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On a QoS intrusion tolerant routing protocol in ad-hoc networks

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✕✗✂✳✲✄✴✶✵✸✷✭✟✡✰✺✹✻✢✱✌✽✼✾✟✿✎✒❀✡✓

❁❃❂✣❄❆❅❈❇❊❉✯❋❍●❈■❑❏▲❂✣▼▲❂❖◆▲❁❃P❖◗▲❋❘❂❚❙▲❙❯●❱▼▲❂✿❲✱P❳◗✸❙❯❋❍●❱❨❖❇

❩✒❬✱❭✤❪❯❫❖❴❛❵❝❜❡❞❣❢❍❤❥✐❦❜♠❧♦♥✥♣✣q✖❩✮r✣❤❦❧❥s❝r✉t✉❢❚❫❯✈✽✇❖❵❝❜❡✐❦❜①r❳❫❝②▲③❵❖❢❑❜❡④⑤r❚⑥✱❞❣♣❚❜❡④①r❳③q⑤❤⑦❫❯❵⑧r✣⑨❯⑥✱✐❦✇❝⑩❯❶❍♣❚❷❸③❤❥❵❹✇❺③❧❥❵

❻❺❼☞❽❾❽✭❿❖➀✣➁⑧➂➄➃ ❢❃⑩❖❤❥♣❚⑩❯♣✉✐❦❢❃❜①❵❸❧❥s❖❜❡✐➅⑩❝r✉⑩❯❢❍❤✱r✯⑩❖❤❥♣✣❧❥♣➆❶❑♣❚④➇❫▲❶⑦r✣④❡④①❢❑➈➊➉✏➋✉➌❳➍➅➎❃➏⑧➐➑s❝❜❡❶➒s❸➐➑❜❡④①④✽✐❦❢❑❶❑✇❖❤❥❢

❧❥s❖❢✒r✉➈❳➓➔s❝♣➆❶✖❤❥♣❚✇❳❧❥❜①❵❖t❛⑩❳❤❥♣➆❶❑❢❑✐❦✐☞➐➑s❖❜①④❡❢✏t❚✇⑧r✗❤➒r✉❵➆❧❥❢❑❢❑❜❡❵❖t✱❢❑❵❝➈❳➓→❧❥♣✉➓➔❢❑❵❝➈❃➣✱♣➆❪✱❤❥❢⑦↔➆✇❝❜♠❤❥❢❑❷✿❢❑❵➆❧❥✐❺❜①❵➄❧❥❢❍❤❥❷✿✐

♣✣q✯➈❳❢❑④①r❑♥↕♣✉❤✡⑨❝r✉❵❝➈❳➐➑❜①➈❳❧❥s➙❶❑♣✉❵❝✐➛❧❦❤➒r✉❜❡❵➆❧❥✐❑③❛➜✱✇❖❤❸r✉⑩❖⑩❖❤❥♣❣r✣❶❘s➙⑩❳❤❥♣✣❞❹❜①➈❖❢❍✐❸r✉❵➝❜❡❵➆❧❦❤❥✇❝✐❦❜❡♣❚❵↕❧❥♣❚④❡❢❍❤➒r✣❵➆❧

❢❍❵❳❞❹❜♠❤❥♣❚❵❖❷✿❢❑❵➆❧✖r✉❵❝➈✜✇❖✐❦❢❑✐✏r✉❵⑧➈✯❢❍❵❝s⑧r✣❵❝❶❑❢❍✐✏❧❥s❝❢➑❶❑♣✉❵❝❶❑❢❍⑩❖❧✏♣✉q➅➌❝➞➒➟❳➠❥➡♦➢❦➤✡➌☞➥❈➦✜➢❍➧➨✿➩✖➫✣➦✱➭⑧➟❹➡➇➥❈➯➆➲❃➳❛➵✉➠❍➢

❜❡❵↕♣✣❤➒➈❖❢❍❤✍❧❥♣➸➈❖❢⑦➈❳✇❝❶❑❢✡❶❍♣❚❵❝✐❦❜❡✐➛❧❥❢❑❵➆❧❸➈❖❢❑④①r❑♥➊❜❡❵❳q❈♣✉❤❥❷✜r✗❧❥❜❡♣❚❵➝r✉❵❝➈➊❞❣❢❍❤❥❜♠q❱♥➺❧❥s❝❢✶⑨⑧r✣❵⑧➈❹➐➑❜⑤➈❹❧❥s✚❞✉r✉④❡✇❝❢

⑩❳❤❥❢❍❧❥❢❑❵❝➈❖❢⑦➈✍⑨❹♥✍✇❖❵❹❧❦❤❥✇❖✐➛❧❥❢⑦➈✥❵❖♣❹➈❖❢❑✐❑③✖➉✏➋✉➌❳➍➅➎➻r✣④①✐❦♣✜⑩❳❤❥♣❚⑩❯♣❚✐❦❢❍✐✱r➼❤❥❢❍✐❦❶❑✇❝❢➄⑩❳❤❥♣➆❶❑❢⑦➈❖✇❳❤❥❢✤❧❥s⑧r✗❧❛✐❥r⑦❞❣❢❍✐

❧❥s❖❢✱❤❥❢❑✐❦♣✉✇❖❤❥❶❑❢❑✐❛r✉❵❝➈❊r✣❶❑❶❑❢❑④❡❢❍❤➒r✗❧❥❢❑✐❛❧❥s❖❢✱❤❥♣❚✇❳❧❥❢➄❷✜r✉❜❡❵➆❧❥❢❑❵⑧r✣❵❝❶❑❢✤❜❡❵✥❶⑦r✉✐❦❢❃♣✉q☞❵❝♣❹➈❖❢➄❷✿♣✉⑨❝❜❡④❡❜♠❧❆♥➆③

➽❦▼❖➾❍❋❘◗❺➚➒●❱P❳▼✭➾❘P❖❅⑤❂✉❋❍❇❳▼✸■✗❂❖◆⑧➪➄❙❯➶❆❏▲P❯■✯➹➄P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨✸◆☞➘➼P❝➴☞➷

➬➱➮➒➬❐✃❖❒❛❮❯❰▲Ï➄ÐÒÑÒÓ✽❮▲Ô➒Ï➅❒

➪ÖÕ➸P❳×▲●❱❅⑤❂➄➪➄❙⑧➶➛❏▲P❯■✤❁❃Ø➅Ù✏Ú✱P❳❋❍Û✿●❱➚✮Ü✡❇❳❙▲❂✱◗✸Ý✥×⑧Þ✍➚❘❂✣ß❖❂✣❋❑❇❹❅❝Ú➄●⑤❋❍❂✣❅❱❂✉➚❍➚✒Ü❊P❖×▲●❱❅⑤❂✤▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✮Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏

❇❹❋❍❂✯➾❘❂✣Ü❸Ý✽P❳❋❑❇❹❋❍Þ✩■✗P❖▼▲▼▲❂❚■⑦➾❘❂❚❙✔×❝Þ✔Ü✍◗✸❅①➾❍●①➶➛❏▲P❳Ý❾❅❱●⑤▼✸Û⑧➚✉➷❺Ù✤❏✸❂✿▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚➼■✣❇❹▼✔à→❋❍❂✣❂✉❅⑤Þ✭Ü❊P➆ß❖❂✜❇❹▼✸❙

à→P❳❋❍Üá❇✭■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲❨❳●❱▼▲❨✡➾❍P❳Ý✽P❳❅❱P❳❨❖Þ❳➷ãâ❛P❳▼✸➚❘❂✉ä❝◗▲❂✉▼❖➾❍❅⑤Þ❖◆✽➾❘❏▲❂❊▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✯➚❘❏▲P❳◗✸❅❱❙➸à→◗▲▼✸■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼➊❇❖➚Ò❏✸P❖➚➒➾❍➚

❇❹▼✸❙➝❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂✉❋❍➚✥●⑤▼ÖP❳❋❑❙❯❂✉❋✍➾❍P➊■✣P❳Ü❸Ü✍◗▲▼✸●❱■✉❇➆➾❘❂❖➷➱➪❃▼Ö❂✗å✶■✗●❱❂✣▼❝➾❸❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨➊Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❛●❈➚❊ß⑧●①➾❑❇❹❅

➾❘P✶➾❍❏▲❂❸❙❯❂✣Ý▲❅❱P➆Þ⑧Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾➼P❳à➑Ý❺❂✉❋➒à→P❖❋❘Ü❸●❱▼▲❨✭Õ➸➪➼❁❃Ø➅Ù✒➚✉◆✽❂❚➚➒Ý✽❂✉■✣●❱❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ❾Ú➄❏▲❂✣▼æ●①➾✯●❱➚➼❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❘❂❚❙❾➾❘P

Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯❂ç●⑤▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼✡➾❘P❖❅⑤❂✉❋❍❇❳▼✸■✗❂✯❇❹▼❺❙✶❨❳◗❺❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❘❂✉❂➼❇❊➚➒Ý✽❂✉■✣●①è❺■ç❅❱❂✣ß❖❂✣❅☞P❹à✮ä❖◗❺❇❹❅❱●①➾❥Þ✡P❳à✒➚❘❂✣❋❍ß❝●❈■✗❂

é

➘➼P❝➴✸ê⑦➷⑧ÕëP❖➚➒➾➅❂✗ì❯●❈➚❥➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✍❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨✿Ý✸❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❱➚➑à→P❳❋❛Õæ➪Ò❁❃Ø❛Ù✏➚✤➚❘◗✸■❑❏✶❇❳➚✤í✥î➱ïëðòñ⑤ó✗ô❆◆❯ï✿õ❯ö

ñ÷➆ô✽❇❹▼❺❙✩ï✿õ❯ï❾ðøñù➆ô✸➾❍❋❘●❱❂✉❙✡➾❘P✍■✣P❳Ý✽❂❃Ú➄●①➾❍❏✡➾❘❏✸❂Òß➆❇❹❋❍●❱❇❳×▲❅❱❂❃▼✸❇➆➾❍◗▲❋❍❂❃P❹à☞➾❘❏✸❂Ò▼▲❂✣➾❥Ú❛P❖❋❘Û✍➾❘P❳Ý✽P❳❅⑤➶

P❳❨❳Þ➊×⑧Þ✚Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯●❱▼▲❨➸❇➸×✽❂✉➚➒➾❊❂✣ú✽P❖❋➒➾❊➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂✶Ú➄●⑤➾❘❏▲P❖◗❯➾✡■✗P❳▼❺➚➒●❈❙❯❂✣❋❍●❱▼▲❨ë❋❘❂✉❅⑤❂✉ß➆❇❹▼❝➾❊➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❘●⑤➾❥Þ

●❱➚❍➚➒◗✸❂✉➚✉➷❝ûÒP➆Ú❛❂✉ß❳❂✣❋❚◆➆➾❍❏▲❂ç❙▲Þ❝▼❺❇❹Ü❸●❱■❃➾❘P❖Ý❺P❖❅⑤P❖❨❳Þ❊Ü❸❇❳Û❳❂❚➚➑●⑤➾✱❏✸❇❳❋❍❙✡➾❘P✍Û❖❂✣❂✉Ý✩■✗P❖▼✸➚➒●❈➚➒➾❘❂✣▼❝➾✱❋❘P❖◗❯➾➒➶

●⑤▼▲❨✿●❱▼❯à→P❖❋❘Ü✡❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼✡❇❹▼✸❙✡❙❯❂✣➾❘❂❚■⑦➾➅×✽❂✣❏✸❇❣ß⑧●❱P❳❋➑❇❳▼▲P❳Ü✡❇❹❅❱●❱❂✉➚✉➷❹ü▲◗▲❋❘➾❘❏▲❂✉❋❘Ü❸P❖❋❘❂❖◆➆➾❘❏▲❂➄❅❈❇❳■❑Û✥P❹à☞è▲ì❯❂✉❙

●⑤▼❯à→❋❑❇❳➚➒➾❘❋❍◗✸■✗➾❘◗▲❋❍❂✶Ý▲❋❍❂✣ß❖❂✣▼❝➾❍➚✜è✸❋❍➚➒➾➒➶➛❅❱●⑤▼▲❂✔❙❯❂✗à→❂✉▼✸➚❘❂✉➚✉➷✒Õë❂❚❇❹▼⑧Ú➄❏▲●❱❅⑤❂❖◆✖➾❍❏▲❂✔ß❣❇❳❋❘●❈❇❹×✸❅⑤❂✩■✉❇❹Ý✸❇❖■✗●⑤➾❥Þ❳◆

➾❘❏▲❂❃❂✉▼▲❂✣❋❍❨❳Þ❊■✗P❖▼✸➚❥➾❍❋❍❇❳●⑤▼❝➾❑➚➑❇❹▼✸❙❊➾❍❏▲❂❃P❖Ý❺❂✉▼✡❂✣▼⑧ß⑧●⑤❋❍P❳▼▲Ü❸❂✉▼❖➾➑●❱▼✸■✣❋❘❂❚❇❳➚❘❂✤➾❘❏▲❂➼ß❝◗✸❅⑤▼▲❂✉❋❍❇❳×▲●❱❅⑤●⑤➾❥Þ✍P❳à

▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚➄❇❳▼✸❙✔Ú➄●⑤❋❍❂✣❅❱❂✉➚❍➚✤■❑❏✸❇❹▼▲▼✸❂✣❅❈➚✣ý⑧➾❍❏❝◗❺➚➄❋❘❂❚➚➒◗✸❅①➾❍●⑤▼▲❨❸●❱▼✔➚❘❂✣ß❖❂✣❋❍❂✿➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ✡Ý✸❋❘P❖×▲❅⑤❂✉Ü✡➚✣➷

þ ▼✥➾❍❏▲❂ÒP❳➾❘❏▲❂✉❋➑❏✸❇❳▼✸❙ÿ◆❖➾❘❏▲❂❃❂✉Ü❸❂✣❋❍❨❳❂✣▼❺■✗❂➄P❹àÿÜ✥◗▲❅①➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂❚❙❯●❱❇✍❇❹Ý▲Ý▲❅❱●❈■✣❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼✸➚➱❏✸❇❖➚➑❋❍❂✉➚❘◗▲❅⑤➾❘❂✉❙

●⑤▼ ❇➊❨❳❋❍P➆Ú➄●⑤▼▲❨➺▼▲❂✣❂❚❙➝P❳à➼Ý▲❋❍P➆ß⑧●❱❙▲●⑤▼▲❨↕➘➼P❝➴➙●⑤▼Ö➾❘❏✸❂❾Õæ➪Ò❁❃Ø❛Ù✏➚✶■✣P❳▼❝➾❘❂✣ì⑧➾✉➷➱Ù✤❏▲❂ë❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨

(2)

❇Ö➘➼P❝➴ ❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂➺●❱➚✭❂✗ì❯Ý✽❂✉■⑦➾❍❂✉❙ ➾❘P➝×✽❂➊❋❘P❖×▲◗✸➚➒➾✭❇❹▼✸❙ ❂✗å✶■✗●❱❂✣▼❝➾❚◆➅➾❍❏▲❂➺●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼ ➾❘P❖❅⑤❂✉❋❍❇❳▼❖➾

Ý▲❋❘P❖Ý❺❂✉❋➒➾❥Þ✍Ü❸❇❣Þ✍×❺❂➄ß⑧●❱❂✣Ú✱❂✉❙❸❇❳➚➱❇❳▼❸❇❖❙▲❙❯●⑤➾❘●❱P❳▼✸❇❳❅❺➘➼P❝➴✥Ý✸❇❳❋❍❇❳Ü❊❂✣➾❘❂✉❋✏➾❍❏✸❇➆➾➅➚❘❏▲P❖◗▲❅❱❙❊×✽❂✤➾❍❇❳Û❳❂✣▼

●⑤▼❝➾❘P✔❇❳■✉■✗P❳◗✸▼❖➾➼Ú➄❏▲●⑤❅❱❂✍➚❘❂✉❇❳❋❍■❑❏▲●❱▼▲❨❸à→P❖❋ç❇✶➚❘◗▲●⑤➾❍❇❳×▲❅⑤❂✥Ý✸❇➆➾❍❏ã➷✠✟❃▼❯à→P❖❋➒➾❍◗▲▼✸❇➆➾❍❂✣❅❱Þ❳◆❺➾❘❏▲❂✥❋❘❂❚➚➒❂❚❇❹❋❑■❑❏

❇❳■⑦➾❍●⑤ß⑧●⑤➾❘●❱❂✉➚➄❏❺❇❣ß❳❂✯×❺❂✉❂✣▼ë■✗P❖▼✸❙❯◗✸■✗➾❘❂❚❙ë➚➒P❊à➔❇❹❋❚◆▲❨❖◗✸❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❘❂✉❂➼❂✉●①➾❍❏▲❂✣❋Ò●⑤▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼✔➾❘P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼❺■✗❂✯P❳❋

➘➼P❝➴ë➚❘●⑤▼❺■✗❂✜➾❍❏▲❂✥➾❥Ú❛P✭Ý▲❋❘P❖Ý❺❂✉❋➒➾❍●⑤❂❚➚➼❇❳❋❘❂✥■✗P❳▼❺➚➒●❈❙❯❂✣❋❍❂✉❙æ❇❳➚ç■✗P❳▼☛✡✸●❱■✗➾❘●❱▼▲❨✸➷✽➽❦▼➸à➔❇❖■⑦➾❚◆❺●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚➒●❱P❳▼

➾❘P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼❝➾✔❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨➝Ý✸❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❱➚✩➾❘❋❍Þ ➾❘PÖ➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂æ➾❍❏▲❂➊❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂➊❂✉➚➒➾❍❇❳×▲❅⑤●❈➚❘❏▲Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾✔❇❳▼✸❙ ❙▲❇❹➾❍❇

➾❘❋❑❇❹▼✸➚➒à→❂✣❋✜❇❹➾✿➾❘❏▲❂✶❂✣ì⑧➾❘❂✣▼❝➾✜P❳à❃➘➼P⑧➴æ❨❖◗✸❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❍❂✣❂❊Ú➄❏▲●⑤❅❱❂✭➘➼P❝➴➺❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✔Ý✸❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❱➚✯●❱❨❳▼▲P❖❋❘❂

➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ✩●❱➚❍➚➒◗✸❂✉➚➄➚❘●⑤▼✸■✣❂ç➾❘❏▲❂✉Þ✭❇❹❋❍❂ç❋❘❂❚➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂ç❇❳▼✸❙✩➾❘●❱Ü❊❂✜■✣P❳▼✸➚❘◗▲Ü❸●❱▼▲❨✸➷

Ù✖P✔❏✸❇❣ß❳❂❸❇✔■✗P❳Ü❸Ý▲❅❱❂✗➾❍❂❸ß❝●❈➚❘●⑤P❖▼æP❹à❛➾❘❏▲❂❸❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✔Ý✸❋❘P❖×▲❅⑤❂✉Ü❾◆☞➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þë❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❘❂✉Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❍➚

❇❹▼✸❙↕➘➼P❝➴æÝ▲❋❍P➆ß❝●❈➚❘●⑤P❖▼➺➚❘❏▲P❳◗▲❅❈❙➺×❺❂✶➚❘◗▲Ý▲Ý✽P❳❋❘➾❘❂❚❙æ×⑧Þë➾❍❏▲❂✶➚❘❇❳Ü❸❂❸➚❍■❑❏▲❂✉Ü❊❂❖➷ þ ◗▲❋✿Ü✡❇❹●❱▼➺P❖×❯➶

☞ ❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤ß❖❂➼●❈➚➅➾❘P❸❙❯❂✉➚❘●⑤❨❖▼✩❇❹▼✭●⑤▼❝➾❍❋❘◗✸➚❘●❱P❳▼✡➾❍P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❛❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✍Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅✸à→P❳❋✤❇❳❙⑧➶➛❏▲P❯■❃▼▲❂✣➾❥Ú❛P❖❋❘Û❯➚

Ú➄❏▲●⑤❅❱❂✜❨❖◗✸❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❘❂✉❂✣●❱▼▲❨✩➘➼P❝➴✭❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❘❂✉Ü❊❂✉▼❝➾❍➚✉➷

þ

◗▲❋➼❇❳Ý▲Ý▲❋❍P❖❇❖■❑❏✭●❈➚➄➾❍P✩➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂✯➾❘❏✸❂✍❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨

Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅☞Ý▲❏✸❇❳➚❘❂✉➚✤Ú➄❏✸●⑤❅❱❂✿❨❳◗✸❇❳❋❍❇❳▼❝➾❘❂✣❂✉●⑤▼✸❨✜➾❘❏✸❂✜❙❯❂✣❅❈❇❣Þ✩❇❹▼❺❙✩×✸❇❳▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❘❏❾❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❘❂❚❙✩×⑧Þ✡➾❍❏▲❂

❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨✜▼▲P❯❙❯❂❖➷❖Ù✤❏▲❂➼●⑤▼❝➾❘❂✉❋❘Ü❸❂❚❙❯●❱❇❹➾❘❂❃Ü❸P❖×▲●⑤❅❱❂Ò▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✉➚➑Ú➄●❱❅❱❅✽■✣P❝P❖Ý❺❂✉❋❍❇❹➾❘❂✤➾❍P✜➾❘❏✸❂Ò❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨

Ý▲❋❘P❯■✣❂✉➚❍➚✣ý▲×✸◗❯➾Ò➾❍❏▲❂✣Þ✔Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅✒×❺❂✜Ý✽❂✣❋❍Ü✡❇❹▼▲❂✉▼❝➾❘❅❱Þ✔➚❘◗▲Ý✽❂✣❋❍ß❝●❈➚❘❂✉❙✔●⑤▼æP❳❋❑❙❯❂✣❋➄➾❍P✩❙❯❂✣➾❘❂✉■✗➾❃➾❘❏✸❂✍Ü❸●❱➚➒➶

×❺❂✉❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤▼▲❨❺➷✍✌➊❂✶Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅❛❇❳❅❱➚❘Pë◗✸➚❘❂❸➾❘❏▲❂✭■✗P❳▼❺■✗❂✣Ý▲➾✍P❹à❃Ù✏❋❘◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙✚Ù✤●⑤Ü❸❂✣❅❱Þ➙â❛P❳Ü❸Ý▲◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨➺❲✱❇❖➚➒❂

é✏✎✑✎✓✒✍✔

ê✤❙❯❂✗è❺▼▲❂✉❙✩●⑤▼➊ñ✕❹ô✖❇❹▼✸❙✩❂✣▼▲❏✸❇❳▼✸■✗❂➼●①➾✤à→P❖❋❛▼▲❂✉❂✉❙✭P❹à✮➘➼P⑧➴❸Ý▲❋❍P➆ß⑧●❱➚❘●⑤P❖▼✩❇❹▼❺❙✶➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●⑤➾❥Þ❳➷

þ ◗▲❋✡■✗P❳▼❝➾❍❋❘●❱×▲◗❯➾❍●⑤P❖▼➙●⑤▼➻➾❘❏✸●❱➚❸Ý✸❇❳Ý❺❂✉❋❸●❱➚✥à→P❳◗✸❋➒➶❆à→P❳❅❈❙ÿ➷➱ü✒●⑤❋❑➚❥➾❚◆✮Ú❛❂✔❏✸❇❣ß❳❂✭Ý▲❋❍P❳Ý✽P❖➚❘❂✉❙➝❇➺▼▲❂✉Ú

❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨✿Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅▲■✉❇❹❅❱❅⑤❂❚❙✗✖✆✘✠✙✍✚✜✛✾➾❘❏✸❇❹➾➅Ý▲❋❍P➆ß⑧●❱❙❯❂❚➚✮❇❳■✣■✣◗▲❋❑❇➆➾❘❂Ò➘➼P⑧➴✍Ú➄❏✸●⑤❅❱❂❃❋❍❂✉➚❘●❱➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨ç➾❘P

Ü❸❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗❺➚➼❇❹➾➒➾❍❇❖■❑Û❯➚✣➷☞➴⑧❂✉■✣P❳▼✸❙ÿ◆☞Ú✱❂✍❏✸❇❣ß❖❂✜❂✣▼✸❏✸❇❹▼✸■✣❂✉❙➸➾❘❏▲❂ ✎✑✎✢✒✣✔

➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●⑤➾❥Þ❾➚❘❂✣❋❍ß⑧●❱■✣❂✉➚➼➚➒P

➾❘❏✸❇❹➾✜Ú❛P❖❋❘Ü❸❏▲P❖❅⑤❂❸❇➆➾❘➾❍❇❳■❑Û❯➚✿❇❳▼✸❙➺❙▲❂✣▼▲●❈❇❹❅➑P❳à✤➚❘❂✣❋❍ß⑧●❱■✣❂✥●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼✸➚✿❇❹❋❍❂❊➾❘P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇➆➾❍❂✉❙ÿ➷ãÙ✤❏✸●⑤❋❑❙ÿ◆

Ú❛❂✤❏✸❇❣ß❖❂➑➾❍❇❳Û❳❂✉▼❊❇❖❙❯ß➆❇❹▼❝➾❍❇❳❨❳❂➅P❳à✸➾❍❏▲❂ ✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

❋❍❂✣❅❱●❱❇❳×▲❅❱❂➅➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂➄➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂❚➚✏●❱▼❊P❳❋❑❙❯❂✣❋✒➾❘P✿➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❘❂

➾❘❏▲❂✤❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱Ü✡❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼✍P❹à❺➾❘❏▲❂✱➾❍❋❍❇❳▼✸➚➒Ü❸●❈➚❘➚❘●❱P❳▼✍❙❯❂✉❅❱❇❣Þ❯➚✉➷➆❲❛❂❚➚➒●❈❙❯❂❚➚✣◆❣Ú✱❂❛❏✸❇❣ß❖❂➅◗✸➚❘❂✉❙✍➾❘❏✸❂✱❂❚➚❥➾❍●⑤Ü✡❇❹➾❘❂✉❙

❙❯❂✣❅❈❇❣Þ❯➚✮➾❘P✜ß❖❂✣❋❍●①à→Þ✍➾❘❏▲❂ç❇❳■✉■✗◗▲❋❑❇❳■✣Þ✜P❹à☞➾❘❏✸❂Ò×✸❇❳▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❘❏✡ß➆❇❹❅❱◗▲❂❃Ý✸❋❘❂✣➾❘❂✣▼❺❙❯❂✉❙❸×⑧Þ❊Ý❺P❳➾❘❂✣▼❝➾❍●❱❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ

Ü❸❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗❺➚✍Ü❸P❳×✸●⑤❅❱❂✩▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✣➷✮ü✒●⑤▼❺❇❹❅❱❅⑤Þ❖◆✒Ú✱❂✩❏❺❇❣ß❳❂✶Ý▲❋❍P❳Ý✽P❖➚❘❂✉❙↕❇æ❋❘❂❚➚❘■✣◗▲❂✩Ý✸❋❘P❯■✗❂❚❙❯◗▲❋❍❂✡➾❘❏❺❇➆➾

➚❘❇❣ß❖❂✉➚✿➾❍❏▲❂✔❋❘❂❚➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂✉➚✜❇❳▼✸❙➙❇❖■✣■✗❂✉❅⑤❂✉❋❍❇❹➾❘❂❚➚✿➾❘❏✸❂✭❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍❂✩Ü✡❇❹●❱▼❝➾❘❂✉▼✸❇❹▼✸■✣❂✩●❱▼➻■✉❇❳➚❘❂✶P❹àÒ▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✉➚

Ü❊P❖×▲●❱❅⑤●⑤➾❥Þ❳➷

Ù✤❏▲❂➑❋❍❂✣Ü✡❇❹●❱▼✸❙❯❂✉❋✖P❹à⑧➾❍❏▲●❱➚✏Ý✸❇❳Ý❺❂✉❋✖●❈➚✖P❖❋❘❨❝❇❹▼▲●✦✥✣❂❚❙ç❇❖➚ÿà→P❖❅⑤❅❱P➆Ú❃➚✣➷❚➴⑧❂✉■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼✶ó❖➷÷➄➚❘◗▲Ü❸Ü✡❇❹❋❍●✧✥✉❂✉➚

➾❘❏▲❂✜❋❍❂✣❅❈❇➆➾❍❂✉❙✔Ú✱P❳❋❍Û✶●⑤▼❾➾❍❏▲❂✍➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❘❂✿❋❍P❳◗▲➾❘●❱▼▲❨✶❇❹▼✸❙✔➾❍❏▲❂❊➘➼P⑧➴✩❋❍P❳◗▲➾❘●❱▼▲❨❸à→P❳❋ÒÕæ➪Ò❁❃Ø❛Ù✏➚✉➷✸➽❦▼

➴⑧❂✉■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼➝ó❖➷ù✸◆❺Ú✱❂❸❙❯❂✉➚❍■✗❋❍●⑤×✽❂❊P❳◗▲❋çÝ▲❋❍P❳Ý✽P❖➚❘❂✉❙ëÝ▲❋❍P❹➾❍P❯■✗P❳❅❆◆☞❇❹▼✸❙æ●⑤▼✚➴⑧❂✉■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼➝ó❖➷✕✭Ú❛❂❸❙❯❂✣➾❍❇❹●❱❅

●①➾❑➚✜❙❯❂✉➚❘●❱❨❳▼ã➷✏➴❯❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼ ó❳➷✩★✭❙▲❂✣ß❳❂✉❅⑤P❖Ý✸➚ç➾❘❏✸❂✶Ý▲❋❍P❳Ý✽P❖➚❘❂✉❙➊➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂❸❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱Ü❸❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✚P❹à✱➾❘❏✸❂✩❙❯❂✣❅❈❇❣Þ

❇❹▼✸❙✭×✸❇❹▼❺❙❯Ú➄●❱❙❯➾❘❏ã➷▲ü✒●❱▼✸❇❹❅❱❅⑤Þ❖◆❯Ú❛❂✯❙❯●❈➚❘■✣◗✸➚❍➚✤●⑤▼ë➴⑧❂✉■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼➺ó❳➷✪✜➾❍❏▲❂✜➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●⑤➾❥Þ✥à→❂❚❇➆➾❍◗▲❋❘❂❚➚✤P❹à✖P❖◗▲❋

Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅ÿ❇❹▼✸❙✔Ú✱❂✯➚❘❏▲P➆Ú ❏▲P➆Ú ●⑤➾❃●❱➚➄❙▲❂✉➚❘●⑤❨❖▼▲❂✉❙✩➾❘P❸➾❍P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇➆➾❘❂✯➚❘❂✣❋❍●⑤P❖◗✸➚✤❇➆➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û❯➚✉➷

➬➱➮✬✫✮✭✰✯✲✱✴✳✒❮✵✯✖Ð✷✶ Ï➑❰☛✸

ÕëP❖➚➒➾➅P❹àÿ➾❍❏▲❂Ò❋❍❂✉➚❘❂✉❇❳❋❍■❑❏✸❂✉➚✮●❱▼✡➾❘❏▲❂ç❇❳❙⑧➶➛❏▲P❯■❃■✣P❳Ü❸Ü✍◗▲▼✸●❱■✉❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼❸è❺❂✣❅❈❙✡❏✸❇❣ß❳❂➼❇❳❙▲❙❯❋❍❂✉➚❍➚❘❂✉❙❸➚➒❂✉Ý❯➶

❇❹❋❑❇➆➾❘❂✉❅⑤Þ✜➾❘❏▲❂➄❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✜➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ✥❇❹▼✸❙✥➾❘❏✸❂➄❂✣▼✸❙⑧➶❆➾❘P❳➶❆❂✉▼✸❙✶➘➼P❝➴✍Ý▲❋❍P➆ß❝●❈➚❘●⑤P❖▼ã➷❣➽❦▼❸➾❘❏▲●❈➚➑➚❘❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼ã◆

Ú❛❂✶■✣P❳▼✸➚❘●❱❙▲❂✣❋✜➚❘P❳Ü❸❂❸❂✗ì❯●❱➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨❾Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅❈➚✿❇❹▼✸❙✚❙❯●❈➚❍■✗◗✸➚❍➚✿➚➒P❖Ü❸❂✡P❹à✱➾❘❏▲❂✉●⑤❋✜➚❘❏▲P❳❋❘➾❍■✣P❳Ü❸●❱▼▲❨❖➚

●⑤▼❾P❳❋❑❙❯❂✉❋❛➾❍P✡Ý✸❇❹❅❱❅❱●❱❇❹➾❘❂ç➾❘❏▲❂✉Ü Ú➄❏▲●❱❅❱❂✯❙▲❂✉➚❘●⑤❨❖▼▲●⑤▼✸❨❊P❖◗▲❋❃➚❍■❑❏▲❂✣Ü❸❂❳➷

✹✻✺✽✼✾✺✬✹❀✿✣❁❃❂❅❄✲❆❇❁❈❆❇❉❊❄✲❋❍●❏■▲❑

(3)

●⑤❅❈❇❹❋Ò➾❘P✶➾❍❏▲P❖➚❘❂✿à➔❇❖■✗❂✉❙➸×❝Þ❾Ú➄●❱❋❘❂❚❙❾▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û❯➚✣➷❺➪òÜ✡❇❹❅❱●❱■✣●⑤P❖◗✸➚❃Ü❸P❖×▲●⑤❅❱❂✍▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✍Ü✡❇❣Þ✔■✉❇❹◗✸➚❘❂✍❇

❙❯❂✣▼▲●❈❇❹❅➅P❹à➄➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂❊P❳❋✍❇❹➾➒➾❘❂✉Ü❸Ý✚❇✔Ú✱P❳❋❍Ü❸❏▲P❳❅❱❂✡❇➆➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û➙ñ❱ó✏★❣ô❆➷ã➽➛➾✍❇❳❅❱➚❘Pë■✣❇❳▼➊●❱Ü❸Ý❺❂✉❋❍➚❘P❳▼❺❇➆➾❘❂

P❹➾❘❏✸❂✣❋✤▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✉◆▲➚❘Ý▲❋❘❂❚❇❳❙❸à➔❇❳❅❱➚❘❂✯❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨❊●⑤▼▲à→P❳❋❍Ü❸❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼ã◆⑧P❖❋✤❙▲❋❘P❖Ý✭❇❹❅❱❅✽➾❘❏▲❂✯Ý✸❇❖■❑Û❳❂✣➾❍➚✱Ý✸❇❳➚❍➚❘●⑤▼▲❨

➾❘❏▲❋❍P❳◗▲❨❖❏➺●⑤➾✉➷✏Ù✤❏▲❂❸❂✗ì❯●❱➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨ë➚❘❂✉■✗◗✸❋❘❂❸Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅❈➚✯❇❹❋❍❂✥❂✉●①➾❍❏▲❂✣❋✍❇❳▼➺❂✣ì⑧➾❘❂✣▼❺➚➒●❱P❳▼➊P❹à✱❂✗ì❯●❱➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨

Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❱➚✤➚❘◗✸■❑❏ë❇❳➚çõ▲í✥î➱ïëð❐ñ✪➆ô➛◆✸❇❸➚➒❂✣➾❃P❹à✮Ü❸❂✉■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲●❱➚❘Ü✡➚✱➾❘❏✸❇❹➾Ò■✣❇❳▼✭×✽❂✜❙❯❂✗è❺▼▲❂✉❙✔◗▲Ý✽P❳▼

❇❹▼⑧Þ✜❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼▲❨✯Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P❯■✗P❳❅▲➚❘◗✸■❑❏❸❇❳➚✱õ❯ö✆❙ ñ❯❚❚ô➛◆❹P❳❋➑❇❳▼✥●❱▼✸❙❯❂✉Ý❺❂✉▼✸❙❯❂✉▼❖➾❛▼▲❂✣ÚÖ❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨✯Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅

➾❘❏✸❇❹➾Ò❇❳❙▲❙❯❋❍❂✉➚❍➚❘❂✉➚✤➚➒P❖Ü❸❂✯➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ✡●❈➚❘➚❘◗▲❂❚➚✤❅⑤●❱Û❳❂❾î➑ï✿õ

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Ù✤❏▲❂ë➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂✭ß❖❂✣❋❑➚➒●❱P❳▼➝P❹à✍í✥î➱ïëð

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õ▲í✥î➑ï❾ð➼ê❸■✗P❖Ü❸Ý▲◗❯➾❘❂❚➚❸❙❯●⑤❨❖●①➾❑❇❹❅❃➚❘●⑤❨❖▼✸❇➆➾❍◗▲❋❍❂✉➚✥➾❘P

❇❹◗❯➾❍❏▲❂✣▼❝➾❘●❈■✣❇❹➾❘❂✱➾❘❏✸❂❃▼▲P❳▼▲➶❆Ü✥◗❯➾❍❇❳×▲❅⑤❂✱è✸❂✉❅❱❙✸➚✮P❹à✽➾❘❏▲❂❃➚❘●⑤❨❖▼✸❇❹❅❱●❱▼▲❨✯Ü❊❂❚➚❘➚❍❇❹❨❖❂✉➚✉➷➆ü▲◗▲❋❘➾❘❏▲❂✉❋❘Ü❸P❖❋❘❂❖◆❚●⑤➾

■✗P❳Ü❸Ý▲◗▲➾❘❂✉➚❛❏✸❇❖➚➒❏✔■❑❏✸❇❹●❱▼✸➚➱➾❍P❊➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍❂➄➾❘❏▲❂çß➆❇❹❋❍Þ⑧●⑤▼▲❨✥ß➆❇❹❅❱◗▲❂✉➚✉➷❝Ù✤❏✸❂➼❋❍❂✉➚❘◗▲❅⑤➾❘●❱▼▲❨✜●❱▼❯à→P❳❋❍Ü✡❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼

●❱➚❊➾❍❋❍❇❳▼✸➚➒Ü❸●⑤➾➒➾❍❂✉❙➻Ú➄●①➾❍❏Ö❇❳▼ í✥î➑ï❾ð★Ü❸❂✉➚❍➚❘❇❳❨❳❂✭❇❖➚✡❇❹▼➻❂✗ì⑧➾❘❂✉▼✸➚➒●❱P❳▼➻➾❘❏❺❇➆➾✡●❱➚❸❋❍❂✗à→❂✉❋❘❋❍❂✉❙➙➾❘P

❇❳➚✡õ❊❲❨❳❬❩✠❭❫❪❵❴✵❛❝❜❡❞❣❢❤❪✐❜❥❩☛❦❧❲❏♠❫❩✒➷❛õ❯í✥î➑ï❾ð✄●❈➚✍➚➒➾❘●❱❅⑤❅✱❇ëÚ❛P❖❋❘Û➺●⑤▼➝Ý▲❋❘P❖❨❳❋❍❂✉➚❍➚✣◆ÿ●⑤➾❍➚✥❇❹◗❯➾❍❏▲P❳❋❑➚✍❇❳❋❘❂

■✗◗▲❋❍❋❘❂✉▼❝➾❘❅❱Þ✩➾❍❋❘Þ⑧●❱▼▲❨✡➾❘P✭❋❘❂❚❙❯◗✸■✣❂✿➾❘❏▲❂❊Ý▲❋❍P❯■✗❂✉➚❍➚❘●⑤▼▲❨✡Ý✽P➆Ú✱❂✣❋Ò❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❍➚➼❙❯◗▲❂✍➾❘P✶➾❍❏▲❂✍◗❺➚➒❂

P❹à➱❇❳➚❘Þ❝Ü❸Ü❸❂✗➾❍❋❘●❈■ç■✗❋❍Þ❝Ý▲➾❘P❳❨❖❋❍❇❳Ý▲❏⑧Þ❾ñ✪❹ô❆➷

➪ ❙❯●⑤ú✽❂✉❋❘❂✉▼❝➾✱❇❹Ý✸Ý▲❋❘P❝❇❳■❑❏❊❏✸❇❳➚❛×✽❂✣❂✣▼✩Ý▲❋❘P❖Ý❺P❝➚➒❂❚❙❸×⑧Þ✍➾❍❏▲❂✜õ❯ö✆❙ Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❺❇❳▼✸❙✶■✗P❖▼✸➚❘●❱➚➒➾❍➚

●⑤▼✭Ü❊●⑤➾❘●❱❨❖❇❹➾❘●❱▼▲❨✥➾❘❏▲❂✯❇➆➾❘➾❍❇❳■❑Û❯➚❛P❹à✖Ü✡❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗✸➚❛▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✱❇❳▼✸❙✡❨❖◗✸❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❘❂✉❂✣●❱▼▲❨✿➾❍❏▲❂ç❇❖■✣ä❝◗▲●❈➚➒●⑤➾❘●❱P❳▼

P❹à➱■✗P❳❋❍❋❍❂✉■⑦➾✤➾❍P❳Ý✽P❳❅❱P❳❨❳●❈■✣❇❳❅☞●⑤▼❯à→P❖❋❘Ü✡❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼➊ñ✩❚❣ô✖Ú➄❏▲●❱❅⑤❂✜●❱▼❝➾❘❂✉❨❳❋❑❇➆➾❘●❱▼▲❨❊Ü❸❂✉■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲●❱➚❘Ü✡➚✱➾❘❏✸❇❹➾ÒÝ▲❋❍P❹➶

➾❘❂✉■✗➾❛➾❍❏▲❂ç▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û❊à→◗▲▼✸■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼✸➚✤❇❹❨❝❇❹●❱▼✸➚❥➾✱❇➆➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û❯➚❛❂✗ì❯Ý▲❅❱P❳●⑤➾❘●❱▼▲❨✶õ❯ö✆❙ ●①➾❑➚➒❂✉❅①à❥➷❯Ù✤❏▲❂✯❇❹◗▲➾❘❏▲P❖❋❍➚

❇❳➚❍➚➒◗▲Ü❸❂❚❙✜➾❍❏▲❂➄❂✗ì❯●❈➚❥➾❍❂✣▼✸■✣❂➄P❹à✽❇❊õ✾❜♦♥♣❴✵❛❧❲✽❪❵q➼ír❦♦❦❥♠❍♥❥❲❏❭❫❪❵❲❏♠❫❩✭×❺❂✣➾❥Ú❛❂✉❂✣▼❊➾❘❏✸❂❃➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂✱❇❳▼✸❙❸❙❯❂✉➚➒➾❘●⑤➶

▼✸❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼ã➷❹ÕëP❳❋❍❂✣P➆ß❖❂✣❋❚◆✉Ü✡❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗✸➚✒▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚➑❇❹❋❍❂✤❇❳➚❍➚➒◗▲Ü❸❂❚❙✜➾❍Pç❂✣ì❯❏▲●⑤×✸●①➾➅❇❳❋❘×▲●⑤➾❘❋❑❇❹❋❍Þ✿❲✱Þs✥❚❇❹▼❝➾❘●❱▼▲❂

×❺❂✉❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤P❖❋✉➷✏õ⑧ö✆❙ ●❱➚✯❇❹×✸❅⑤❂✥➾❘P❾P❳Ý✽❂✣❋❑❇➆➾❍❂✍Ú➄●⑤➾❘❏▲P❖◗❯➾✯➾❘❏▲❂❸❂✣ì⑧●❈➚➒➾❘❂✣▼❺■✗❂❊P❹à✱❇❳▼æP❖▼❯➶❆❅❱●❱▼▲❂❊■✣❂✣❋❘➾❘●⑤è▲➶

■✣❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼æ❇❹◗▲➾❘❏▲P❖❋❘●⑤➾❥Þ➺ñ❯❚✉ô➛➷✽ûÒP➆Ú❛❂✉ß❳❂✉❋✉◆ÿõ❯ö✆❙ ❙❯P⑧❂✉➚Ò▼▲P❹➾ç❨❳◗✸❇❳❋❍❇❳▼❝➾❘❂✣❂✜➾❘❏▲❂❊❇❹◗❯➾❍❏▲❂✣▼❝➾❘●❈■✗●⑤➾❥Þë❇❹▼✸❙

●⑤▼❝➾❘❂✉❨❳❋❍●①➾❥Þ✡P❳àã➾❘❏✸❂çß⑧●⑤➾❍❇❳❅ÿ❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂ç❂✣❋❍❋❘P❖❋❛Ü❸❂❚➚❘➚❍❇❹❨❖❂✉➚✉ý❳➾❍❏❝◗❺➚❛❂✉▼✸❇❹×✸❅⑤●❱▼▲❨✡❇❹▼✔❇➆➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û❖❂✣❋❛➾❘P❊❏✸❇❹❋❍Ü

➾❘❏▲❂✿❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍❂✯●①➾❃×✽❂✣❅❱P❳▼▲❨❝➚✱➾❘P❺➷

Ù✖P✥❋❘❂❚➚➒●❈➚❥➾✱➾❘P❊×⑧Þ❃✥✉❇❹▼❝➾❍●⑤▼▲❂➼à➔❇❹●❱❅❱◗▲❋❘❂❚➚❛■✉❇❹◗✸➚❘❂✉❙✩×⑧Þ✡●⑤▼✸❙▲●⑤ß⑧●❈❙❯◗✸❇❹❅☞P❖❋✱■✣P❳❅❱❅⑤◗✸❙▲●⑤▼▲❨❊▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚➼ñ❱❣ô➛◆

î➱ï✜õ

ö❐➾❘❋❍◗✸➚➒➾❍➚çP❳▼✸❅⑤Þ❾➾❍❏▲❂✡➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂❊❇❳▼✸❙ë➾❍❏▲❂✡❙❯❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱▼✸❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼æ▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✉➚✿❇❹▼❺❙æ❇❹◗▲➾❘❏▲❂✉▼❖➾❍●❱■✉❇➆➾❍❂✉➚

❇❹▼⑧Þë●⑤▼❝➾❍❂✣❋❍Ü❊❂❚❙❯●❈❇➆➾❘❂❸Ü❸P❳×✸●⑤❅❱❂❸▼▲P❯❙❯❂ é✉t✇✈

ê⑦◆ÿÚ➄❏✸●⑤❅❱❂❸●①➾✜❂✣ì⑧Ý✽❂✉■✗➾❍➚ç➾❍❏▲❂ t①✈

❦✥➾❍P❾❂✗ì❯❏▲●❱×▲●①➾✜❇

×❝Þ❃✥❚❇❹▼❝➾❘●❱▼▲❂✜×✽❂✣❏✸❇❣ß⑧●❱P❳❋ç❇❹❅❱P❳▼▲❂✜P❖❋Ò●❱▼æ■✗P❖❅⑤❅❱◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼➸Ú➄●⑤➾❘❏➸P❳➾❘❏▲❂✉❋Ò▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✣➷❊②➑❋❍P❹➾❘P❯■✣P❳❅Òî➑ï✜õ

ö

Ý▲❋❘P❖Ý❺P❝➚➒❂❚➚✤❇❹▼❾●⑤▼❝➾❍❂✣❋❍❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨❸Ý▲❋❘P❯■✣❂✉❙❯◗▲❋❍❂çP❹à➱❙❯❂✗➾❍❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤▼✸❨❸à➔❇❹◗▲❅⑤➾❥Þ✶❅❱●⑤▼▲Û❯➚➄Ú➄❏✸●❱■❑❏ë❇❹❋❍❂✯❇❣ß❳P❳●❈❙❯❂❚❙

●⑤▼✔➾❘❏✸❂✜Ý▲❋❍P⑧■✣❂✉➚❍➚✤P❹à✒❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂✜❙❯●❈➚❍■✗P➆ß❳❂✉❋❘Þ❖➷⑧➽➛➾❃●❱➚➄Ü✡❇❖❙❯❂✿◗▲Ý❾P❹à✒➾❘❏▲❋❍❂✣❂✜➚❘◗✸■✉■✗❂✉➚❍➚❘●⑤ß❖❂çÝ✸❏✸❇❳➚❘❂✉➚❍③ÿó❚ê

➾❘❏▲❂✤ö✆♠❫❴✵❪✉❜➱ï❖❲④❦♣♥♦♠❬⑤❇❜❥❛❧q✸ý❳÷❖ê✽➾❘❏▲❂ ✔ q❍⑥❍❭❬❩⑦❪❵❲✽❩❊❜✓⑧✲❭❫❴✵⑨❨❪✸ï⑩❜❥❪✐❜♦♥❥❪✬❲❏♠❬❩☛❶❳❇❳▼✸❙✜ù❖êÿ➾❘❏▲❂✞❷❸❲✽❩✵❹❻❺❼❜❥❲❨❳✏❽✵❪

t ❭❬❩❊❭❍❳❤❜❥❾❡❜❥❩⑦❪❛❇❹▼✸❙✡❂✉Ü❸Ý▲❅⑤P➆Þ❯➚➅P❳▼❯➶❦❙❯❂✣Ü✡❇❳▼✸❙✡➚➒❏❺❇❹❋❍❂✉❙❸Û❳❂✉Þ❯➚➱➾❘P❊➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂Ò■✣P❳Ü❸Ü✍◗▲▼✸●❱■✉❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼❺➚✣➷

➽❦▼✍➾❍❏▲●❱➚➑Ý✸❇❹Ý✽❂✣❋➱Ú✱❂❛Ý✸❋❘P❖Ý❺P❝➚➒❂➄❇❹▼❊●❱▼❖➾❍❋❘◗❺➚➒●❱P❳▼✍➾❘P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼❝➾✮❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨✯Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅❝➾❘❏❺❇➆➾➑❋❍❂✉➚❘●❱➚➒➾❍➚

➾❘Pë■✗P❖Ü❊Ü❸P❖▼➊❇❳▼✸❙✚➚➒❂✉❋❘●❱P❳◗✸➚✯❇❹➾➒➾❍❇❖■❑Û❯➚➼Ú➄❏✸●⑤❅❱❂✶➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂✣❅❱Þ➸❂❚➚❥➾❍●⑤Ü✡❇➆➾❍●⑤▼✸❨❾❇❳▼✸❙➺Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯●❱▼▲❨✩➾❍❏▲❂

❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸●⑤❋❍❂✉❙ë➘➼P❝➴☞➷

✹✻✺✽✼✾✺✽✼➀❿①❉✠✿➂➁✇❉❊❄✲❋❍●❏■▲❑

✌ ●⑤❋❍❂✣❅❱❂✉➚❍➚➄❇❳❙⑧➶➛❏▲P❯■➼▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û❯➚❛❏❺❇❣ß❳❂✿❇✥à➔❇❳➚➒➾➒➶❦■❑❏✸❇❹▼▲❨❖●⑤▼✸❨✜➾❘P❖Ý❺P❖❅⑤P❖❨❳Þ✡Ú➄❏▲●❈■❑❏❾●⑤▼☛✡✸◗▲❂✣▼❺■✗❂✉➚✱➾❍❏▲❂

❅⑤P❝❇❳❙✍■✣P❳▼✸❙▲●①➾❍●⑤P❖▼✸➚➱❇❹▼✸❙✜➾❘❏▲❂❃■✣P❳▼▲▼✸❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤ß⑧●⑤➾❥Þ✿P❹à❺➾❘❏▲❂✤▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✣➷❹Ù✤❏▲●❈➚➱❙❯Þ⑧▼✸❇❳Ü❊●❈■❛▼✸❇➆➾❍◗▲❋❘❂✤Ü✡❇❹Û❖❂✉➚

●①➾❾❙❯●①å✶■✣◗▲❅①➾✔➾❘PÖ❇❳❙▲❇❳Ý❯➾✩▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✶➾❍P➻■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲❨❳●❱▼▲❨➙■✣P❳▼✸❙❯●⑤➾❘●❱P❳▼❺➚✩❇❹▼❺❙ Ü❸P❳▼▲●⑤➾❘P❖❋✭■✗P❖▼▲▼▲❂❚■⑦➾❘●❱P❳▼

➚❥➾❑❇➆➾❘❂❚➚✥❇❳▼✸❙↕❋❍❂✉➚❘❂✣❋❍ß➆❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼❺➚✣➷✖ü✸P❳❋❸❇❹❅❱❅➅➾❍❏▲❂✉➚❘❂✩❋❍❂✉❇❖➚➒P❖▼✸➚✉◆✖➚➒◗✸Ý▲Ý❺P❖❋➒➾❍●⑤▼✸❨æ❋❍❂✉❇❹❅⑤➶❆➾❘●❱Ü❊❂✭❇❹▼✸❙➙❇❖❙⑧➶

ß❣❇❳▼✸■✗❂❚❙ë❇❹Ý▲Ý✸❅⑤●❈■✣❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✸➚ÒÚ➄●①➾❍❏æ■✗P❖▼✸➚❥➾❍❋❍❇❳●⑤▼✸●⑤▼▲❨✩➘➼P⑧➴✔❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸●⑤❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❑➚➄●⑤▼➺Õ➸➪Ò❁ÒØ➅Ù✏➚➼●❈➚Ò■✗P❖▼❯➶

➚➒●❈❙❯❂✣❋❍❂✉❙æ❇❳➚Ò❇✭■❑❏✸❇❹❅❱❅❱❂✣▼▲❨❖●⑤▼▲❨✩●❱➚❍➚➒◗✸❂❳➷☞ÕëP❳❋❍❂✣P➆ß❖❂✣❋❚◆▲Ü❸P❖➚➒➾➼P❹à➱➾❍❏▲❂✍❂✣ì❯●❱➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨✩Ý✸❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❱➚➼➚➒◗✸■❑❏

(4)

Ù✤❏▲❂➄❇❹◗❯➾❍❏▲P❳❋❑➚✒P❹à✸➾❍❏▲❂➄Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P⑧■✣P❳❅✸í✥î➑ï❾ðÖ❏✸❇❣ß❳❂✤➚➒Ý✽❂✉■✣●①è❺❂✉❙❊❂✗ì⑧➾❘❂✉▼✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼✸➚✒Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏❸■✣❇❳▼✥×✽❂

◗✸➚➒❂❚❙✥➾❘P✿❨❳◗❺❇❹❋❑❇❹▼❝➾❘❂✉❂✤❇✯Ü✡❇❹ì⑧●❱Ü✍◗✸Ü❐❙❯❂✉❅❱❇❣Þ✍❇❳▼✸❙❸❇✯Ü❸●⑤▼▲●❱Ü✍◗✸Ü❐×✸❇❳▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❘❏✡❇❳❅⑤P❖▼▲❨✿❇✯❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂

ñ➃❹ô✖×▲◗❯➾➄➾❍❏▲❂✣Þ✔❙❯●❱❙✔▼▲P❳➾❃Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❘❂❚■⑦➾✤➾❘❏✸❂✿❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘❂✿❇❹❨❝❇❹●❱▼✸➚➒➾➄❇❹➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û❯➚✣➷❯➽❦▼✔à➔❇❖■⑦➾✉◆❺❇✥Ü❸P❖×▲●⑤❅❱❂✿▼▲P❯❙❯❂

●⑤▼✸❙▲❂✣Ý✽❂✣▼✸❙❯❂✉▼❝➾❘❅❱Þ❸■✣P❳Ü❸Ý▲◗❯➾❍❂✉➚❛●①➾❑➚➅P➆Ú➄▼✶❙▲❂✣❅❈❇❣Þ❊❇❳▼✸❙✡❇❣ß➆❇❹●❱❅❱❇❳×▲❅⑤❂➄×❺❇❹▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❍❏ãý⑧❏▲❂✣▼✸■✣❂❃●⑤➾❛Ü✡❇❣Þ

Ü❸❇❳Û❳❂✡×✽❂✣❅❱●⑤❂✉ß❳❂✶❂✉❋❘❋❍P❳▼✸❂✣P❳◗❺➚➼ß➆❇❳❅⑤◗▲❂❚➚✜P❳à❛➾❍❏▲❂✩●❱▼❯à→P❳❋❍Ü✡❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼➊●⑤➾✥➚❘❂✣▼✸❙✸➚✿●⑤▼↕P❖❋❍❙▲❂✣❋✿➾❍P➸■✣❇❹◗❺➚➒❂

❇✔❙▲❂✣▼▲●❈❇❹❅➑P❳à✱➚❘❂✣❋❍ß⑧●❱■✣❂✥P❖❋✿❂✗ì❯❏▲●❱×▲●①➾✍❇❾➚❘❂✣❅⑤è❺➚❘❏➺×✽❂✣❏✸❇❣ß⑧●❱P❳❋❚➷ãÕëP❳❋❍❂✣P➆ß❖❂✣❋❚◆❺❇❳▼❝Þæ●⑤▼❝➾❘❂✉❋❘Ü❸❂❚❙❯●❱❇❹➾❘❂

▼▲P❯❙❯❂❃■✣❇❳▼❊ß⑧●❱P❳❅❈❇➆➾❍❂✤➾❘❏▲❂➄●❱▼❝➾❘❂✣❨❖❋❘●⑤➾❥Þ✍P❳à❺➾❍❏▲❂Ò■✣P❳▼❝➾❘❋❍P❳❅❯Ý✸❇❖■❑Û❳❂✣➾❍➚✉➷❹ü✏●❱▼✸❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ❳◆❹❂❚❇❳■❑❏❊▼▲P❯❙❯❂❃Û⑧▼▲P➆Ú❃➚

P❳▼▲❅❱Þë●①➾❑➚ç▼▲❂✣●❱❨❳❏⑧×✽P❳❋❑➚Ò➚❘P✭●⑤➾✯■✉❇❹▼➺▼▲P❹➾✯ß❳❂✉❋❘●⑤à→Þ✔➾❘❏▲❂❊×❺❂✉❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤P❖❋➼P❳à➱➾❘❏▲❂❸P❳➾❘❏▲❂✉❋➼Ü❸❂✣Ü✥×❺❂✉❋❍➚çP❳à

➾❘❏▲❂✿❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍❂✯●①➾❃×✽❂✣❅❱P❳▼▲❨❝➚✱➾❘P❺➷

Ù✖P ❇❖❙▲❙❯❋❍❂✉➚❍➚❾➾❘❏✸●❱➚æ●❱➚❍➚➒◗✸❂✉➚✉◆➼❇ Ü✡❇➆ì❯●❱Ü✍◗▲Ü ❙❯❂✉❅❱❇❣Þ ❇❹▼✸❙ø❇ Ü❸●❱▼▲●❱Ü✍◗▲Ü ×✸❇❳▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❘❏

➾❘❏▲❋❍❂✉➚❘❏▲P❳❅❈❙▲➚➄■✉❇❹▼❾×❺❂✥➚❥➾❑❇➆➾❘❂❚❙ÿý❯➾❍❏❝◗❺➚➄P❳×▲❅❱●❱❨❳●❱▼▲❨✡❇➆➾➒➾❑❇❳■❑Û❖❂✣❋❑➚➅➾❍P✡Ý▲❋❍P➆ß❝●❈❙❯❂✿❇❊Ü❸●⑤▼▲●❱Ü✍◗✸Ü✧❅❱❂✣ß❖❂✣❅

P❹à❊➘➼P❝➴ÿ➷❛ü▲◗✸❋➒➾❍❏▲❂✣❋❍Ü❸P❳❋❍❂❳◆❛❇➝■✗❋❍Þ❝Ý▲➾❘P❳❨❖❋❍❇❳Ý▲❏▲●❈■ë➚❘■❑❏✸❂✣Ü❸❂➸Ü✍◗❺➚❥➾✔×❺❂➊◗❯➾❘●❱❅❱●✧✥✉❂✉❙ ➾❍P➝Ý▲❋❍P➆ß⑧●❱❙❯❂

●⑤▼❝➾❘❂✉❨❳❋❍●①➾❥Þ❖➷✽ü✒●❱▼✸❇❹❅❱❅❱Þ❳◆ÿ❇✭➚❘P❳◗✸❋❍■✣❂✜▼▲P❯❙❯❂❊Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏➊❙❯P⑧❂✉➚ç▼▲P❳➾ç❋❍❂✉■✣❂✣●❱ß❳❂✿➾❍❏▲❂❊❙✸❇➆➾❍❇✭Ý✸❇❖■❑Û❳❂✗➾❑➚➼❇❖■⑦➶

Û❝▼✸P➆Ú➄❅⑤❂❚❙❯❨❳Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❑➚✜➚➒❏✸P❳◗▲❅❈❙↕×✽❂✭❇❹×✸❅⑤❂✩➾❘Pæ❇❖➚➒Û➊●①➾❑➚✍●❱Ü❸Ü❸❂✉❙❯●❈❇➆➾❍❂✩▼▲❂✉●⑤❨❖❏❝×✽P❳❋✍à→P❳❋✥●①➾❑➚✥➚❘●⑤❨❖▼▲❂✉❙

❙❯❂✣❅❈❇❣Þ➙ß➆❇❹❅❱◗▲❂❳◆✮➾❍❏▲❂ë▼▲❂✉●⑤❨❖❏❝×✽P❳❋✡➚❘❏▲P❳◗✸❅❱❙Ö❇❳➚❘Û↕●①➾❑➚✶➚❘◗✸■✣■✣❂✉➚❍➚➒P❖❋✍à→P❖❋❸➾❘❏▲❂➸➚❍❇❹Ü❸❂ë❙▲❇➆➾❑❇▲➷➑Ù✤❏▲●❈➚

Ý▲❋❘P❯■✣❂✉❙❯◗▲❋❍❂❸Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅➑❇❹❅❱❅❱P➆Úò➾❘❏✸❂✶➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂❊■✣P❳Ü❸Ý✸❇❳❋❘●❱▼▲❨✭➾❘❏▲❂✡Ý▲❋❍❂✗➾❍❂✣▼✸❙▲❂✉❙➙➘➼P❝➴æß➆❇❹❅❱◗▲❂✉➚ç➾❍P✭➾❍❏▲❂

➘➼P❝➴✩❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸●⑤❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❑➚❛●⑤➾❃▼▲❂✉❂✉❙▲➚❃❇❳▼✸❙✔❙❯❂✗➾❍❂✉■⑦➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✡Ü❸❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗❺➚❛▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✉➚✉➷

õ◗❺➼í

●❈➚✏❇❃➚➒➾❍❇❹➾❘❂✉❅⑤❂❚➚❘➚✖▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍ÛÒÜ❸P❯❙❯❂✣❅❝Ú➄❏▲●❈■❑❏✿◗✸➚❘❂✉➚✒❙❯●❱➚➒➾❘❋❍●❱×▲◗❯➾❘❂❚❙✿❋❑❇➆➾❘❂❛■✗P❳▼❝➾❍❋❘P❖❅❳❇❹▼✸❙

à→❂✣❂✉❙❯➶❆×✸❇❖■❑Û✔■✣P❳▼❝➾❘❋❍P❳❅✏Ü❸❂✉■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲●❱➚❘Ü✡➚❃●❱▼æP❖❋❍❙❯❂✉❋❃➾❍P✩Ý▲❋❍P➆ß⑧●❱❙❯❂✥➚➒P❳à➇➾➼❋❍❂✉❇❹❅⑤➶❆➾❘●❱Ü❊❂✥➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂✉➚➼❇❹▼✸❙

➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂✡❙❯●⑤ú✽❂✉❋❘❂✉▼❖➾❍●❱❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✚×⑧Þæ❋❍❂✣❨❖◗▲❅❱❇❹➾❘●❱▼▲❨✔➾❘❏▲❂✭❇❳❙❯Ü❸●⑤➾➒➾❘❂❚❙➊➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■❸●❱▼✚■✉❇❳➚❘❂✡P❹à✱➾❘P❖Ý❺P❖❅⑤P❖❨❳Þ

❇❹▼✸❙✥➘➼P⑧➴✿■❑❏✸❇❳▼▲❨❳❂❚➚➑ñ❱ó❍➄❣ô➛➷❳õ✤❺➼í

◗✸➚❘❂✉➚❊➆❥Ý✸❋❘P❖×▲●⑤▼✸❨❫➇➱➾❘P➼P❳×❯➾❑❇❹●❱▼✿➾❘❏▲❂✱Ü❸●⑤▼✸●⑤Ü✡❇❹❅❝×✸❇❳▼✸❙❯Ú➄●❈❙⑧➾❘❏

❇❣ß❣❇❳●⑤❅❈❇❹×✸❅⑤❂✡P❖▼➙❇ëÝ✸❇➆➾❍❏ã➷✏Ù✤❏✸❂✩❇❳❙❯Ü❸●❈➚❘➚❘●❱P❳▼➙■✗P❖▼❝➾❘❋❍P❳❅➅❙❯❂❚■✗●❈➚➒●❱P❳▼✚●❈➚✜P❖▼▲❅⑤Þ➺➾❍❇❳Û❳❂✉▼➙❇➆➾✥➚❘P❳◗▲❋❑■✗❂

▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✉➷ãÙ✖P✔❋❍❂✣❨❳◗✸❅❱❇❹➾❘❂❊❋❘❂❚❇❹❅⑤➶♦➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂❸➚➒❂❚➚❘➚❘●⑤P❖▼✸➚✉◆❺❂❚❇❳■❑❏æ▼✸P⑧❙▲❂❸■✣P❳▼❝➾❘●❱▼⑧◗▲P❳◗❺➚➒❅❱Þ

é

❇❹▼❺❙æ●❱▼✸❙❯❂✉Ý❺❂✉▼❯➶

❙❯❂✣▼❝➾❘❅❱Þ▲ê➄Ü❸❂✉❇❖➚➒◗✸❋❘❂❚➚✤➾❘❏▲❂✥◗❯➾❘●❱❅❱●✧✥❚❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼ëP❳à➑●①➾❑➚➄➾❍❋❍❇❹å✡■✍❇❹▼✸❙➸➚➒➾❍❇❳❋➒➾❑➚➄Ü✡❇❹❋❍Û⑧●⑤▼▲❨✶➾❘❏▲❂❼❞✢❢❧➈✠⑨❯❲❏♥❥❲✽❪

♠❬❩s❳s❜❧❦❧❪❵❲❏♠❫❩

♠❫❪❵❲➉◗♥♦❭❬❪✬❲❏♠❬❩➋➊❏❞ ✒✍✈✑➌

×▲●⑤➾❍➚✯●❱▼➊➾❘❏▲❂✇➍✄❙ ❏▲❂❚❇❳❙❯❂✉❋çP❳à➅➾❍❏▲❂✡❋❘❂❚❇❹❅✒➾❘●❱Ü❸❂✡Ý✸❇❳■❑Û❝➶

❂✗➾❍➚❛Ú➄❏▲❂✉▼▲❂✣ß❖❂✣❋✱●①➾✤❙❯❂✗➾❍❂✉■⑦➾❑➚✤➚➒❂✉❋❘●❱P❳◗✸➚➅ß⑧●⑤P❖❅❱❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✸➚✉➷❖Ù✤❏▲❂ç❙❯❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱▼✸❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✩Ü❸P❖▼▲●①➾❍P❳❋❑➚➱➾❍❏▲❂➎❞ ✒✾✈

×▲●①➾❑➚➄❇❹▼✸❙✩▼▲P❹➾❍●①è❺❂✉➚✱➾❘❏✸❂✯➚❘P❳◗✸❋❍■✣❂ÒÚ➄❏▲●❈■❑❏✩Ü✡❇❣Þ✡❋❍❂✗➶➛❂✉➚➒➾❍❇❹×✸❅⑤●❈➚➒❏✔❇✍▼✸❂✣Ú ❋❍❂✉❇❳❅①➶❆➾❘●❱Ü❸❂ç➚❘❂✉➚❍➚➒●❱P❳▼✭P❳❋

➾❘❂✣❋❍Ü❸●⑤▼❺❇➆➾❘❂✩➾❘❏▲❂✔Ý✽❂✣▼✸❙❯●❱▼▲❨➺P❳▼▲❂❖◆✏●⑤à❃➾❘❏✸❂ë➘➼P⑧➴➊❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸●⑤❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❑➚✥■✉❇❹▼↕▼▲P➺❅⑤P❖▼▲❨❳❂✉❋✍×✽❂✭Ü❸❂✗➾❚➷

➪Ò➚✥P❹➾❘❏✸❂✣❋✶➘➼P❝➴✚❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨➸Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❘P❯■✣P❳❅❈➚✣◆➅õ◗❺➼í

❙❯●❈❙➙▼✸P❹➾❊❇❖❙▲❙❯❋❍❂✉➚❍➚✍➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❘●⑤➾❥Þ✚●❱➚❍➚❘◗▲❂✉➚✉➷✖➽❦▼

à➔❇❳■⑦➾❚◆❖Ú➄❏✸❂✣▼✩❇✿▼✸P⑧❙▲❂ÒÚ✤❇❹▼❝➾❍➚➑➾❘P✍❙❯❂✣➾❘❂✉❋❘Ü❸●❱▼▲❂❃➾❍❏▲❂➼❙❯❂✉❅❱❇❣Þ❊P❳▼❸➾❍❏▲❂Ò❅❱●❱▼▲Û❸×❺❂✣➾❥Ú❛❂✉❂✣▼✶●⑤➾✱❇❳▼✸❙✡●⑤➾❍➚

▼▲❂✣●❱❨❳❏⑧×✽P❳❋❚◆ÿ●①➾✜Ü✡❇❣Þæ❇❖■✣■✗❂✉Ý❯➾✯à➔❇❹❅❈➚➒❂✡●❱▼❯à→P❖❋❘Ü✡❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼➊❇❳▼✸❙➺×✸❇❳■❑Û➸P❳ú➝●⑤➾❍➚✿❋❑❇➆➾❍❂❸■✉❇❹◗✸➚❘●❱▼▲❨✭×✽❂✉➚➒➾

❂✗ú☞P❳❋❘➾✶➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■ë➚➒➾❍❇❹❋❍ß➆❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼ã➷➅ÕëP❖❋❘❂✉P➆ß❳❂✣❋❚◆➱➚➒P❖Ü❸❂æ❇➆➾❘➾❍❇❳■❑Û⑧●❱▼▲❨✚▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✩Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅Ò▼✸P❹➾✭■✣P❳❋❍❋❘❂❚■⑦➾❘❅❱Þ

Ý▲❋❘P❖×❺❂❸➾❍❏▲❂✡▼▲❂✣➾❥Ú❛P❖❋❘Ûë×✽❂✗à→P❖❋❘❂✶❇❖❙❯Ü❸●①➾❘➾❘●❱▼▲❨ë▼▲❂✣Ú ❋❍❂✉❇❹❅⑤➶❆➾❘●❱Ü❊❂✡➚❘❂✉➚❍➚➒●❱P❳▼❺➚✣ý☞➾❍❏❝◗❺➚✿●⑤▼❺❙❯◗✸■✗●❱▼▲❨➸❇

❙❯❂✣▼▲●❈❇❹❅❯P❳à❺➚❘❂✣❋❍ß❝●❈■✗❂❖➷➆ü✏●❱▼✸❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ❳◆➆❇➆➾❘➾❍❇❖■❑Û❳❂✣❋❑➚✏Ü❸❇❣Þ✜■✣P❳❋❍❋❘◗✸Ý❯➾✖➾❍❏▲❂✤❂✗ì▲■❑❏✸❇❹▼✸❨❳❂✉❙✥■✗P❖▼❖➾❍❋❘P❖❅❖Ý❺❇❳■❑Û❳❂✣➾❍➚

P❳❋➄●❱Ü❊Ý✽❂✣❋❑➚❘P❳▼✸❇❹➾❘❂ç▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✉➷

➪Ò➚✖➚❘P❳Ü❸❂➱Ü✡❇❹❅❱●❈■✗●❱P❳◗✸➚ÿ▼✸P⑧❙▲❂✉➚ãÜ✡❇❣Þç❙❯❂✗➾❍❂✉■⑦➾✒❅⑤P❖▼▲❨❃❙❯❂✉❅❱❇❣Þ❯➚ÿ×▲◗▲➾✖❋❘❂✣à→◗✸➚❘❂➱➾❘P❃❋❍❂✣❨❖◗▲❅❈❇➆➾❘❂✮➾❍❏▲❂✣●❱❋

×❺❂❚➚❥➾ç❂✗ú☞P❳❋❘➾➄➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■❹◆✽❇❸Ü❊●❱▼▲●❱Ü✍◗▲Ü★➾❍❏▲❋❘❂❚➚➒❏✸P❳❅❈❙❾ß❣❇❳❅⑤◗✸❂➎➏

❲✱Ø◗➐✑➑✦➒

➚➒❏▲P❖◗▲❅❈❙❾×❺❂✍➚❘Ý✽❂✉■✗●⑤è✸❂❚❙ë➚➒P

➾❘❏✸❇❹➾✩➾❘❏✸❂➸Ú❛❂✉❅⑤❅⑤➶➛×❺❂✉❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤▼▲❨↕▼✸❂✣●❱❨❳❏⑧×❺P❖❋❍➚✩■✣❇❹▼ ×❺❇❳■❑Û➝P❳ú ➾❍❏▲❂✣●❱❋✩×✽❂✉➚➒➾✭❂✣ú✽P❖❋➒➾✩➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■❾❋❍❇❹➾❘❂

◗▲▼❝➾❘●❱❅☞➾❘❏▲❂✉Þ✶❋❘❂❚❇❳■❑❏✡➾❍❏▲❂✿➚➒Ý✽❂✉■✣●①è❺❂✉❙✩➾❘❏▲❋❍❂✉➚❘❏▲P❳❅❈❙ÿ➷❯ÕëP❖❋❘❂✉P➆ß❳❂✣❋❚◆❖❇✥×▲❅❈❇❳■❑Û❝➶➛❅⑤●❈➚❥➾➄■✗P❖▼❝➾❍❇❹●❱▼▲●❱▼▲❨✜➾❍❏▲❂

➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂❃P❹à✖■✣P❳▼▲❨❖❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱P❳▼▲❂❚❙✥➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■Ò➚❘❏▲P❳◗✸❅❱❙✡×✽❂➼❙▲❂✗è✸▼▲❂❚❙✶❇➆➾✱❂✣ß❖❂✣❋❍Þ✥●❱▼❝➾❘❂✣❋❍Ü❸❂✉❙❯●❈❇➆➾❍❂❃▼▲P❯❙❯❂ç➚➒P

➾❘❏✸❇❹➾✱❇➆➾❘➾❍❇❖■❑Û❳❂✣❋❑➚➑■✉❇❹▼✶×✽❂Ò●❈➚➒P❖❅❱❇❹➾❘❂❚❙❸à→P❳❋✱❇❣Ú➄❏▲●⑤❅❱❂❳➷❝➽❦▼✩❇❖❙▲❙❯●⑤➾❘●❱P❳▼ã◆⑧❇✜■✗❋❍Þ⑧Ý❯➾❘P❖❨❳❋❑❇❹Ý▲❏✸●❱■➄➚❍■❑❏▲❂✣Ü❸❂

➚➒❏▲P❖◗▲❅❈❙ ×❺❂➊❇❳❙❯P❖Ý❯➾❘❂❚❙ ●⑤▼ P❖❋❍❙▲❂✣❋✡➾❍P➙❨❳◗✸❇❳❋❍❇❳▼❝➾❘❂✣❂✔➾❍❏▲❂➺❇❳◗❯➾❘❏▲❂✉▼❝➾❘●❈■✗●⑤➾❥ÞÖ❇❳▼✸❙ ●⑤▼❝➾❍❂✣❨❳❋❍●⑤➾❥Þ➻P❳à

➾❘❏▲❂✜❂✣ì▲■❑❏✸❇❹▼▲❨❖❂✉❙✔■✗P❖▼❖➾❍❋❘P❖❅ã❇❹▼✸❙❾❙▲❇❹➾❍❇✸➷✸ü✒●⑤▼✸❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ❳◆❺❇❸Ü❸❇❹ì❯●⑤Ü✥◗▲Ü ➾❍❏▲❋❘❂❚➚➒❏✸P❳❅❈❙✭P❳à✮➚❘❂✉➚❍➚❘●⑤P❖▼❯➶❆❋❍❂✗➶

❂✉➚➒➾❍❇❹×✸❅⑤●❈➚➒❏✸Ü❊❂✉▼❝➾❍➚✍➚❘❏▲P❖◗▲❅❱❙➊×✽❂✭➚❘❂✗➾✥❇❹➾✍❂✉❇❖■❑❏↕➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂✶➚➒P❾➾❍❏✸❇➆➾❊Ü✡❇❹❅❱●❱■✣●⑤P❖◗✸➚✿▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚✣◆✏Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏

(5)

➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂❳➷ þ ◗▲❋❸Ú✱P❳❋❍Û✚●⑤▼➻➾❘❏▲❂✔à→P❖❅⑤❅❱P➆Ú➄●⑤▼✸❨➺●❈➚❊➾❘❏▲❂ë❙❯❂❚➚➒●❱❨❳▼➻P❹à✯❇æ❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍●⑤▼✸❨➺Ý▲❋❍P❹➾❍P❯■✗P❳❅❛➾❘❏❺❇➆➾

Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯❂✉➚➼➾❍❏▲❂✩❇➆à→P❖❋❘❂✉Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❘●❱P❳▼▲❂❚❙➸❋❍❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱❋❘❂✉Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❍➚✉◆ÿÚ➄❏▲●❱❅⑤❂✶■✣P❳▼✸➚❘●❱❙▲❂✣❋❍●⑤▼▲❨✭➾❘❏✸❂✶➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ➺❇❳➚

❇❹▼❾❇❳❙▲❙❯●⑤➾❘●❱P❳▼❺❇❹❅✏➘➼P❝➴✩Ý✸❇❳❋❍❇❳Ü❊❂✣➾❘❂✉❋❛➾❍❏✸❇➆➾Ò➚❘❏▲P❖◗▲❅❱❙✭×✽❂✿❨❳◗✸❇❳❋❍❇❳▼❖➾❍❂✣❂❚❙ÿ➷

➬➱➮✬→↔➣➙↕✆✯➜➛➙✃❤➣❡➝➞✭➠➟➼❰▲Ï➱❮❯Ï➄Ó☞Ï✓✱♣➡r✳➢➛➙Ï✑➤✧Ô➒❒❛❮❯❰✸Ñ➦➥❝Ô➒Ï➅❒ ❮⑧Ï◗✱✴✯ã❰☛✳➱❒❛❮

❰▲Ï➅Ñ➄❮▲Ô❘❒➨➧➩➟➼❰▲Ï➱❮❯Ï➄Ó☞Ï✓✱

þ ◗▲❋➄Ý▲❋❍P❳Ý✽P❖➚❍❇❹❅ÿÚ➄●❱❅⑤❅✖■✣P❳Ü✥×▲●⑤▼✸❂ç●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❘●⑤P❖▼✩➾❍P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼✸■✣❂✯❇❳▼✸❙➸➘➼P❝➴✩Ý▲❋❍P➆ß❝●❈➚❘●⑤P❖▼✩●❱▼✔P❖▼▲❂✿Ý▲❋❍P❹➶

➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅ã■✣❇❹❅❱❅❱❂✉❙➞✖✆✘✠✙✾✚❻✛ é♣➫

♠❇❦❖❭❬❩❊➓❖➍♣❩⑦❪❵❛❧❴❃❦❧❲❏♠❫❩

♠❫⑨✧❜❥❛❝❭❫❩✻❪➱í➦➓❫➭✬❽⑦♠❍♥➼ö✆♠❬❴✵❪✬❲✽❩❃❳❯ê⑦➷▲➪Ò➚❃Ü❊❂✉▼❯➶

➾❘●❱P❳▼▲❂❚❙➸❂✉❇❳❋❘❅❱●❱❂✣❋❚◆✤✖✆✘✠✙✍✚✜✛ ◗✸➚❘❂✉➚✯❇

❛❧❴❃❦❧❪✐❜♦➓

❲✽❾❡❜❥⑨❯q

♠❫❾✆➈❊❴✵❪❵❲✽❩s❳

❭❫❦♣❜ëñ✕➆ô➱Ü❸P❯❙❯●⑤è✸❂✉❙

ß❳❂✣❋❑➚❘●⑤P❖▼↕●⑤▼➙P❖❋❍❙▲❂✣❋✜➾❍P➺❙❯❂✣➾❘❂❚■⑦➾❊➾❘❏▲❂✔Ü✡❇❹❅❱●❱■✣●⑤P❖◗✸➚✜×✽❂✣❏✸❇❣ß⑧●❱P❳❋❑➚✍❇❳▼✸❙➙❇❳■✉■✗◗▲❋❑❇➆➾❍❂✣❅❱Þ➺Ü❸❂✉❂✗➾✍➾❍❏▲❂

➘➼P❝➴✩❋❘❂❚ä❖◗✸●⑤❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾❑➚✣➷

✹✻✺④➯✍✺✬✹✰➲➳➲❼➵❖➸➺❂❤❉✻■▲❂❅❁s➻▲❋

Ù✤❏▲❂ ✎✑✎✓✒✍✔

■✣❇❳▼✡×❺❂ç❙❯❂✗è❺▼▲❂✉❙✡❇❖➚➅❇✜➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❘❂Ò❋❘❂❚❇❹❅⑤➶♦➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂❃❙❯●❈➚❥➾❍❋❘●❱×▲◗❯➾❍❂✉❙✶■✣P❳Ü❸Ý✽P❳▼▲❂✉▼❖➾❛Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏

Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯❂✉➚✡❇✚➚❘❂✗➾✶P❳à➼➾❍❋❘◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙ ➚➒❂✉❋❘ß⑧●❈■✗❂✉➚❸❋❍❂✣❅❈❇➆➾❍❂✉❙➝➾❘P✚➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂➸❇❹▼❺❙Ö➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍●①➾❥Þ➝➚❘◗✸■❑❏ ❇❳➚❊➾❍❏▲❂

➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❥➾❍❂✉❙❊×▲❅❱P❯■❑Û✍❇❹❨❖❋❘❂✉❂✣Ü❸❂✣▼❝➾✉◆❚➾❍❋❘◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙❸❙❯◗▲❋❑❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼❊Ü❸❂✉❇❖➚➒◗▲❋❍❂✣Ü❸❂✉▼❖➾❚◆❹❇❹▼✸❙✥➾❍❋❘◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙✥❇❳×✸➚❘P❳❅❱◗❯➾❘❂

➾❘●❱Ü❊❂❚➚❥➾❑❇❹Ü❸Ý▲●❱▼▲❨ëñ✕➆ô❆➷❺Ù✤❏▲❂✜❇❹❋❑■❑❏▲●⑤➾❘❂✉■✗➾❘◗▲❋❍❂✯P❹à✮❇✡➚➒Þ❯➚➒➾❘❂✣Ü Ú➄●①➾❍❏➸❇ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

●❈➚❃➚➒◗✸❨❳❨❳❂❚➚❥➾❍❂✉❙✩●⑤▼

ü✏●❱❨❳◗✸❋❘❂❸ó❳➷❱ó❳➷

API / PROC

Environment

Runtime

OS

TTCB

Host n

Crash Failures

API / PROC

Environment

Runtime

OS

TTCB

Host 1

+

Asynchronous

Arbitrary

Failures

Payload Channel

Control Channel

Synchronous

+

➼✢➽✦➾ ➂❸➚⑧➂✽➚⑧➂ ◆♦❵➆❧❥❢❍❤❥❶❑♣❚❵❖❵❝❢❑❶❘❧❥❜①♣✉❵❸♣✉q✽❧❥s❝❢❸➌➱➌✮➩✽➳ ❷✿♣❹➈❖✇❖④①❢❍✐✮➐➑❜❡❧❥s❖❜❡❵✡rç⑩⑧r❑♥❳④❡♣❣r✉➈❊❵❝❢❍❧♦➐✮♣✣❤❥②

Ø➅❇❳■❑❏❊❏▲P❖➚➒➾➑●❈➚➱❇❳➚❍➚➒◗▲Ü❸❂❚❙✜➾❍P✿❏✸❇❣ß❳❂➄❇ç❅⑤P❯■✉❇❹❅❯Ü❸P❯❙❯◗▲❅❱❂❃■✣❇❹❅❱❅❱❂✉❙✥➾❘❏▲❂➎⑨✦♠❍♥♦❭❫⑨ ✎✑✎✢✒✣✔

➷❖Ù✤❏▲❂❚➚➒❂

Ü❊P❯❙❯◗✸❅⑤❂❚➚➼❇❳❋❘❂✍❇❳❅❱➚❘P✩❇❖➚❘➚❘◗▲Ü❸❂✉❙✔➾❍P✩×✽❂✍●❱▼❖➾❍❂✣❋❑■✗P❖▼▲▼▲❂✉■✗➾❘❂❚❙❾×❝Þë❇✭■✗P❳Ü❸Ý▲❅❱❂✗➾❍❂✣❅❱Þ✔➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍❂

♠❫❩⑦➭

❪✬❛❝♠❬⑨

❽⑦❭❫❩⑦❩✠❜♣⑨❊❇❹▼✸❙ à→P❳❋❍Ü Ú➄❏✸❇➆➾ë●❈➚❾■✣❇❹❅❱❅❱❂✉❙ ➾❍❏▲❂↕ï➳❲④❦❧❪❵❛❧❲❏➪♣❴✵❪✉❜♦➓

❛❧❴❃❦❧❪✉❜✄➓

♠❫❾✆➈☛♠❬❩❊❜❥❩⑦❪

é

ï

✎✢✒

ê⑦➷⑧➪ ✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

❇❖➚❘➚❘●❈➚❥➾❑➚✒➾❘❏▲❂❃❇❳Ý▲Ý▲❅❱●❱■✉❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼❺➚➱❋❘◗✸▼▲▼▲●❱▼▲❨✯×❺❂✣➾❥Ú❛❂✉❂✣▼✡Ý✸❇❳❋➒➾❍●❱■✣●⑤Ý✸❇❳▼❝➾❍➚✮●❱▼✥➾❍❏▲❂

■✗P❳▼❺■✗❂✣❋❍▼▲❂❚❙æ❏▲P❝➚❥➾❑➚✿Ú➄❏▲●❈■❑❏↕❇❹❋❍❂❊●❱▼❝➾❘❂✉❋❍■✣P❳▼▲▼▲❂❚■⑦➾❍❂✉❙➊×⑧Þ➺❇❾ß⑧◗▲❅❱▼▲❂✣❋❑❇❹×▲❅❱❂✇❙✞❭❫q❫⑨✦♠❍❭❤➓

❽⑦❭❫❩⑦❩✠❜♣⑨

à→P❳❋❍Ü❊●❱▼▲❨✡❇❊Ý✸❇❣Þ⑧❅⑤P❝❇❳❙✭➚➒Þ❯➚➒➾❘❂✣Ü✧➚➒◗▲× ☞❂✉■⑦➾➄➾❍P✡❇❹❋❍×▲●①➾❍❋❍❇❳❋❘Þ✡×⑧Þ❃✥✉❇❳▼❝➾❘●❱▼▲❂çà➔❇❹●❱❅⑤◗▲❋❍❂✉➚✉➷

Ù✤❏▲❂✮à➔❇❹●❱❅①➶❦■✗P❖▼❝➾❘❋❍P❳❅❱❅⑤❂❚❙ÒÚ➄●⑤➾❘❏✿❙❯●❈➚❥➾❍❋❘●❱×▲◗❯➾❍❂✉❙ç➾❍❋❘◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙✿■✗P❖Ü❊Ý✽P❳▼✸❂✣▼❝➾❍➚☞●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚➒●❱P❳▼▲➶♦➾❍P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼✸■✣❂

(6)

❨❳❅❱P❳×✸❇❳❅❃❇❳■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼✸➚✡■✣❇❳▼➻×✽❂❾➾❘❋❍◗✸➚➒➾❘❂❚❙Ö❙▲❂✉➚❘Ý▲●①➾❍❂➸❇➊❨❳❂✣▼✸❂✣❋❑❇❹❅❱❅⑤Þ➙Ü✡❇❳❅⑤●❈■✗●❱P❳◗✸➚✡■✣P❳Ü❸Ü✍◗✸▼▲●❱■✉❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼

ñ⑤ó❍✕➆ô❆➷☞Ù✤❏▲❂ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

❇❳❅⑤❅❱P➆Ú❃➚✤➾❍❏▲❂✍Ý✸❇❣Þ⑧❅❱P❖❇❖❙✔➚❘Þ❯➚❥➾❍❂✣Ü★➾❘P✶➾❍❇❹Û❖❂✍❇❳❙▲ß❣❇❳▼❝➾❍❇❹❨❖❂✿P❹à➱●⑤➾❍➚➼Ý❺P❝➚❘➚❘●⑤×✸❅⑤❂

➚➒Þ⑧▼✸■❑❏▲❋❍P❳▼✸●❱➚❘Ü✾×⑧Þ✡❇❳➚❍➚➒●❈➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨✯➾❘❏▲❂ç❇❹Ý▲Ý✸❅⑤●❈■✣❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼❸➾❘P✥❙❯❂✗➾❍❂✣❋❍Ü❊●❱▼▲❂➼◗✸➚➒❂✣à→◗▲❅❺à➔❇❳■⑦➾❑➚❛❇❳×❺P❖◗❯➾➑➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂

é

➚❘◗✸■❑❏ë❇❳➚✱➾❘❏✸❂✿❂✗ì❯❂✉■✣◗❯➾❘●❱P❳▼✔➾❘●❱Ü❸❂✿P❹à➱❇❹▼❾P❳Ý✽❂✣❋❑❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼ã◆❯●⑤➾❍➚❃❙❯◗✸❋❍❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼ã◆❯❂✣➾❍■✉ê✗➷✸û❃P➆Ú✱❂✣ß❖❂✣❋❚◆❝➾❘❏▲●❈➚

●❱➚➑➾❘❋❍◗✸➚❥➾❍❂✉❙❊➾❍P✜➾❘❏✸❂➄à→P❳❅❱❅⑤P➆Ú➄●❱▼▲❨✿❂✣ì❝➾❍❂✣▼❝➾❍③❝➽➛➾➅●❈➚➅❇❖➚❘➚❘◗▲Ü❸❂✉❙❊➾❍P✜×❺❂➼▼▲P❹➾➅à→❂✉❇❳➚❘●❱×▲❅⑤❂❃➾❘P✍➚❘◗▲×⑧ß❳❂✉❋➒➾➅❇

✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

ý✽×▲◗❯➾➼●①➾çÜ❸❇❣Þ✭×❺❂✍Ý❺P❝➚❘➚❘●⑤×✸❅⑤❂✯➾❍P✶●⑤▼❝➾❍❂✣❋❘à→❂✣❋❍❂✿Ú➄●①➾❍❏ë●①➾❑➚❃●❱▼❖➾❍❂✣❋❑❇❳■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼❾Ú➄●①➾❍❏➸➚➒P❳à➇➾❥Ú✱❇❳❋❘❂

■✗P❳Ü❸Ý✽P❳▼▲❂✉▼❝➾❍➚✉➷

✌➺❂❛❏✸❇❣ß❳❂➑■❑❏▲P❝➚➒❂✉▼✯➾❘P➼❋❘❂✉❅⑤ÞçP❳▼✿➾❑❇❹Ü❸Ý✽❂✣❋❍Ý▲❋❘P⑧P❳à ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

Ü❸P❯❙❯◗▲❅❱❂✉➚✏●❱▼✿➾❘❏▲❂✱❙❯❂✉➚❘●❱❨❳▼✜P❳à⑧P❖◗▲❋

Ý▲❋❘P❳➾❘P❯■✗P❖❅❺×✽❂✉■✉❇❹◗✸➚❘❂✯❇✜➾❍●⑤Ü❸❂✉❙✭×✽❂✣❏✸❇❣ß⑧●❱P❳❋✤■✣❇❹▼✩×❺❂✿➚❘◗▲Ý▲Ý✽P❳❋❘➾❘❂✉❙✩❨❳❅❱P❳×✸❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ❸●⑤▼❾❇❹▼✭●⑤▼❝➾❍❋❘◗✸➚❘●❱P❳▼❯➶

❋❘❂❚➚➒●❱❅⑤●❱❂✣▼❝➾ÒÚ✤❇❣Þ❳➷✽Ù✤❏▲●❈➚❃●❈➚➼❇❳×▲❅⑤❂✜➾❘P✩❏✸❂✣❅❱Ý➸❅⑤●❱Ü❸●①➾❍●⑤▼✸❨✶➾❘❏✸❂✍Ý✽P❹➾❘❂✉▼❝➾❘●❈❇❹❅✏❙✸❇❹Ü✡❇❹❨❖❂✜P❹à➱Ü✡❇❹❅❱●❱■✣●⑤P❖◗✸➚

×❺❂✉❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤P❖❋✱Ú➄❏✸●⑤❅❱❂✿❏✸❇❣ß⑧●⑤▼✸❨❊❇❖■✣■✗◗✸❋❍❇❹➾❘❂✯●⑤▼▲à→P❳❋❍Ü❸❇❹➾❘●❱P❳▼✔❇❹×✽P❳◗❯➾➄➾❍❏▲❂✜❇❣ß➆❇❹●❱❅❱❇❳×▲❅⑤❂✜➘➼P❝➴ÿ➷

✹✻✺④➯✍✺✽✼➋➲➳➹▲❁➙❿①➘♣➲◗➴✜➁➷➻✲❆❫❉✻❋❍❉✍❂❤❉✻➬✤➮✲❁❃➱✏❂❬❆❫●✃➻▲❋❍●✬❉✻■

íÒöòír❦♦❦❧❴✵❾➨➈✠❪✬❲❏♠❬❩☛❦

✌➺❂➅❇❖➚❘➚❘◗▲Ü❸❂➱❇❣ß➆❇❹●❱❅❱❇❳×▲❅⑤❂➱❇❳▼✯❇❖❙⑧➶➛❏▲P❯■✮▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û❃Ú➄●⑤➾❘❏✿Ü❸❂✉❙❯●❱◗▲Ü ❙❯❂✣▼❺➚➒●⑤➾❥Þ➼❇❳▼✸❙ç×▲●①➶❦❙❯●❱❋❘❂❚■⑦➾❍●⑤P❖▼✸❇❹❅

Ú➄●⑤❋❍❂✣❅❱❂✉➚❍➚✒❅⑤●❱▼▲Û❯➚✣➷❫✌➊❂➄❇❹❅❈➚➒P✯❇❳❙▲P❳Ý❯➾➑❇ç❋❘❂❚❇❳■✗➾❘●❱ß❳❂❛❇❳Ý▲Ý▲❋❍P❖❇❖■❑❏ã➷➆Ù✤❏▲❂✤▼❝◗✸Ü✍×✽❂✣❋➱P❹à ✎✑✎✢✒✣✔

Ü❸P❯❙⑧➶

◗▲❅⑤❂❚➚➅●❈➚✤➚➒❂✣➾✤❇❖■✣■✣P❳❋❑❙❯●⑤▼✸❨✯➾❘P✥➾❘❏▲❂ç❏▲P❖➚➒➾❘●❱❅❱●①➾❥Þ❸P❹àÿ➾❍❏▲❂ç❂✣▼⑧ß⑧●⑤❋❍P❳▼▲Ü❸❂✉▼❖➾✤❇❹▼✸❙✡➾❘❏▲❂ç▼▲P❯❙❯❂✯❙❯❂✣▼✸➚❘●⑤➾❥Þ❳➷

❲❛❂❚➚➒●❈❙❯❂❚➚✣◆✉Ú❛❂➑❇❖➚❘➚❘◗▲Ü❸❂➱➾❘❏❺❇➆➾✖P❖▼▲❅⑤Þ✯➚❘P❳Ü❸❂➑Ü❸P❳×▲●❱❅❱❂➑▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✏■✣❇❳▼ç❏✸P❖➚➒➾✏➚➒◗❺■❑❏✜➚➒❂❚■✗◗▲❋❍❂➑❋❍❂✉❇❹❅⑤➶❆➾❘●❱Ü❊❂

■✗P❳Ü❸Ý✽P❳▼▲❂✉▼❝➾❍➚✉➷❤✌➊❂ç❇❳❅❱➚❘P✥❙▲❂✉■✗●❈❙❯❂Ò➾❘P❊❋❘❂✉❅⑤Þ❸P❳▼✶➾❘❏▲❂❚➚➒❂✯■✗P❖Ü❊Ý✽P❳▼✸❂✣▼❝➾❍➚➅➾❘P✥Ý▲❋❘P➆ß⑧●❈❙❯❂❃●❱▼❝➾❘❋❍◗✸➚➒●❱P❳▼

➾❘P❳❅❱❂✣❋❑❇❹▼❺■✗❂✜❇❹▼❺❙✔➚❘❂✉■✣◗▲❋❍❂✥➘➼P❝➴✭❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱Ü✡❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼✖➷✸ü▲◗▲❋❘➾❘❏✸❂✣❋❍Ü❊P❖❋❘❂❖◆▲Ú✱❂✜❇❳➚❍➚➒◗▲Ü❸❂✯➾❍❏✸❇➆➾➼❇✶Ü❊P❖×▲●❱❅⑤❂

✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

➶➛❂✉ä❝◗▲●❱Ý▲Ý✽❂✉❙✿▼✸P⑧❙▲❂➑●❱➚✖▼▲P❹➾✒❇❹❅❱❅⑤P➆Ú✱❂✉❙Ò➾❘P❃❅❱❂✉❇❣ß❖❂✮➾❘❏▲❂➅▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍ÛÒ❇❹▼❺❙✯●❱➚✏❇❹❅❱❋❘❂❚❇❳❙❯Þ❃Û⑧▼▲P➆Ú➄▼

×❝Þ✡❇❳❅⑤❅❺➾❘❏▲❂➼▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û❊▼▲P❯❙❯❂✉➚✉➷❝Õ➸P❳❋❍❂✣P➆ß❳❂✉❋✉◆❣➾❍❏▲❂➼➾❘❋❑❇➆å✶■➄●❈➚❛➚❘❂✉➚❍➚➒●❱P❳▼▲➶❆P❖❋❘●❱❂✣▼❝➾❘❂❚❙ÿ◆❹Ú➄❏▲❂✉❋❘❂Ò❂✉❇❳■❑❏

◗▲▼▲●❈❙❯●⑤❋❍❂✉■✗➾❘●❱P❳▼✸❇❳❅➄➚➒❂❚➚❘➚❘●⑤P❖▼➝●❈➚❸■✣❇❹❅❱❅❱❂✉❙Ö❇✜❐✞♠❫❒✯➷➑ü✒●❱▼✸❇❹❅❱❅⑤Þ❖◆➱Ú❛❂❾➚❘◗▲Ý▲Ý✽P❖➚❘❂✩➾❍❏▲❂❾❂✗ì❯●❱➚➒➾❘❂✉▼✸■✗❂❾P❳à

❜♣❛❧❪❵❲➉◗♥♦❭❫❪❵❲❏♠❫❩æí➦❴✵❪✃❽☛♠❬❛❧❲✽❪✬q✭Ú➄❏▲●❱■❑❏➺❙❯❂✣❅❱●⑤ß❖❂✣❋❑➚❃❇❳➚❘Þ⑧Ü❸Ü❊❂✣➾❘❋❍●❱■✯Û❖❂✣Þ✔Ý✸❇❹●❱❋❑➚Ò❇❳➚➼❇❳➚❍➚➒◗✸Ü❊❂❚❙✔●⑤▼

ñ⑤ó✏❱❣ô✽❇❳▼✸❙❾ñ⑤ó✏➃❣ô✽❇❳❅⑤P❖▼▲❨✯Ú➄●①➾❍❏✩ï➦❮

❙ ➚❘❂✣❋❍ß❳❂✉❋➱Ú➄❏▲●❈■❑❏❊●❈➚➑●❱▼✶■❑❏✸❇❳❋❘❨❖❂✱P❳àã❇❳➚❍➚➒●❱❨❳▼▲●❱▼▲❨✿❇✯◗▲▼▲●❈ä❝◗▲❂

➽✉② ❇❖❙▲❙❯❋❍❂✉➚❍➚❛➾❘P✡❂✉❇❖■❑❏ t✇✈

❜❥❪✬❒✓♠❬❛❝❹❰❾❰♠❍➓❤❜♣⑨

Ù✤❏▲❂✥❇❖❙⑧➶❆❏✸P⑧■✍▼▲❂✗➾❥Ú✱P❳❋❍Û✩Ú➄●❱❅❱❅✒×✽❂✥❙▲●⑤ß⑧●❈❙❯❂✉❙æ●⑤▼❝➾❘P✭❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨❳➶❵✥✉P❳▼▲❂❚➚✣◆▲❂❚❇❳■❑❏ëP❳à➱➾❘❏▲❂✉Ü Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅✏×✽❂

Ü❸❇❳▼✸❇❹❨❖❂✉❙✡×⑧Þ✡❇ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

➶➛❏▲P❖➚➒➾❘●❱▼▲❨❊▼▲P❯❙❯❂❳➷❯Ù✤❏▲●❈➚❛Ü❸❇❳▼✸❇❹❨❖❂✣❋❛Ú➄●⑤❅❱❅☞×❺❂➼➾❘❏▲❂✯❙❯●❱❋❘❂❚■⑦➾✤▼▲❂✣●❱❨❳❏⑧×✽P❳❋

P❹à❃➾❍❏▲❂❾Ü❸❇❳▼✸❇❹❨❖❂✉❙ t✇✈

❦✔❇❹▼❺❙➝❇➊❙❯●⑤❋❍❂✉■✗➾❊▼✸❂✣●❱❨❳❏⑧×❺P❖❋✥P❳àÒP❹➾❍❏▲❂✣❋❊Ü✡❇❹▼✸❇❳❨❳❂✉❋❍➚✥➚➒P➺➾❘❏✸❇❹➾✥➾❍❏▲❂

❋❘P❖◗❯➾❘●❱▼▲❨❹➶✐✥✣P❖▼▲❂✉➚❛P➆ß❳❂✉❋❘❅❈❇❹Ý✖➷❅✌➊❂✯❙▲❂✣▼▲P❳➾❘❂ç➾❘❏▲❂✿➚❘P❳◗▲❋❑■✗❂➼▼▲P❯❙❯❂✯×⑧Þ❾õ❛◆❝➾❘❏▲❂✿❙❯❂❚➚❥➾❍●⑤▼❺❇➆➾❘●❱P❳▼✔▼▲P❯❙❯❂

×❝Þ✔ï❾◆⑧➾❘❏▲❂ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

Ü❸P⑧❙▲◗▲❅⑤❂✯P❳à✖➾❘❏✸❂✿▼▲P❯❙❯❂✯Ü❸❇❳▼✸❇❹❨❖●⑤▼✸❨✜➾❘❏✸❂✜➚➒P❖◗▲❋❍■✣❂➼×⑧Þëõ✵Ï ✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

◆⑧➾❍❏▲❂

❙❯❂✉➚➒➾❘●❱▼✸❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼✍Ð ✎✑✎✢✒✣✔

Ü✡❇❹▼❺❇❹❨❳❂✉❋Ò×⑧ÞæïrÏ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

❇❹▼✸❙➸➾❘❏▲❂❸●❱▼❖➾❍❂✣❋❍Ü❸❂✉❙❯●❈❇➆➾❍❂ ✎✑✎✓✒✣✔

➚✯×⑧Þ

➍ÑÏ ✎✑✎✢✒✣✔

❇❳➚ã●❱❅❱❅⑤◗✸➚➒➾❘❋❑❇➆➾❍❂✉❙✯×✽❂✣❅❱P➆Ú↕●⑤▼✜ü✒●❱❨❳◗▲❋❍❂❃ó❖➷÷▲➷✣Ø➅❇❖■❑❏ ✎✤✎✓✒✣✔

■✗P❳Ü❸Ü✥◗▲▼▲●❈■✣❇➆➾❍❂✉➚ÿ❅❱P❯■✣❇❳❅⑤❅❱Þ

Ú➄●①➾❍❏✍●⑤➾❍➚✒❇❹❨❳❂✉▼❝➾❍➚ é❙❯❂✣▼✸P❹➾❘❂❚❙✜×⑧Þç➾❘❏▲❂❛❅⑤❂✣➾➒➾❍❂✣❋➅í ➌ ●⑤▼✿➾❍❏▲❂✤➚❘❇❳Ü❊❂➑è✸❨❳◗▲❋❍❂❳➷❣ü✒●⑤ß❖❂➅Ý▲❏❺❇❳➚❘❂✉➚✖■✉❇❹▼✜×✽❂

■✗P❳▼❺➚➒●❈❙❯❂✣❋❍❂✉❙✍③▲➾❘❏✸❂✥▼▲❂✉●⑤❨❖❏⑧×❺P❖❋❘❏▲P⑧P❯❙ë❙❯●❈➚❘■✣P➆ß❳❂✉❋❘Þ✭Ý▲❏✸❇❳➚❘❂❳ý❺➾❘❏✸❂✍Ü❸P❳×▲●❱❅❱❂✥▼▲P❯❙❯❂❚➚Ò❋❍❂✣❨❖●❱➚➒➾❘❋❑❇➆➾❍●⑤P❖▼

Ý▲❏✸❇❳➚❘❂❳ý☞➾❍❏▲❂✶❋❍P❳◗❯➾❍❂❸❂✉➚➒➾❍❇❹×✸❅⑤●❈➚➒❏✸Ü❊❂✉▼❝➾✯Ý✸❏✸❇❳➚❘❂❳ýÿ➾❍❏▲❂✡Ü✡❇❹●❱▼❝➾❘❂✣▼❺❇❹▼✸■✣❂❊Ý✸❏✸❇❳➚❘❂❳ýã❇❳▼✸❙➺➾❘❏▲❂✶❙▲❇❹➾❍❇

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