English Pronunciation : Basics

CICLO DE NIVELACIÓN

Facultad de Lenguas, UNC.  2019

Gimenez, Florencia

Aguirre Sotelo, Evangelina

Bombelli, Griselda

Canavosio, Andrea

Capell, Martín

Díaz, Josefina

Girardotto, Verónica

Soler, Lidia

ENGLISH

“Manual Ciclo de Nivelación 2019" está bajo una

Licencia Creative Commons Atribución – No Comercial – Sin Obra Derivada 4.0 Internacional.

To the Student

Exposure to and imitation of appropriate models of spoken English are essential to the acquisition of a high performance level in pronunciation. The activities in this handbook consist of a set of exercises aimed at providing you with elementary practice in the recognition and production of a number of phonological features, with special attention to English vowel and consonant phonemes. These exercises are also expected to help you become aware of and develop different strategies that may prove useful to you as a learner of a foreign language and prospective EFL professional. Such strategies include:

Using a dictionary

Resorting to the visual representation of sounds Associating symbol and sound

Giving and receiving feedback from peers Pronunciation self-awareness

Pronunciation self-assessment Self-confidence

Self-monitoring

Listen to your teacher and complete the graph with the different labels.

ENGLISH SOUNDS IN FOCUS

1. .h9. read .qh9c.

2..H. swim .rvHl.

3..d. bed .adc.

4..z. bat .azs.

5..@9. car .j@9.

6..P. clock .jkPj.

7..N9. 7..N9. door .cN9.

8..T. 8..T. book .aTj.

9..t9. 9..t9. two .st9.

2

10..U. 10..U. cup .jUo.

11..29. 11..29. shirt .R29s.

12..?. 12..?. ladder .!kzc?.

.h9.

/e/

.H.

.?..29.

.U.

.z. .P.

.N9. .T.

.t9.

.@9. Pure Vowel Sounds

1.a. Listen to these words. Those on the left have sound /i/ as in swim, and those on the right have sound /I/as in read.

chip cheap

lip leap

will wheel

filled field

b. Listen again and write a number next to the words according to the order in which you hear them.

2. Sort out these words into two groups according to whether they are pronounced with /i/ or /I/

tip – shield – fill – kneel - tea – live – cheese – it - feel – ski - cream

/

h

_{: /}

_/

H

_/

3.Complete the chart with the element that is missing in the minimal pair.

a) eat

b) neat __________ __________ c) __________ bit

d) seat

e) eel __________ __________

f) __________ hill g) __________ grin h) teen

i) reach __________ __________ j) __________ slip

4.Look at the following pictures. Read the sentences that describe the differences between them and identify the vowel sounds with which the underlined letters are pronounced.

a. There isn´t a guitar in picture B.

b. There isn´t a piece of meat on the table in picture B. c. There´s a violin on the wall in picture A.

d. There are four sheep in picture A. e. There isn´t a pig in picture B.

A B

f. The mirror in picture A is reflecting a man with thick lips. He´s showing his teeth.

g. There´s a fish swimming in the aquarium in picture A.

h. The person with his feet on the window is holding a cigarette in picture B.

5. Listen and match the picture with the correct transcription.

1. .odm. 4. .ldm.

.ozm. .lzm.

2. .gzc. _5. .admc.

.gdc. .azmc.

3 .rzj. _6. .Rzk.

.rdj. .Rdk.

6. Listen to the following pairs of words. Are they pronounced with the SAME vowel sound or a DIFFERENT one?

a. Same Different

/e/

vs

/

b. Same Different

c. Same Different

d. Same Different

e. Same Different

f. Same Different

g. Same Different

h. Same Different

i. Same Different

j. Same Different

7. Listen to these sentences and circle the word you hear.

a. A trek / track through the dense forest. b. They meshed /mashed potatoes and squash. c. He won a bet / bat in a party last night. d. Ellen / Allen came over this morning.

e. The heavy pedals / paddles were difficult to move.

f. All sorts of gems / jams were displayed in the souvenir shop.

8. a. Listen and circle the drawing of the word you hear. Then add the missing symbol to the phonemic transcriptions.

.j----o. .j----o.

.g----s. .g----s.

vs

/

/ V

.a----f. .a----f.

.j----s. .j---s.

.j----a. .j----a.

b. Listen to the sentences and write the word you hear.

1. The ______ was hidden behind the clothes. 2. Black ______ are very common.

3. George bought a straw ______ in a tiny village a month ago. 4. Be careful! That ______ looks really nasty.

5. She put her ______ down on the table. 6. You should wash that ______.

9.Listen to these verbs and circle the one you hear –Past Simple or Past Participle.

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle

Begin Began Begun

Drink Drank Drunk

Ring Rang Rung

Run Ran Run

Sing Sang Sung

Swim Swam Swum

Stink Stank Stunk

10. Listen and write down the word you hear. Then add the missing phonemic symbol to the transcription.

a. ____________________ .sq---j.

b. ____________________ .!----Mjk.

c. ____________________ /r…..g/

d. ____________________ /f…..n/

e.___________________ .l---sR.

f. __________________ .l----c.

g. ____________________ /b...s/

h. ____________________ .q---R.

i. ____________________ .jq---R.

i�____________________ .k---j.

11. Listen and match the word with the correct vowel sound /a:/ or /3:/.

/@_{:/ /}2_:/

cart birth fur purse scarf dirt

12. Listen to your teacher and circle the word you hear.

a) _{bath birth}

/a:/

vs

b) _{barn burn}

c) _{cart curt}

d) _{dart dirt}

e) _{far fur}

f) _{farm firm}

g) _{fast first}

13. Listen to these sentences and complete the blanks with the missing symbol.

a. The puppies´.a----S.will be inside the house. b. Bob´s .e----l.is growing by leaps and bounds. c. The .e----rs.bus leaves London at 7 o´clock. d. .a----s.is not coming tonight.

e. The guards checked our .o----rHy.before going into the stadium. f. That .c---s.on the wall looks terrible.

14.a. Listen to these words. Those on the left have sound .P.as in clock, and those

on the right have sound .N9. as in door.

cot caught

fox forks

not nought

often orphan

pot port

shot short

spot sport

was wars

scotch scorch

cock cork

b. Listen again and circle the word you hear.

http://davidbrett.uniss.it/phonology/vowel%20sounds/MinimalPairsCotCaught/Minimal%20Pairs%20Cot%20v.%20Caught1.html

15. Listen to the following sentences and identify words that contain

.P.-- I drink a hot cup of coffee for breakfast everyday.

- My dog has got a pot with lots of bones.

- Stop moaning! It´s impossible to concentrate!

- I received a box of chocolates for my birthday.

- The doctor wasn´t in the hospital when I called him.

16. a. The past and past participle of some irregular verbs are pronounced with

b. Now listen and repeat them.

fought - bought - caught -

brought - thought taught -

c. Complete the following sentences with the correct verb from the box. Then,practice reading the sentences in a loud voice.

- England ... against Argentina in 1982.

- I ... about you all day yesterday.

- My sister ... a cold last week.

- John ... English when he was young.

- I´ve ... you a present.

- My family ………... a puppy last month.

.P. .N9.

18. Although the following words are all spelled with , they are pronounced with different vowel sounds. Listen and group them accordingly.

/

_T

/

.t9.

Cook Food

Boot Smooth Look Good

Moon Stood Wool

Room Shook Foot

Book

vs

/u:/

19. Listen to these groups of words and circle the one that is not pronounced with .T..

a. wolf – loose – hood – brook b. wood – took – pool – rook c. rule – puss – push - butch d. oops! - proof – nook – hook e. pull – duke – full – bull

Schwa is the weakest of all vowel sounds. Consequently, it occurs

only in unstressed syllables. Schwa is the most common sound in the English Language

Getting it correct will help you sound more natural and fluent. Mind you! Not all unstressed syllables are pronounced with .?.

A curvaceous young

phoneme called schwa, said "I never feel strong. It's bizarre!

I'm retiring and meek, And I always sound weak, But in frequency counts – I'm the star!"

20.Listen to these words and underline where in the word .?.occurs as a pure vowel. The first one has been done for you.

Doctor Banana Tomorrow Difficult

Summer Level Protect Survive

Pupil Bicycle Measure Wizard

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/schwa/

21. Listen to these sentences and underline where .?.occurs. It may occur more than once

in each sentence.

a. It´s for you.

b. It takes a lot of time.

c. How about a cup of tea?

d. What are you doing tonight?

e. What time will you arrive at Victoria?

f. I was going to tell you.

g. The leisure centre is closed for a private function.

h. The airport is not far from the capital city.

i. The book is about pronunciation.

j. We need more financial support.

k. You need to pay attention all the time

l. It is a very thorough report.

22. Listen to the following words and place them under the right column.

horse black up hot bed ship

call bin cheque

cup lamp course class rock

dream car rich egg

23. What word do the following pictures represent? Say the words aloud and match the

picture with the correct symbol. Then, check with a partner.

.d.

.z.

.U.

.@9.

.h9.

.T.

.H.

.29.

.t9.

24. Listen and read the following dialogue and find at least one example to illustrate all the pure vowel sounds in the English phonological system (Do not pay attention to the underlined words yet).

CALLING THE TRAVEL AGENCY

TRAVEL AGENT (TA): Will Bridges’ Travel Agency. Good morning!

Can I help you?

SUSAN (S): Yes. I need some information, please.

TA: Yes?

S: Well, I know it’s rather late for a reservation, but we’re three

friends and we’d like to travel to Greece next July.

TA: Let’s see… Where would you like to stay?

S: We’ve been told Mikonos is one of the best islands in the

Mediterranean. Would

that be possible?

TA: It’s quite difficult in July.

Would you like to stay

at a hotel?

S: We’d rather make a

self-catering arrangement.

TA: Are you thinking of a villa

or an apartment?

S: I guess a small apartment

would be cheaper.

TA: Provided it’s not during July… Yes. You know prices are lower

out of season. How long would you like to stay?

S: About a fortnight. But it might be difficult to change dates, you

know… We’re three and have different times available.

S: There’ll be three of us. All girls, so we need a safe place near the

beach. But we cannot spend more than a hundred pounds a

day.

TA: For that price, you won’t have many options, I’m afraid… But,

let me find out. If you could arrange to make it in late June, I

might have a bedsitter for 75 pounds. We could accommodate

three single beds, and it's five minutes walk from the main

beach in Mikonos.

S: I’d love that. What’s the name of the beach? Have you got it

handy?

TA: Yes. It’s Super Paradise. Have you heard about it?

S: Yes! My parents went there on their honeymoon and they still

keep advising people to visit it. Anyway, I need to talk it over

with my friends, though. One

of them works during June.

She might not be able to

change dates.

TA: Well… Contact your

friends, come to an

agreement, and give me

a ring again. My name is

Arnold Smith. You’ll find

me here any working day from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., but not on

Saturdays. But remember we only have a month left so you

need to make up your minds I’d say today or tomorrow.

S: I will. Thank you, Arnold. You’ve been very kind.

TA: Wait! You haven’t given me your name.

S: Sorry. I’m Susan Perkins, from Kensington. Susan Perkins.

P-E-R-K-I-N-S. I’ll get back to you tomorrow without fail, Arnold.

Thank you, again. Bye.

Diphthongs

.dH. rain .qdHm.

.`H. eye .`H.

.NH. toy .sNH.

.?T. rose .q?Ty. .`T. house .g`Tr. .d?. chair .sRd?. .H?. _beer .aH?.

.T?. tourist .!sT?qHrs. .H?.

.dH.

.d?.

.`H. .`T.

.?T. .NH.

25. In each pair, circle the word you hear.

1. two tour

2. cheer chair

3. day die

4. Clare clear

5. cell sail

6. clone clown

7. oil owl

8. ray row

9. buy boy

10. bite boat

11. tail tile

12. add aid

13. boot boat

14. how hear

15. firm fame

16. cut Kate

17. caught coat

18. more mow

26. Identify what words the following pictures represent and complete the transcription with the correct diphthong.

.r----k. .sR----.

.jk---my. .a---s.

.m---y. .j---s.

27. Listen to the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the diphthong in each word and then put the words in the corresponding bubble.

bear ice brain toy boat beer

mouse tour chair bike coin phone

ear cow poor chain

/T?/

/e?/

/H?/

/?T/

/aT/

/NH/ /aH/

/eH/

28. Listen to these sentences and complete the blanks in the phonemic transcriptions with the symbol for the diphthong you hear.

a)The NAME Sudoku is Japanese, meaning single numbers. /n …. m/

b)But the GAME is believed to be an American invention, .f----l.

CREATED by a man named HOWARD Garns. .jqH!----sHc..!g----?c.

c) The earliest KNOWN examples of the game were published in .m----m.

NINETEEN seventy nine. .!m----msh9m.

d)In the nineteen EIGHTIES, the game APPEARED in Japan under

/!----sHy/ .?!o----c.

the name Sudoku.

e) In recent years, NEWSPAPERS in Britain began publishing the .!mit9yo----o?y.

game.

f)And last YEAR, its popularity spread back to the UNITED

.!i----/ .it9!m----sHc.

STATES. .rs----sr.

g)NOW the games are FOUND in several MAJOR American .m----..e----mc..!l----cY?.

newspapers, in bookstores, and on the Internet.

h)You can even PLAY Sudoku on cellular TELEPHONES.

.ok----. .!sdkHe----my.

i)Sudoku is DESIGNED to be played BY one person.

.cH!y----mc. .a----.

j)The rules of the game are simple, ALTHOUGH completing it can .N9k!C----.

be extremely difficult, especially HIGHER-level Sudoku games. _.!g----?.

29. Listen and then read the dialogue in exercise 24 paying special attention to the

pronunciation of the underlined words. Then, group them in the corresponding column.

/eH/ /aH/ /NH/ /aT/ /?T/ /H?/ /e?/ /T?/

For further practice on vowel sounds, visit the following sites:

http://www.esltower.com/PRONUNCIATION/interactive/Vowel%20sounds%20 phonetic% 20exercise%20-%20output/quizmaker.html

http://www.esltower.com/PRONUNCIATION/interactive/Single%20vowel%20s ounds% 20practice%20-%20output/quizmaker.html

http://www.esltower.com/PRONUNCIATION/interactive/vowelsoundsquiz.qzpp /index.html

CONSONANT SOUNDS

Place of

articulation Bilabial Labio- _dental Dental Alveolar _alveolar Post- Palatal Velar Glottal Manner of

articulation

Plosive

o

a

Pencil Bag

.!odmrk..azf.

sc

Ten Dog .sdm..cPf.

jf

Cat Gift .jzs..fHes.

Fricative

eu

Fish Van .eHR..uzm.

SC

Thumb Father .SUl..e@9C?.

ry

Sun Zebra .rUm..!ydaq?.

RY

Shoe Television .Rt9..!sdkHuHYm.

g

Hand .gzmc.

Affricate

sRcY

Cheese Jet .sRh9y..cYds.

Nasal

l

Mouse

.l`Tr.

m

Rain .qdHm.

M

King .jHM.

Approximant

v

Whale .vdHk.

q

Write .q`Hs.

i

Xn,xn .!i?Ti?T.

Lateral

k

30. To produce the sounds at the beginning of each of the following words, there is complete closure of the articulators and then the air kept in your mouth is released suddenly. Listen and repeat the words.

/p/ pay park page purple postman /b/ back buy better borrow business /t/ talk table tourist tidy tennis /d/ dance date disco dollar different /k/ kind cook coffee colour kitchen /g/ give gate guess going garden

31. Listen and circle the word you hear.

a. peas bees b. pad bad c. peg beg d. pen Ben e. pies buys f. peach beach g. porn born

h. time dime i. tame dame j. Ted dead k. tense dense l. tie die m. tomb doom n. tear dear

o. coat goat p. cap gap q. came game r. class glass s. card guard t. K gay u. cave gave

32.Tom, Deborah, Kathy, Gary, Pam and Barbara are thinking about presents they would

like for their birthdays. Tom wants things that begin with the sound /t/, Deborah with the sound /d/, Kathy with the sound /k/, and so on. What presents do they each want? Make sentences like these:

• Tom wants trousers.

/p/ vs /b/ /t/ vs /d/ /k/ vs /g/

Who wants most presents? Who wants fewest presents?

Can you suggest some other presents they might like?

33. Listen and repeat the following words.

feel after leaf off coffee phone autograph very laugh travel every have leave five seven

34. Listen and complete the transcription of the following words with /f/or /v/.

a. .----dqh.

b. .a?kh9----.

c. .----`Hm.

d. .!r29----Hr.

e. .---iT?.

f. .cH!----`Hm.

g.�.----zs.

35.Fill in the blanks below the picture using the words in the box.

Then, listen and repeat.

36. Listen and say these phrases and sentences.

/f/

1. Forty five

45

____

2. A family photo 3. I’m feeling fine

4. The fourteenth of February

5. When I asked for her autograph she just laughed.

/v/

1. We’re leaving at five past seven.

2. A visa for a seven-day visit.

3. Stephen lives in a village.

Adapted from English Pronunciation in Use. Elementary. (2007)

To make the sound /

S

out air between your teeth and your tongue. /S/ is a voiceless sound. To make the

sound /C/, do the same but use your voice.

grandfather grandfather grandfather

grandfather otherotherother other themthem themthem threethreethreethree north north north north thing

thing thing

thing clothesclothesclothesclothes athlete athlete athlete athlete health health health health month

monthmonth

month theirtheirtheirtheir leatherleatherleatherleather

37. a.The letters th can be pronounced /

S

according to the pronunciation of the letters th.

b. Listen and check your answers. Practise reading the words.

38.Read these mini-dialogues out loud with a partner. Then, write thecorrect symbols on top of the words that contain the sounds .C.or .

S

A: Sorry I broke those plates.

B: That’s all right. I didn’t really like them.

////

S

north north north

north grandfathergrandfathergrandfathergrandfather

A: It’s Tom’s birthday on Thursday. B: Yes, and I haven’t got him anything.

A: Do you like my leather trousers? B: I think they’re great!

A: How much is that watch worth? B: About thirty pounds.

A: This music’s boring.

B: Shh! My brother likes the Beatles!

39. Listen and repeat these words.

40. Listen and decide which word in the pair is said first.

ice eyes Sue zoo place plays

/s/

sad city science _scream

class glass concert lost

bus place

/

z/

zoo zero lazy

easy

zone exact prize

wise _times

/s/

vs

/

z/

41. Does /s/ or /z/ occur in the following words? Complete the phonemic transcriptions with the correct sound

these isn’t certainly size

.Ch9----. .!H----ms. .!----29smkh. .----`H----.

pronounce .oq?!m`tm----.

dress suits words style

.v29c----..----s`Hk. .cqd----. .rt9s----.

please it’s

.okh9----. .Hsr.

42.Complete the dialogues with the words from the previous activity and practise reading them aloud.

1. A: Do you like this dress? B: The ……… ………. you, but………. the wrong………, ………it?

2. A: Can you ………….. ……….. ……… for me,…………..? B: Yes, ………

Adapted from English Pronunciation in Use. Intermediate (2003) and Elementary (2007)

43. a. Listen and repeat the following words.

b. Listen again and write a number next to the words according to the order in which you hear them.

.R.

.Y.

shop television

/

R

/

vs

/

Y

/

44. Does .R.or .Y.occur in the following words? Complete the phonemic transcriptions

with the correct sound.

International decision unusual shave

.$Hms?!mz----m?k. .cH!rH----m. .Um!it9----T?k. .----dHu.

revision casual confusion

.qH!uH----m. .!jz----T?k. .j?m!eit9----m.

should conclusion sure

.----Tc. .j?m!jkt9----m. .----T?.

Adapted from Pronunciation in Use. Elementary (2007).

45. a.Listen and repeat the following words. b. Then listen and circle the words you hear.

foam home all hall mourn horn young hung come hum heir hair

46. In the following exercise, cross out the words in which the letter -h- is silent. Then practise with your teacher.

hotel – ahead – honour – hospital –

/h/

47. Listen and repeat these words:

.sR.

.cY.

choke joke

batch badge

cheer jeer

search surge

chin gin

cheap jeep

48. Listen and circle the words you hear.

joking badge jeers surging choking batch cheers searching

chin _gin

/

sR

/

vs

/

cY

/

49. a. Look at the text below. It contains words with the sounds .sR. and .cY..

Find them and put them into the correct columns.

CHARLY JAMES

Charly James, one of the most popular and charming movie and television actors at the moment, was born in Manchester, in 1990. He comes from a very rich family who live in a large house in a very posh neighbourhood. His father, John, is an engineer and works for a very important company. His mother, March, helps a housing charity in the morning everyday. As you can see, none of them has this knack for acting that Charly first discovered when he was chosen for a commercial at the age of three.

.sR. .cY.

b. Listen and check your answers. Listen again and practise saying the words.

Adapted from Headway Upper Intermediate (1991)

/w/ vs /j/

50. Listen to your teacher and repeat the following words. Then listen and circle the words you hear.

/v/

/i/

whale Yale well yell whack yak wielded yielded walk York woe yo

51. In the following lists of words, choose the odd one out. The first example has been done for you.

work – York – awake =

York

New York is one of the most populous cities in the world. The heart of culture and business, it is located in the Northeastern Atlantic Coast in the United States. It has a long history of successes and failures. It is near Washington, D. C., the capital of the country. Among its inhabitants are the so-called yuppies and you may find them in the

typically yuppie neighbourhoods. In fact, it is due to this and the many business, media, fashion, education and entertainment opportunities that this city is considered also the capital of the world.

.g. /w/ /j/

53. Read the following words. Notice the different contexts in which /r/occurs. real – wrong – rhythm – carry – dry – arrive

54. In the following list, underline the words in which -r- is pronounced in

Standard British English. Use a dictionary if necessary.

worst barring aboard star wring

spurred Cambridge abroad roam bar

/r/

Read the following passage and pick out the words containing .g.+.v.and .i..

I worked late that day and I didn’t __________ home until 10 o'clock. I was very wet because of the __________. Then, to my __________, my key didn’t fit in the lock. So I looked closely at my keys and saw that they were the __________ ones. I had left my house keys at work. So I got back on my motorbike and __________ back to the office to collect them. I got home very tired, so I went to bed, __________ for half an hour, switched off the light and went to sleep.

Adapted from English Pronunciation in Use (2003)

56. Listen and repeat the pairs of words below.

sing rang sung sin

ran some swimming

swinging

57. Listen and circle the word you hear in each case.

1. My friend likes Robin Banks / robbing banks. 2. Tom ran / rang yesterday.

3. She had a swing / swim in the garden.

English Pronunciation in Use (2003: p. 39)

/

M

/

55. Read the following text. Then, as you listen to the reader, fill in the gaps with the

I always thought that studying English was a fascinating thing. However, this was not my parents’ opinion. When I first told them I

wanted to go in for an English course of studies at university, they replied “Great! And, what else are you going to do at college?” It was really disappointing to hear that from mum and dad! They never imagined how hard it is to study English. They thought it was going to be a pastime for me. After seeing me spend long hours on learning vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, they were convinced that a foreign language at university is serious business. It is also a sign that they think I’m a good student. That is great!

58. As you read the following text, underline the words containing /M/.Then,

Bowler, B. & S. Cunningham (1990). Headway Intermediate Pronunciation.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bowler, B. & Parminter, S. (1992). Headway Pre-Intermediate Pronunciation.

Oxford: OUP.

Cunningham, S. & Bowler, B. (1994). Headway Upper-Intermediate

Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP.

Hancock, M. (1996). Pronunciation Games. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Hancock, M. (2003). English pronunciation in use. Cambridge: C.U.P.

Hewings, M (1993) Pronunciation Tasks: A course for pre-intermediate learners.

Cambridge: CUP.

Marks, J. (2007). English Pronunciation in Use. Elementary. UK: CUP

http://davidbrett.uniss.it/phonology/vowel%20sounds/MinimalPairsCotCaught/Mini mal%20Pairs%20Cot%20v.%20Caught1.html

http://www.download-esl.com/tonguetwisters/easy/easytongue.html

KEY

1b. field – cheap – filled – will – chip – wheel - lip

4. bad – bed check – cheque add – ad guess – gas / head – had / Pat – pat (verb) mash – mesh cache – cash / cent – scent / send – sand

6. bad – bed check – cheque ad – add / guess – gas /head – had / Pat – pat / mash – mesh / cache – cash / cent – scent sand – send

7. treck – mashed – bet – Ellen – pedals - jams

8a. cap – hut – bug – cat – cub

8b. cap – cubs – hat – cut – cup - cat

9. begun – drank – rang – run – sang – swum – stank

10. truck – uncle – rag – fan – much – mad – bus – rash – crash – luck

13. bath - firm - first - Bert – passes

14b. cot – forks – nought – orphan – pot – shot – spot - wars – scorch - cork

19. loose – pool – rule – proof – duke

25. tour – cheer – day – Clare – cell – clone – oil – row – buy – bite – tail – aid – boot – how – fame – cut – coat - mow

31. bees – bad – peg – pen – pies – beach – born – time – dame – dead – tense – die – doom – dear – coat – gap – came – glass – card – K - cave

34. very – believe – vine – surface – viewer – divine – fat

40. ice – eyes zoo – Sue plays – place niece – knees prize – price

43. shop - fashion - usually - machine - special – pleasure – leisure – ocean – television - treasure

45. home – hall – mourn – young – harm - hair

48. joking - batch – cheers – surging – chin

50. whale – yell – yak – wielded – York – woe

55. arrive – rain – surprise – wrong – rode – read