1. Introduction
Itiswellknownthattheenvironmentalquestionworries allthecommunitiesexposedtoriskscomingfromtheef- fectsofhumanactivitiesintermsofpollutionofsoil,air, water and whatever may have a significant impact with humanlife.
Morerecentlythisconcernhasbeenextendedtothe watercitiesfortheircontinuousandclosecontactwithsev- eralsourcesofenvironmentalrisk.Indeed,insomecases, theoperationofshipsinvolvesveryinhabitedzones,where relativelylargeamountsofriskysubstancesfloodtheenvi- ronment.
LetsconsiderVenice,forexample,wherethousandsof people(andthousandsofveryimportantmasterpieces)are dailyincontactwiththeexhaustsfromamultitudeofships operatinginthelagoonandinthecentreofthetownand wherethebanksofthecanalsareexposedtothedecaydue
tothewasheffectgeneratedbyaveryintensemarinetraffic alongtheVenetianwaterways.
Naples,withitsportoccupyingalargepartofthecoast, isoneofthewatercitieswheretheindustrialactivitycon- nectedwithshipoperationshasthelargestimpactonurban life;andsuchimpactisevidentlyworsenedbytheposition ofthemooringpointsdestinedtocruiseshipswhichislo- catedclosetothemainsquareofthecity,intheverycentre ofit.Insomeperiods,evenfiveorsixcruisearecontem- poraneouslyberthedinNaples;sincemanypeopleliveand workthere,itisveryhardtoignorethehighimpactonthe exhaustemissionsfromtheenginesofsuchashipsonthe humanlifeinarelativelysmallbutveryimportantarea.
(CoppolaansQuaranta,2010;battistellietal.,2011,2012;
battistelliandFantauzzi,2011)
2. The port of naples
TheportofNaplesmustbeconsideredaparticularlyinter- estingcasewhereseveralindustrialactivities(passenger moving,fuelsandproductstreatment,containersandmer- chandisetransportationandsoon)arecarriedoutwitha
TheEnvironmentalImpactofCruiseshipsinthePortofNaples:
AnalysisofthePollutionLevelandPossiblesolutions
F.Quaranta1,2,*,M.Fantauzzi1,3,T.Coppola1,4andL.battistelli1,5
©SEECMAR /All rights reserved
Theenvironmentalprobleminlandactivityhascreatedagreatalarmespeciallyclosetohighlyinhabitedzones;for harboursthemainproblemconsistsinthecontemporaneouspresenceofanumberofshipsreleasinglargeamounts ofnoxioussubstancesintheairandthewater.Newregulationsandlimitstotheseelementshavebeensetupin ordertolimittheimpactonhumanactivities.Thisproblemshouldbeurgentlyfacedinordertoavoidverydangerous consequencesinsuchcriticalzones.Oneoftheportsclosertothecentreofthetownwithasignificantinfluenceon itslife,liesinNaples,inthecoreoftheurbanactivitieswiththousandsofpeoplelivingandworkingnearby.
InthispaperthecasestudyoftheportofNaplesisdevelopedwithparticularregardtotheexhaustemissions fromthecruiseshipswhichfrequentlyberthinNeapolitanbollards,keepingmostoftheirenginesoninorderto producetheelectricenergyneededfortheauxiliaryservicesonboard.Infact,thecontemporaneouspresenceof fourorfivecruiseshipsmaycreateaverydangerousenvironment,especiallyforpeoplelivingclosetotheharbour.
IntheframeofaresearchprogramwhichinvolvestheCNRIstitutoMotoriandtheUniversityofNaples“Fed- ericoII”,testsonthequalityoftheairwererecentlydone;firstresultsofthisresearcharereportedtogetherwiththe analysisofthepossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Inthisphase,themostimportantcomponentsofpollutantswere analyzed:NOxandsO2.
Article history:
Received12June2012;
inrevisedform14June2012;
accepted30July2012
Keywords:
Environment,Emissions,
Cruiseships,Ports,Cold Ironing
A b s T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O
1UniversityofNaples,ViaClaudio,21.80125Naples,Italy.*CorrespondingAuthor.
2Researcher,Email:[email protected].Tel.+390817683315,Fax.+390812390380.
3Professor,Email:[email protected].Tl.+390817683503,Fax.+390812396897.
4Professor,Email:[email protected].Tl.+390817683310,Fax.+390812390380.
5FullProfessor,Email:[email protected].Tl.+390817683212,Fax.+390812396897.
journal of maritime research
ISSN: 1697-4840 www.jmr.unican.es Vol. IX. No. 3 (2012), pp. 81 - 86
veryimportantimpactonthesurroundingareas.Itsmain characteristicsarereportedinTable1.
Table 1: MaincharacteristicsofthePortofNaples.
3. Rules and effects on the health
Amongthenoxiouscontentsemittedbymarineengines, relevantattentionispaidtosOxandNOxemissions;this isduemainlytotherelativelylargeamountofthissub- stancesintheexhausts.Othercomponentsareeitheremit- ted in smaller quantities by diesel engines (NO) or unavoidableforthecorrectworkingcycleofengines(CO2) ortheiremissionisconnectedwithothersubstances(i.e.
PM,whosepresenceintheexhauststrictlydependsonthe contentofsOxinthem).
TheonlywaytocontaintheNOxemissionsistosetthe enginewiththisgoal;theIAPPcertificateassessestheca- pabilityoftheenginetorespecttheimposedlimits.Table 2showsthepresentlimitsforenginesrunningatgivenrpm andthosethatwillbeappliedafter1/1/2016.
Table 2:AnnexVItoMarpol(TierI&II),rule13.
AsregardsthesOxemissions,theyarelimitedbyim- posingamaxcontentofsulphurinthebunkeredfuel.As analternativetothis,itisallowedtousenormalsulphured fuelsaslongasthecontentofsOxintheexhaustdoesn’t exceed6.0g/kWh(thiscanbeachievedbyinstallinganef- ficientscrubber).Asacommenttothissituation,asevere controlofrealemissionsfromshipsshouldbeperformed inordertoassestheenvironment-friendlyqualityofen- ergeticsystemsacceptedinports.
Excessiveemissionsofnoxiouselementsmayleadtose- riousdamagestohumanhealthandtoenvironmentingen- eral.Consequencesoftheintakeofsuchsubstanceshave beenwellknownforsometimetoWHOthatindicatesthe maximumexposuretoeachofthemtogetherwithpossible effectsonthehumanorganism.
Table3reportstheseconclusionstogetherwithapre- dictionofpossiblediseasetohumanhealth.
Table 3: –maineffectsoftheexposuretosOxandNOx.
From the point of view of the maximum acceptable limitfortheconcentrationofNOxandsO2intheair,the referencerulenowinforceisthe#155/10:“accomplish- mentoftheDIRECTIVE2008/50/ECoftheEuropeanPar- liamentandoftheCouncilof21May2008onambientair qualityandcleanerairforEurope”Table4reportsthese limits.
Table 4:–allowablelimitsfortheconcentrationofNOxandsO2intheair.
4. The data logging campaign in the neapolitan harbour
Thefirstdataloggingcampaignwascarriedoutinthepe- riodMarch25th-April10th,2012.Thesiteisindicatedin figure1.Toevaluateandregisterthecompositionoftheair weusedanequippedvanwithsomeprecisioninstruments onboardforthemonitoringofthemaincontentsintheair.
TheexactpositionofthevanisgiveninFigure1whereit ispossibletonoticehowclosetothemooringsiteofthe cruiseshipsthemeasurementpointwas.Thesamplingrate wasaboutoneminutebut,forthemoment,onlyhourlyav- eragesareavailableforeachcomponentlogged.
beyondthequalityofair,alsoweather-windcharac- teristicswerelogged:directionandintensityofthewind,
Coordinates 40°51’19” N - 14°15’36” E coastoccupation >5km containersmoved >300’000
(number) bankavailable containersmoved
length >11km (TEU) ~500’000
berths 75 passengers ~7’000’000
(general)
innerstreet passengers
availablelength >3km (cruise) ~2’500’000
innerrailway numberofcruise
availablelength 2km
ships(peryear) ~700
Engine Speed Tier II Tier III
(< 1/1/2016) (> 1/1/2016)
rpm<130 14.4 3.4
130<rpm<2000 44/rpm0.23 9/rpm0.2
2000>rpm 7.7 2.0
Sulphur oxides Concentration Effects on the health
Exposure with limited injury
0,06mg/m3 possiblebronchitisepisodesandchestinfections 0,3mg/m3 possibledamagestotherespiratorysystem(espe-
ciallyforchildrenandelderly)
0,8-2,6mg/m3 olfactorysensingofthesubstance(stimulates searchforgasmaskandrefuge)
Exposure with serious injury
0,06mg/m3 possiblebronchitisepisodesandchestinfections 0,3mg/m3 possibledamagestotherespiratorysystem(espe-
ciallyforchildrenandelderly)
0,8-2,6mg/m3 olfactorysensingofthesubstance(stimulates searchforgasmaskandrefuge)
Nitrogen oxides Concentration Effects on the health
50-150mg/m3 (forshortperiodsoftime)possibleharmtolungs 100mg/m3 seriousdamagestothebreathingapparatus 300-400mg/m3 lethal
substance kind of average maximum acceptable limit
NOx 1h 200μg/m3
civilyear 40μg/m3
sO2
24h 125μg/m3
1h 350μg/m3
pressure,temperatureandhumidityoftheair.Theseelab- orations(thefirstonthissetofdata)couldnottakeintoac- counttheseconditionswhoseinfluenceonthequalityof theairwillbeassessedinfollowingphases.
5. The results and a first correlation between the emissions form ships and the noxious contents in the air
Thefinalgoalofthepresentexperimentationistobuilda reliableroutineabletocorrelatethepresenceofshipsin portwiththequalityoftheairintermsoflevelofmainnox- ioussubstancesinit.
Thepresentstepwascarriedoutbysettingupamobile laboratorywithvariousanalyzersandleavingitinagiven (andstrategic)zoneoftheportformorethan10days.Dur- ingthisperiodNOxandsO2concentrationsintheairwere measured; the former with the chemiluminescence method,thelatterwiththefluorescence.
Inordertoimprovetheaccuracyofthelevelofthecor- relation, also weather, wind and rain conditions were logged(localandgeneral).Ofcourse,alsotheattendance ofshipswasregisteredintheobservedperiod.
Areasonablenexusbetweentheemissionsfromships andthequalityoftheairinthezonesclosetoberthsisvery difficulttobuilt;toachieveagoodcorrelation,theinci- denceofweatherfactors,thediffusionofcompoundsinthe
air,theexactpositionsofshipsandmanyotherfactorshav- ingsomeincidenceonthequalityofair,mustbeanalyzed withveryaccuratemethodscapableofmappingtheemis- sionsfromengines(togetherwithallothersourcesofpol- lution);itisalsoimportanttorevealtherealdistributionof thenoxioussubstancesinthevariouszonesinvolvedinthis particularandcomplexkindofpollution.
Inthisfirstapplicationphaseoftheresearchprogram, aseriesofelaborationswerecarriedoutinordertoinitial- izesuchachallengingoperationwithpresentinstruments anddata.
Inthefollowing,themaincriteriausedfortheexperi- mentationwillbedetailed.
Aftertheresultsofthepollutantemissionscampaign camein,afirstlevelappreciationofthepollutantreallyemit- tedbytheenginesofshipsatberthwasrequired.Unfortu- nately,apartfromtheverydifficultdeterminationofthereal stateoftheloadofenginesoperatingduringthecampaign (andrelatedemissions),forseveralreasons,itisalwaysvery hardtoobtainreliabledataoftheoperationsofships.
Asafirstapproach,wegotoversuchadifficultproblem byusingadatabasekindlyofferedbyFincantieri,theItalian nationalshipyardCompany.
Thisdatabasecontainsthevaluesofthemaincharac- teristics of the cruise ships built by Fincantieri; among them,overalllength,overallpowerinstalledonboard,elec- tricmotorsoverallpower,summerandwinterelectricloads forhullandhoteldevices.
Figure 1: Thesitewerethedataloggingcampaignwasdone.
AquickresearchontheshipspresentintheNeapolitan portduringtheacquisitioncouldrevealonlyfewreliable data; practically, only overall length and ship speed are availablefor(almost)allofthem,othervariablesarespread inaverynon-homogeneousmannerandaredefinitively notusableforadecentstatisticelaboration.
Mainly,themostimportantvaluetodeterminewasthe electricloadontheenginesactingduringtheobservation periodbecausetheemissionsofthenoxiousgasesfromen- ginesareevidentlyconnectedwiththisparameter.butthis wasnottheonlyproblemtosolve:evenknowing(oreval- uating)theleveloftheloadfromengines,howtorealize thelevelofNOxandsOxcomingfromtheexhausts?
Thus,byusingtheFincantieridatabase,alinearregres- sionwascarriedouttocorrelatetheonlyavailablevariable –theoveralllengthoftheships–tothewinterloadinport, themostsignificantforthespringperiodwhentheacqui- sitionwasdone.
suchcorrelationgavetheresultsshowninFigure2,the correctvalueofsquaredRwasabout0.20,thestandard errorofabout2100kW.
Figure 2:Correlationbetweentheoveralllengthandtheelectricload
inwinterconditionsforcruiseships.
AsforthevaluesoftheNOxandsOxreallyemittedby engines,wealsohadacompletelackofdata;theevaluation ofsuchfigureswascarriedoutbyassumingthemaximum valueoftheemissionpermittedbythepresentreference rule(ANNEXVItoMARPOL,rule13whichimposesa maxvalueofNOxasafunctionoftheloadontheengines);
suchmaximumvalue,forenginesrunning@600rpm,is 10.10gNOx/kWh.
Thismethodcanbedeemedadequatefortheevalua- tionofNOxthatiscertifiedbytheIAPPdocument(every- oneattemptstosettheengineatthemostadvantageous conditionswhich,moreorless,meansthemaximumal- lowableemissionofNOx);sincethereductionofsulphur oxidesisachievedbyreducingsulphurinthebunkers,itis verydifficulttopredicttherealemissioninsOx.
In this case, the value of 6.0 gsOx/kWh allowed by ANNEXVIhasbeendeemedacceptableforthesecases wherenolow-sulphuredfuelsareavailable onboardand suchemissioncanbeachievedbyusingaretrofit(generally, ascrubberdevice).
Withthismethod,itispossibletoobtainthefollowing graphswhere,asafunctionofthetime,themeasuredcon- centrationofNOxisreportedtogetherwiththepredicted valueoftheemissionsfromenginesofshipspresentinport.
ThesamewasdoneforthesO2emissions.
Figure 3:NOxpredictedemissionandconcentrationintheair.
Figure 4:–sO2predictedemissionandconcentrationintheair.
Afirstanalysisofthesediagramsrevealssomedepend- enceofNOxandsOxemissionsonthepresenceofships atberth;ontheotherhand,itmustbeconsideredthatthe periodofacquisitionwasnotverybusyfromthepointof viewofthecruiseactivity,although,sometimes(including Easter),twocontemporaneouspresenceswereregistered.
Thefirstevidenceisthat,ineverymomentoftheday, thelevelofcontentsofnoxiouselementsintheairisless than that the maximum one allowed by the abovemen- tionedrule155/10.ThesOxappearsalwaysmuchlessthen thepermittedemission.NOxisclosertothelimitbutal- ways lower; the weak distance to the acceptable limit, reachedinsomemomentsoftheacquisitionperiod,could beexceededwhenthecruisetrafficwillbemuchmorein- tense(May-Juneandseptember-October).
byobservingthedevelopmentofthelines,itisevident thatinthatperiodswhentherearecruiseshipsinport, closetotheacquisitionpoint,thelevelsofNOxandsOx grow; but also in some moments when no ships are berthed,significantlevelsofsOxand,inparticular,NOx are reported. Unfortunately, apart from the presence of ships,itwasimpossibletologtheeffectsofanyotherac- tivitypotentiallyabletoproducepollutants;but,evidently, itispossibletoassessthattherecouldbeotheroperations, closetoportareaespeciallyinthefirstperiodofobserva- tion,producingtheloggedlevelofsOxandNOxintheair.
sinceloggedlevelsarerelativelylow,itisveryprobable thatotheractivities(mainly,urbantraffic)couldaffectthese datahavinganoticeableimpactontheoverallacquisition.
Duringfuturedataloggingcampaigns,sincethenumberof cruiseshipsintheharbourwillbemuchhigher,amoredi- rectdependenceoftheirpresenceonthequalityoftheair isexpected.However,insomesense,thisexperiencecan beconsideredasanideal“offset”oftheairconditionsin theharbourarea,moreinfluencedbyactivitiesintherest ofthetownthanbyportoperations.
Itisevidentthatsuchamethodmustbeimproved;in- deed,importantenhancementsmustbemadeinorderto outlineareasonablescenariooftheemissionsfromshipsin theportofNaplesanditsconsequencesonthequalityofthe airinthosezones.Ontheotherhand,acompleteinvestiga- tioninvolvesmanyaspectsofthephenomenatakingplace inthatarea;itisnotbychancethat,althoughtheproblemof havingfiveorsixshipsemittingtonsofnoxiouselements underthenoseofthousandsofpeopleisveryfelt,nobeliev- ablefiguresareavailableonthismatterhitherto.However, apartfromtheabovementionedqualityoftheassessmentof emissionsfromshipengines,otherpointsofweaknessap- pearinthepresentinvestigation,duetothefollowingitems.
Firstofall,toconnecttheemissionsfromtheshiptothe realcontentofNOx,sOxandothersubstancesintheair,a verydeepknowledgeofthediffusionofsuchsubstancesin theatmosphereisrequired;this,inturn,strictlydependson thermalgradientandwindsanditshouldbecorrelatedwith themtoknowexactlythelevelofpossiblepollutionconse- quenttocertainlevelsofemissionsfromships.
Then,itistobekeptinmindthattheNeapolitanport areaisadjacenttotheverycentreofthetown,whereagreat numberofindustrialactivitiesarecarriedout;amongthem thecitytrafficandtheheavytransportationactivity–act- ingveryclosetotheacquisitionpoint–mayhaveastrong impactontheaircompositionanditcaninterferewiththe interpretationoftherealsourceofthemeasuredpollution.
Thus,inordertoachieveacompleteandreliablemon- itoringoftheairqualityintheNeapolitanportandofits dependenceonthesourcesofpollution,manyotherelab- orationsandcompetencesshouldbeinvolved.
6. Possible remedies
Resultsarisingfromthepresentexperimentalsurveysof emissionscanaddresspossibleremediestoadopt.Inde- pendentlyofthelimitationofsurveystoonlysomepollu- tants as NOx e sO2, remedies can be best directed to reducetheentirespectrumofemissions.Thisinvolvesa carefulestimationofeconomicalandenvironmentalben- efitsandthentheimplementationofpropermethodologi- calapproachtoinvestmentsandinterventions.
Adrasticreductionofemissionscanbeobtainedpre- venting ships from using on board electrical generators during berthing, by providing electric energy supply by shore-to-shipservice.Theusedtechnologyisknownas
“coldironing”.Itstartedinthe80sformilitaryships,small craftsandferry-boats,andmorerecentlyitwasextended toothertypesofcommercialshipswhichneedlargepower also for berthing, as cruise, container and tanker ships.
Table5reportsthemaininstallationsofcoldironingmade inEuropeendU.s.A.upto2008.
Table 5:ColdironingrealizationsinEuropeandUsA.
Otherapplicationsareinprogressineasterncountries likeChinaandJapanandinvariouspartsoftheworld.In Italy,nearlyallthemostimportantportsareplanningtoapply coldironingtechnology(García,Castaños,Irastorza,2011).
Frequencyandvoltagearemainelectricalparameters involvedandcrucialfortheconnectionofonboardelec- tricalfacilitiestotheshoredistributiongrid.
Thereferencefrequencyspecificationsare50and60Hz, whilethevoltagevaluesareinthe0,4-11kVrange.Thein- stalledpowers–bothforsingleberth,andthewholeport–
dependonthenumberofservicestationsandontheships tobesupplied.Thesizingcriteriamainlydependonthe portvocationaswellasontheenergyandenvironmentpol- icyadoptedbythePortAuthority.Figure5showsatypical schemeofcoldironing.
Figure 5:Typicalcoldironingscheme.
Ingeneral,wecanforeseefutureportswithacertain numberofelectrifiedberths,equippedwithinteroperable supplystationsfortheconnectionwithdifferenttypesof shipshavingdifferentelectricalstandardsonboard.
startingfromcoldironing,remediesforNOxandsO2
pollutioncanbeprovidedwithinwiderandsystemicplans addressingsustainabilityinbothinternalandexternalport areas,possiblyintegratedwithmetropolitanareaenviron- ment.
Geographical Ports area
Europe Göteborg,stockholm,Helsingborg,Piteå (svezia),Anversa,Zeebrugge(belgio),Kotka, Oulu,Kemi(Finlandia),Lubecca(Germania) U.s.A. LosAngeles,Longbeach,Pittsburgh
(California),seattle(Washington),Juneau (Alaska)
Inthenearfuture,portareasareexpectedtobecome
“smart”,withtheintegrationofenvironmentalmonitoring tointelligentdistributedenergyresources,includingshore toshipfacilities,renewableenergylocalgeneration,storage devices,centralizedandremotecontrolmanagedaccording tothetechnological“smartgrid”paradigmsbasedonactive powerdistribution.Inthisway,remediesagainstpollution can have further considerable fallout on both local and globalenvironment.
7. Conclusions
The first results of a wide research program, recently started on the quality of the air in the port of Naples, showed a certain dependence of the presence of cruise shipsatberthontheconcentrationofthemainpollutants;
forthemoment,onlyNOxandsO2emissionswereexam- ined. since the first test campaign was carried out in a downtime,whenonlyfewcruiseshipswork,theinfluence ofotheractivitiesclearlyinterfereswiththepollutionlevel detected;but,byanalyzingandcrossingtheconcentration of NOx and sO2with the emission of these substances somecorrelationappears.Futureinvestigations,planned inabusierperiod,willclearthisaspectand,wehope,will givefurthertoolstoestimatetheimpactofthecruiseac- tivity.Inthiscontext,thestudyofawiderapplicationof coldironingseemstobeparticularlyusefulasthemost drasticsystemtomoveawaythemainsourcesofpollution fromthemostinhabitedzonesofthewatercities.
Aknowledgments
TheauthorsareverygratefultoFincantierispA,forthe dataprovidedoncruiseshipsmanufacturedintheiryards, whichallowedthepredictionoftheloadontheengines whencruiseshipswereinport;wealsothankthe“Autorità Portuale”(PortAuthority)ofNaplesand,inparticularits President, Adm. Luciano Dassatti and Mrs. Cristina Tranchino,whosecooperationhasbeenessentialforagood successofthedataloggingcampaignonthecontentsofthe airinport.
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