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(1)

INFECCION EN PANCREATITIS AGUDA

• Julio Pontet

• 2016

(2)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

INFECCION

INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(3)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE INFECCION

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(4)

72

Pancreatitis aguda severa

2 Fases

fase 1

Semanas 1-2

SIRS- citoquinas

Fase 2

Semanas 2-3 en adelante

Infeccion de necrosis

DOM

(5)

73

IMPORTANCIA DEL PROBLEMA

LA COMPLICACION INFECCIOSA

Modifica el pronostico

Modifica el tratamiento

Médico- ATB

Procedimientos quirúrgicos

(6)

Septic multiple organ systemic failure is

the cause in 80% of all deaths from this

disease.

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

CLASIFICACIÓN DE BALTHAZAR:

VALORACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LAS PANCREATITIS AGUDAS SEGÚN LA TAC

Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JHC.Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology. 1990; 174: 331- 336.

Páncreas normal

Aumento del páncreas, normal y difuso, que incluye: -irregularidades de la glándula

-dilatación del ducto pancreático

-colecciones líquidas pequeñas sin evidencia de enfermedad peripancreática

Alteraciones pancreáticas intrínsecas asociadas con cambios inflamatorios en la grasa peripancreática

Colección líquida o flemón único bien definido

Dos o más colecciones mal definidas o presencia de gas en o cerca del páncreas Grado A Grado B Grado C Grado D Grado E

(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

Infeccion en pancreatitis

Tasa global 10% pero

NECROSIS INCREMENTA tasa de infección

hasta 40-80%

El tratamiento quirúrgico disminuye la

(21)

84

NECROSIS PANCREATICA

INFECTADA

ES LA PRINCIPAL Y

MAS DEVASTADORA

COMPLICACIÓN DE LA

P.A.G.

(22)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

INFECCION

INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(23)
(24)

PENSAMOS EN INFECCION…..

EXTRAPANCREATICA? PANCREATICA?

(25)

86

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

DIAGNOSTICO

PUNCION ECOGUIADA

CON AGUJA FINA

O guia por TC

BACTERIOLOGICO

POSITIVO

TAC GAS

RETROPERITONEAL

CLINICA :

DOLOR

si

SIRS

(26)

CTI Hospital de Clínicas- Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva 2007.

90

Currently, guided fine needle aspiration is

the only invasive means for an early and

accurate diagnosis of infected necrosis

and the standard new techniques have to

compete with it.

(27)

87

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

CUANDO HACER PUNCION PERCUTANEA GUIADA?

EMPEORA LA CLINICA

* FIEBRE >38

* LEUCOCITOS>12000 O < 4000

* TAQUICARDIA – POLIPNEA

PERSISTENCIA S.I.R.S.

> DE 10 DIAS

CUADRO CLINICO INDISTINGUIBLE N.P.E. Y

N.P.I.

PUNCION BACTRIOLOGIA

+ SE OPERA

(28)
(29)

An accurate and readily available

biochemical parameter for identifying

patients who are at risk of developing infected

necrosis would contribute to an easier, less

invasive, and less cost intensive diagnosis.

PCT

IL-8-

citoquina activadora neutrofilos.

G-CSF –Estimulante de colonias de

granulocitos-macrófagos

IL-6

PCR

(30)

CTI Hospital de Clínicas- Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva 2007.

(31)
(32)

CTI Hospital de Clínicas- Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva 2007.

96

Rau B. et al. Gut 1997; 41: 832–840

median PCT peaks in infected necrosis with MODS

28.8 ng/ml, (3.1–186.2) versus

infected necrosis without MODS

3.8 ng/ml, (1.7–5.8),

with sterile necrosis did not

cause a relevant increase in PCT sterile necrosis with MODS

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)

CTI Hospital de Clínicas- Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva 2007.

101

(37)
(38)

CTI Hospital de Clínicas- Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva 2007.

(39)

106

Inflammatory cytokines, C reactive protein,

and procalcitonin as early predictors of

necrosis infection in acute necrotizing

pancreatitis

Riche F. Surgery. 133(3):257-262, March

2003.

To better target patients in whom antibiotic

prophylaxis could be beneficial,

IL-6, TNF-[alpha], CRP, and PCT were measured during the first 3

days after admission

(40)

107

PCT (P < 0.003) and IL-6 (p < 0.04)

were higher in the serum of patients who eventually

developed infection of necrosis

No difference was noted between the 2 groups for TNF- [alpha] and CRP.

The combination of IL-6 < 400 pg/l and PCT < 2 ng/L

best identified patients who were not at risk for

(41)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

INFECCION

INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(42)
(43)

Mazaki, T.; Ishii, Y.; Takayama, T. Division of Digestive Surgery,

Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo,

Japan

Meta-analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use in acute

necrotizing pancreatitis

British Journal of Surgery. 93(6):674-684, June 2006.

Background:

Th

assesses whether intravenous prophylactic antibiotic use

reduces infected necrosis and death in acute necrotizing

pancreatitis.

(44)

111

Results: Six of 328 studies assessed were included in data

extraction.

Primary outcome measures were infected necrosis and death.

Secondary outcome measures were non-pancreatic infections,

surgical intervention and length of hospital stay.

Prophylactic antibiotic use was not associated with a statistically

significant reduction in

infected necrosis (RR 0.77); (P = 0.173), mortality (RR 0.78) (P = 0.404),

non-pancreatic infections (RR 0.71, P = 0.402) and surgical intervention (RR 0.78 ; P = 0.167).

It was, however, associated with a statistically significant reduction in hospital stay (P = 0.040).

Conclusion: Prophylactic antibiotics do not prevent

infected necrosis or death in acute necrotizing

pancreatitis.

(45)

Controversia

• GUIAS IAP-APA 2013

• GUIAS ACG 2013

– No ATB profiláctico

• GUIAS JPN 2015

– ATB en fase temprana (72 h) en PA severa

(46)

The lowest incidence of use of antibiotic

prophylaxis was 41% and the highest 88%.

(47)

Sincerarnos, discutir entre nosotros y

con los cirujanos.

Luego decidir

• Hacer ATB

– Quizás beneficio en algunos

pacientes seleccionados

– Tranquiliza al cirujano!! Y a

algunos intensivistas

• NO hacer ATB

– Lo que tiene más evidencia

– Exige monitoreo apropiado

en búsqueda de la infección

– Paciente no “seleccionado”

en su flora por ATB

– Quizás Menos MO MR

(48)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE

INFECCION

INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(49)

TRATAMIENTO EN LA PANCREATITIS

INFECTADA

(50)
(51)

Minimally Invasive Step-up Approach

1. The first step was percutaneous or endoscopic

transgastric drainage.

The preferred route was through the

left retroperitoneum, thereby facilitating minimally invasive

retroperitoneal necrosectomy at a later stage, if necessary.

2. If there was no clinical improvement after 72 hours

and if the position of the drain (or drains) was inadequate

or

other fluid collections could be drained, a second

drainage procedure was performed.

3.

If this was not possible, or if there was no clinical improvement

after an additional 72 hours, the second step,

videoassisted

retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) with

postoperative lavage, was performed.

(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)

116

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

TRATAMIENTO QUIRURGICO

NECROSECTOMIA

MANEJO DEL

PANCREAS

REMANENTE =

TEMA DE

DISCUSION.

(56)

117

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

TRATAMIENTO QUIRURGICO

TARDIA

NO ANTES DE LA 3º

SEMANA

CONSOLIDE Y LIMITE

LA NECROSIS

METODOS :

ABIERTOS R.PROG.

CERRADOS

CIERRE Y LAVADOS

ABORDAJE

POSTERIOR

(57)

119

TRATAMIENTO QUIRURGICO

METODO CERRADO

(58)

120

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

TRATAMIENTO QUIRURGICO

MARSUPIALIZACION LAPAROSTOMIA

DRENAJE AMPLIO

DE LA LOGIA

CURACIONES

PROGRAMADAS

DEBRIDAMIENTO

REPETIDO

MENOS ABSCESOS INTRA

ABDOMINALES

(59)

124

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

DRENAJE ABIERTO (BRADLEY)

NECROSECTOMIA

EN ETAPAS

MANIOBRAS

DIGITALES SUAVES

ROMAS

RELLENO DE LA

LOGIA CON GASAS

(60)

130

MARSUPIALIZACIÓN

(OPEN PACKING)

ABORDAJE

RETROPERITONEAL 12ª

COSTILLA

(61)

125

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

DRENAJE ABIERTO (BRADLEY)

YEYUNOSTOMIA DE

ALIMENTACION

AISLAMIENTO DEL COLON Y ASAS YEYUNALES

LAVADO PROFUSO

CON VARIOS LITROS

DE S. FISIOLOGICO

REEXPLORAR CADA 48

(62)

126

NECROSIS PANCREATICA INFECTADA

DRENAJE ABIERTO (BRADLEY)

CIERRE PARIETAL

ABIERTO CON

SUTURA DEL

ESTOMAGO A LA

PARED

VACUM PACK

(63)

PARTES DE ESTE TEMA

1.

1.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

IMPORTANCIA Y GENERALIDADES.

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

CONCEPTOS PREVIOS NECESARIOS

2.

2.

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE INFECCION

DIAGNOSTICO/DETECCION DE INFECCION

3.

3.

PROFILAXIS

PROFILAXIS

4.

4.

TRATAMIENTO

TRATAMIENTO

1.

1.

INTERVENCIONISTA

INTERVENCIONISTA

2.

2.

ATB

ATB

(64)
(65)
(66)
(67)
(68)
(69)

MENSAJE FINAL: nuevo paradigma

MENSAJE FINAL: nuevo paradigma

menos es m

menos es m

á

á

s

s

• Uso racional de ATB- no profilaxis

• Administración racional-acotada de fluídos

• Evitar grandes cirugías- intervencionismo menor

posible

Referencias

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