ns"*umen"%s u"#'#<(&%s. En"%n+es se &ee +um)'#*

'15( Rv >>> R

En +(s% +%n"*(*#% se &ee +%**eg#* u"#'#<(n&% '( e+. ?0@.

P(*( >ue se( &es)*e+#('e '( )%"en+#( >ue se &#s#)( en e' $%'"-me"*%; "(m#=n &ee +um)'#*se '( +%n&#+#/n '15(.

b( mperímetro entre las coneiones del voltímetro

&igura 5

mperímetro entre las coneiones del voltímetro

En es"e +(s% e' (m)e*-me"*% &e"e+"( e' $('%* I( I* ; )%* es"(* +%ne+"(&% en se*#e ( '(

*es#s"en+#(.

E' $%'"-me"*% m#&e '( &.&.). en"*e '%s )un"%s A 3 B

a r r R I R I V = + r a r I R I V R= − '10( a r R I V R − =

E' e**%* en '( me&#+#/n es n% :(e* +%ns#&e*(&% '( *es#s"en+#( #n"e*n( &e' (m)e*-me"*%

'1( ∆ R= R − R= Ra I

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E' e**%* *e'("#$% '1( R R R R _a = ∆

Se )%&*-( ()'#+(* &#*e+"(men"e '( 'e3 &e O:m; s#em)*e >ue '( *e'(+#/n R ( K R se(

mu+:% men%* >ue e' e**%* (' e**%* '-m#"e &e '%( #ns"*umen"%s &e me&#&(. Se &ee +um)'#* en"%n+es

'13( R >>> Ra

P(*( >ue se( +%ns#&e*(&( &es)*e+#('e '( )%"en+#( &#s#)(&( en e' (m)e*-me"*% "(m#=n &ee*á +um)'#*se '( +%n&#+#/n'13(.

I6. Marco 7onceptual.

Resistencia2.- Se &en%m#n( *es#s"en+#( &e' +%n&u+"%* ( '( *(</n en"*e '( &#e*en+#( &e' )%"en+#(' % "ens#/n ()'#+(&( ( '%s e1"*em%s &e un +%n&u+"%*; VB9 VA; 3 ( '(

#n"ens#&(& I >ue +#*+u'( )%* =' se *e)*esen"( )%* R. Es"( &e#n#+#/n es $á'#&( )(*( +u('>u#e* +%n&u+"%*; se( un e'e+"*%'#"%; un g(s #%n#<(&% % un +%n&u+"%* me"á'#+%. Resistor.- Es e' e'emen"% >ue *e('#<( -s#+(men"e un( *es#s"en+#( .

Resistencia el$ctrica !e" de O#m.- E' +%n+e)"% &e *es#s"en+#( e'=+"*#+( n(+e &e '( e1#s"en+#( &e (#s'(n"es 3 &e +%n&u+"%*es; 3 &e' :e+:% &e >ue; en"*e '%s +%n&u+"%*es; un%s %*e+en más (+#'#&(& >ue %"*%s (' )(s% &e '( +%**#en"e e'=+"*#+(.

Cu(n&% en"*e '%s e1"*em%s &e un +%n&u+"%* se es"('e+e un( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#('; ( "*($=s &e' m#sm% +#*+u'( un( +%**#en"e +u3( #n"ens#&(& I &e)en&e &e' m("e*#(' &e >ue es"á :e+:% e' +%n&u+"%* 3 &e sus &#mens#%nes.

S# se m%&##+( '( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#('; '( #n"ens#&(& "(m#=n $(*-(; )e*% &e %*m( >ue e' +%+#en"e &e '( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#(' )%* '( #n"ens#&(& se m(n"#ene +%ns"(n"e. L( 'e3 &e )*%)%*+#%n('#&(& en"*e '( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#(' ()'#+(&( 3 '( #n"ens#&(& >ue +#*+u'( )%* e' +%n&u+"%* +%ns"#"u3e '( 'e3 &e O:m

I V V

R = * − A

2_{D%*(&%; A'%ns% D#++#%n(*#% en+#+'%)=&#+% un#$e*s('; Págs. 07 9 072} 9 0 9

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A' se* '( *es#s"en+#( e' +%+#en"e en"*e un( "ens#/n 3 un( #n"ens#&(&; su /*mu'( &#mens#%n(' es [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]2 4 2 M M M − − = , + T I R

en e' s#s"em( #n"e*n(+#%n('; '( un#&(& &e *es#s"en+#( se &en%m#n( %:m#% u %:m ?s-m%'%; @ s#en&% un %:m#% '( *es#s"en+#( &e un +%n&u+"%* >ue (!% un( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#(' &e un $%'"#% )e*m#"e e' )(s% &e un (m)e*#%.

L(s *es#s"en+#(s se em)'e(n )(*( *egu'(* '( +(n"#&(& &e +%**#en"e >ue +#*+u'( )%* +(&( *(m( &e un +#*+u#"%. En '%s +#*+u#"%s &e +%**#en"e +%n"#nu( '%s *es#s"%*es se +%ns#&e*(n +%m% *es#s"en+#(s )u*(s; )e*% en '%s &e +%**#en"e ('"e*n( :(3 >ue "ene* en +uen"( >ue; (&emás &e *es#s"en+#( ;un *es#s"%* )*esen"( un( #n&u+"(n+#( ?+(*(+"e*-s"#+( &e '(s %#n(s@ 3 un( +()(+#&(& ?+(*(+"e*-s"#+( &e '%s +%n&ens(&%*es@ en se*#e; '(s +u('es

&een *e&u+#*se (' m-n#m% &e %*m( >ue n% se ('"e*en sens#'emen"e '(s +(*(+"e*-s"#+(s &e *es#s"en+#( )u*( &e' *es#s"%*.

L(s *es#s"en+#(s )ue&en se* #!(s ? $('%* #n$(*#('e@; (!us"('es? $('%* (!us"('e +%n e' +#*+u#"% 3( m%n"(&%@ 3 $(*#('es? +u3% $('%* )ue&e +(m#(*se s#em)*e >ue se &esee@. En e' +(s% &e'(s *es#s"en+#(s #!(s; '(s más +%munes &e '(s +u('es sue'en se* &e +(*/n +%n +u#e*"( &e +e*ám#+(; su $('%* n%m#n(' 3 su "%'e*(n+#( ?&#e*en+#( má1#m( (&m#"#&( en"*e e' $('%* *e(' 3 e' n%m#n(' &e '( *es#s"en+#(@ se sue'en #n&#+(* me&#(n"e (n&(s &e +%'%*es. C%ns#&e*(n&% '( )*#me*( (n&( +%m% '( más )*/1#m( (' e1"*em% &e' *es#s"%*; s# =s"e ''e$( #m)*es(s +u("*% (n&(s; '(s &%s )*#me*(s #n&#+(n +#*(s s#gn##+("#$(s &e' $('%* &e '( *es#s"en+#(; '( "e*+e*(; e' (+"%* )%* e' >ue es(s +#*(s &een mu'"#)'#+(*se; 3 '( +u(*"(; '( "%'e*(n+#(. En e' +(s% &e '%s *es#s"%*es &e +#n+% (n&(s; '(s "*es )*#me*(s #n&#+(n +#*(s s#gn##+("#$(s; 3 '( +u(*"( 3 '( >u#n"( e' (+"%*

mu'"#)'#+(&%* 3 '( "%'e*(n+#(.

Resistividad.- L( *es#s"en+#( &e un +%n&u+"%*es m(3%* +u(n"% más '(*g% es e' *e+%**#&%; es &e+#*; >ue (umen"( +%n '( '%ng#"u& ' &e' +%n&u+"%*; 3 es men%* +u(n"% m(3%* es '( se++#/n S; 3( >ue ( m(3%* se++#/n más (m)'#( es '( ($en#&( )%* '( >ue se )ue&en +#*+u'(* '%s e'e+"*%nes. P%* su)ues"%; "(m#=n &e)en&e &e' m("e*#(' &e >ue

es"á :e+:% e' +%n&u+"%*. E1)e*#men"('men"e se +%m)*ue( >ue

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- l p

R =

&%n&e ) es '( *es#s"#$#&(& &e' +%n&u+"%*; +(*(+"e*-s"#+( >ue &e)en&e &e' m("e*#(' ' es '( '%ng#"u& &e' +%n&u+"%* 3 S; su se++#/n . &e (+ue*&% +%n es"( /*mu'(; '( *es#s"#$#&(&es m#&e en %:m#%s )%* me"*% ?m@.

En %+(s#%nes; en 'ug(* &e '( *es#s"en+#( )ue&e #n"e*es(* +%ns#&e*(* su $('%* #n$e*s%; >ue se &en%m#n( +%n&u+"(n+#( 3 se m#&e en s#emens?S@; s#en&% ,S,9,_{; &e (:- >ue}

:(s"( :(+e un%s (%s se &en%m#n(( %:m ( es"( un#&(&. Aná'%g(men"e. E' $('%* #n$e*s% &e '( *es#s"#$#&(& se &en%m#n( +%n&u+"#$#&(& 3 se m#&e en s#emensKm.

En '%s +%n&u+"%*es; '( *es#s"#$#&(& $(*#( &e %*m( )*á+"#+(men"e '#ne(' +%n '( "em)e*("u*(; (umen"(n&% +%n =s"(; 3( >ue +u(n"% más ('"( se( '( "em)e*("u*( m(3%* se*á '( (g#"(+#/n "=*m#+( 3; )%* '% "(n"%; m(3%* se*á e' nme*% &e +:%>ues &e '%s e'e+"*%nes +%n '%s #%nes me"á'#+%s #!%s; s#en&% es"%s +:%>ues '%s +(us(n"es &e '( *es#s"en+#( ( '( +%n&u++#/n . P%&*em%s )ues es+*##*

( ) t )

p

p= _ ,+ M

&%n&e Q es '( *es#s"#$#&(& ( '( "em)e*("u*( "; ); '( *es#s"#$#&(& ( C 3 ; es ''(m(&%

+%e#+#en"e &e "em)e*("u*(; >ue; en"*e (m)'#%s '-m#"es &e "em)e*("u*(; )ue&e +%ns#&e*(*se +%ns"(n"e.

6. ,rocedimiento eperimental.

P(*( es"( )*á+"#+(; se us(*%n '%s s#gu#en"es m("e*#('es

• T('e*% &e *es#s"en+#(s • Am)e*-me"*%

• V%'"-me"*%

• Fuen"e &e $%'"(!e • C('es &e +%ne1#/n • Tes"e*

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En es"( )*á+"#+(; us(m%s &%s +%ne1#%nes &#s"#n"(s; )(*( '( )*#me*(; +%ne+"(m%s en )(*('e'% e' $%'"-me"*%; 3 ue*( &e es"( +%ne1#/n +%ne+"(m%s un (m)e*-me"*%; en"%n+es )(*( me&#* e' $%'"(!e &e '( *es#s"en+#(; 3 'e u#m%s &(n&% &#e*en"e $%'"(!e; )(*( me&#*

e' (m)e*(!e >ue n%s &(( ( &#e*en"e $%'"(!e. P(*( e' segun&% +(s%; +%ne+"(m%s (' (m)e*-me"*% en se*#e +%n '( *es#s"en+#(; es &e+#*; ( (' +%ne1#/n (n"e*#%*; )us#m%s e' (m)e*-me"*% en se*#e.

En"%n+es me&#m%s &#e*en"es $%'"(!es 3 s(+(m%s '(s #n"ens#&(&es &e +(&( $%'"(!e >ue (**%!(( e' (m)e*-me"*%

6I. nálisis " tratamiento de datos

- C%ns"*u#* '( g*á#+( V en un+#/n &e I +%n '%s $('%*es %"en#&%s )(*( (m%s +#*+u#"%s.

7ircuito 1

Tabla 1

8atos obtenidos en laboratorio

9: 6 '6oltios( I 'amp( , 2.82 .7 2 7.28 .8 4 J.,7 ., 7 0., .,4 5 ,. .,8 J ,,. .2 &uente;E'(%*(+#/n )*%)#( 9 G*á#+( V $s. I 9 ,, 9

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Gráfica 1 - V vs I

0 5 10 15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Intensia !a"#eri$s% V $ & t a ' e ! v $ & t i $ s % &uente;E'(%*(+#/n )*%)#( - A!us"(n&% '( *e+"(

Es"( *e+"( se )ue&e (seme!(* +%n un( *e+"( +%n #n"e*se++#/n nu'( ?3  B1@; en"%n+es (' ()'#+(* *eg*es#/n '#ne('; se )ue&e en+%n"*(* e' $('%* &e B; >ue +%**es)%n&e (' $('%* &e '( *es#s"en+#(

A!us"(n&% )%* e' m="%&% &e m-n#m%s +u(&*(&%s

∑

= ₂ ! !) * en"%n+es B *esu'"( J.22ς

e' #n"e*$('% &e +%n#(n<( )(*( un n#$e' &e 5 ; se '% )ue&e &e"e*m#n(*

82 .  5 5O . 2 , 2 2 2

=

−

 











=

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n * ! ) s_* 82 .  22 . J ± = * ς 7ircuito 2 Tabla 2

8atos obtenidos en laboratorio

9: 6 'voltios( I 'amperios(

, 2.2 .7

2 7., .8

4 J., .,

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7 0. .,7 5 ,.4 .,J J ,2. .2 8 ,7. .24 &uente;E'(%*(+#/n )*%)#( 9 G*á#+( V $s. I

Grafica ( - V vs I

0 5 10 15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Intensia !a"#eri$s%

V $ & t a ' e ! v $ & t i $ s % &uente;E'(%*(+#/n P*%)#( - A!us"(n&% '( *e+"(

A!us"(n&% )%* e' m="%&% &e m-n#m%s +u(&*(&%s

∑

= ₂ ! !) * en"%n+es B *esu'"( J.2ς

e' #n"e*$('% &e +%n#(n<( )(*( un n#$e' &e 5 ; se '% )ue&e &e"e*m#n(*

00 .  5 O, . 4 , 2 2 2

=

−

 





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

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n * ! ) s_* 00 .  22 . J ± = * ς

E' $('%* "e/*#+% &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s s%n Res#s"en+#( ,  5 ς

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Res#s"en+#( 2  Jς

6II. 7onclusiones

En es"( )*á+"#+(; '%g*(m%s +('+u'(* '%s $('%*es &e '(s *es#s"en+#(s e1)e*#men"('es >ue us(m%s ( "*($=s &e '%s +#*+u#"%s u"#'#<(&%s; >ue ue*%n &%s; +u(n&% e' (m)e*-me"*% es"( ue*( &e '( +%ne1#/n &e' $%'"-me"*% 3 &e '( *es#s"en+#( 3 +u(n&% e' (m)e*-me"*% es"á en se*#e +%n '( *es#s"en+#(; es &e+#*; &en"*% &e '( +%ne1#/n &e' $%'"-me"*% +%n e' (m)e*-me"*%.

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L(s *es#s"en+#(s #n"e*n(s n% ue*%n (+"%* >ue #n'u3e*( en '( me&#&( &e *es#s"en+#(s; 3( >ue '%s $('%*es es"u$#e*%n &en"*% &e '%s +%ns#&e*(&%s )(*( >ue se )u&#e*(n ee+"u(* '(s me&#+#%nes +%**es)%n&#en"es; )%* es% n% '(s "%m(m%s en +uen"(.

O"*% (+"%* >ue )u&% :(e* #n'u#&% es '( +%ne1#/n; )%*>ue ('gun%s +('es es"((n en m(' es"(&%; '% >ue n%s )u&% :(+e* $(*#(* '( me&#+#/n; (un>ue '%s "*("(m%s &e +%**eg#*; )u&% :(e* ('gn e**%* en es( )(*"e.

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*es#s"en+#( &e' m("e*#(' en e' >ue es ()'#+(&( '( #n"ens#&(&; en"%n+es '%g*(m%s $e*##+(* '( e+u(+#/n &e O:m ?Le3 &e O:m@; es $e*&(&e*(.

6III. <ibliografía

D%*(&%; A'%ns% D#++#%n(*#% En+#+'%)=&#+% Un#$e*s('. E&#+#%nes Cu'"u*('; A% ,0; P*#me*( E&#+#/n; M(&*#& Es)((; ,205 )ág#n(s

Vás>ue<; Ren= Gu-( &e '(%*("%*#% &e F-s#+( ,2. E&#+#/n 22.

em(ns3; Se(*s W Y%ung; F*ee&m(n F-s#+( Un#$e*s#"(*#(; U.S.A.; n%$en( e&#+#/n ?en es)(%'@; (% ,; e&#"%*#(' Pe(*s%n E&u+(+#/n; 2 $%'menes &e ,702 )ág#n(s en "%"('.

I=. neos

7uestionario

,. XC/m% es '( g*á#+( V $s. I &e un m("e*#(' >ue n% %e&e+e '( Le3 &e O:m D(* un e!em)'%.

L( +u*$( C%**#en"e $s. V%'"(!e )(*( un m("e*#(' ''(m(&% %:m#+% es '#ne('; 3 '( )en&#en"e )*%)%*+#%n( '( *es#s"en+#( &e' +%n&u+"%*; en +(m#% e' g*(#+% >ue n%

%e&e+e ( '( 'e3 &e O:m se*-( un &#%&% sem#+%n&u+"%*.4

2. E1)'#+(* e' +%n+e)"% &e *es#s"en+#( e'=+"*#+( &es&e e' )un"% &e $#s"( m#+*%s+/)#+%.

Es )(*"e &e un +#*+u#"% e'=+"*#+% >ue %*e+e &##+u'"(& (' )(s% &e '( +%**#en"e e'=+"*#+( 3 +%m% +%nse+uen+#( se +('#en"(. Cu('>u#e*( >ue se( '( &#*e++#/n &e '(

4_{em(ns3; Se(*s W Y%ung; F*ee&m(n; F-s#+( Un#$e*s#"(*#( n%$en( e&#+#/n; Págs. 05 9 0,,} 9 ,5 9

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+%**#en"e e'=+"*#+(; '( *es#s"en+#( se +('#en"(; es &e+#* )(*"e &e '( ene*g-( e'=+"*#+( se "*(ns%*m( en ene*g-( +('%*-#+( 3 es un )*%+es% #**e$e*s#'e.

4. XC/m% &ee*-( se* '( *es#s"en+#( &e un +%n&u+"%* )e*e+"% 3 +/m% '( &e un (#s'(n"e )e*e+"%.

L( *es#s"en+#( &e un +%n&u+"%* )e*e+"% &ee "en&e* ( +e*%; m#en"*(s >ue '( *es#s"en+#( &e un (#s'(n"e )e*e+"% &ee "en&e* ( #n#n#"%. ? &ee se* má1#m%@.

7. E1)'#+(* >ue s%n '%s su)e*+%n&u+"%*es.

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5. E1)'#+(* e' +%n+e)"% &e

(@ Fue*<( e'e+"*%m%"*#< ?.e.m@ es '( ene*g-( sum#n#s"*(&( ( '( un#&(& &e +(*g( e'=+"*#+( )(*( :(+e*'( +#*+u'(* &e un )un"% &e men%* )%"en+#(' ( un )un"% &e m(3%* )%"en+#(. Se m#&e )%* '( &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#( en"*e '%s %*nes &e un gene*(&%*

@ D#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#(' ?&.&.).@ '( un#&(& &e &#e*en+#( &e )%"en+#('es es e' $%'"#% 3 se &e#ne +%m% E  ZK[.

D%n&e

E es e' $%'"#% 3 es"á &(&% )%* e' "*((!% Z Des)'eg(&% )%* un !%u'e )(*( "*(s'(&(* '( +(*g( [ &e un +u'%m#%.

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