Parkin.Cap.11-Competencia Perfecta

(1)

cios cios poralmenre? poralmenre? L e L ec tc tu ru r e ne n r er e { E{ En en ea sa s abejas. abejas. Ex

Explplicicarar cocomomo sedesedetetermrmininanan elel precio

precio lala roroduducccc onon unun industria

industria papa ququ lala erernpnpreresasa entran

entran sasalele dede unun ininduduststriri Pr

Prededecec osos efefecec asas dede unun caca bibi en

en lala dedemamandnd unun avavanan tecnoloqico

tecnoloqico cam

campetpetencenciaia perperfecfectata

239 239

(2)

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(3)

240

240 COMCOM l'l'ETENETEN CICI I'I' I'I'EeTAEeTA

,Que

la

la mp

mp te

tenc

ncia

ia

fec

fecte

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re re fo

formrm dede coco pepe enencici exex rere lele IlIlamamararememosos cocompmpe-

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!!iii ucuc asas emem reresasa enendede prprodod ctctosos ididenenriricoco

mu

muchchosos cocompmpraradodoreres.s.

!!iii !!iii !!iii

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re

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mados

mados acercaacerca dede lolo prprececioios.s. La

La agagriricuculrlrurura,a, lala pepescsca,a, prprococesesamamieientnt dede mamadederara Ia

Ia el

el revreveladelad forografico,forografico, lolo seservrvicicioio dede jajardrdininereriaia plorne- plorne-ri

ria,a, pipintnturura,a, titintntororererfafa [ava[avandndererfafa soso rorododo ejejerernpnplolo de

de inindudusrsrririasas alalrararnrnenentete cocornrnpeperirititivavas,s,

co

co pepetetencnc peperfrfecectata susurgrg cucuanandodo esescacalala fificicienenrere se

servrvicicioio LaLa escalaescala eficieficienteente minima

minima

lala queque 23

233)3) CuCuanandodo lala esescaca efeficic enenrere inin dede unun ememprpreses ra

ra sasa stst

En

En sesegugundnd ugugarar IaIa coco pepe enencici peperfrf ctct susurgrg sisi sese se

servrvicicioio ququ no

no titienen caracterfsricascaracterfsricas co

consnsumum dodorere nono eses imimpoportrt ueue ememprpreses coco prpr rlrle.e.

re

ta

tantnt dedeteter- r-La

La prprinincicipapa rarazozo popo lala ququ unun ememprpreses peperfrfecec a- a-ra

ra rere bi

bienen dedetetermrmininadad osos coco prpradadororeses esestata bibienen nfnforor a-

a-negoclo. negoclo. Si

Si rere rrigorrigo d6d6lalarere pOpOl'l' Ie

Ie prar

prar redoredo queque necesitennecesiten d od o a ra re se s kiki o.o. ustedusted es

esrara lelecece susu prprececioio enen 3.3.9090 enendrdr ucuchoho coco prpradadororeses pe

peroro popodrdrfafa vevendnderer todatoda susu produccionproduccion d od o a ra re se s pOl'pOl' ki

ki o;o; enen o to tr ar a p ap a a ba b a sa s e s te s ta ra r regalandoregalando 1010 cecentntavavosos dede st st o m ao m ad od o d ed e

pr ec io s.

pre ci os .

gr

utilidades utilidades econdmicas, econdmicas, cos

costata dede oporoportuntunidaida

produccion,

utilidad

normal,normal, eses dedecicir,r, sa

sa r,r,

capitulo capitulo de

de susu prpr duducccc onon ulultitiplplicicadad pOl'pOl' roro

(p

(prere cantidad).cantidad). canti-da

da vevendnd dada EIEI ngngreresoso ar inar inalal sese caca cucu didivivi ieiendnd da

da vevendndidida.a.

f e f e terminan

terminan pe

permrmananecec enen 2525 dodo arareses popo amam sasa inin epepenendidienenrere re

re so

so rere alal prepreciocio rnurnultiltiplipli sa

sa ngngreresoso ototalal dede 25

25 dodolalareres,s, sesea,a, 2222 dodolalareres,s, so

so (ln,(ln, ququ rereprpresesenentata grgrafaficica- a-so

(4)

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(5)

t\ t\ l'l'E R F E CE R F E C A?A? 241241 re re -0 -0 (; (; J2. J2. :Q :Q ₅₀₅₀ 'E'E (; (; _IT_IT (; (; _Demondo_Demondo de de CoComimisoso :0

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is

is 1010 ququ susu iningrgreses to

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perfrf ctct ngngreresoso arargigi alal eses igiguaua rerecicio.o. re

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de ndnd dede erercacadodo enen enen ieie rere dedescscenen enencece su

sustst tutuirirsese asas caca sasa popo ototroro bibieneneses servicios.servicios.

et

(6)

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(7)

242

242 j \j \

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ortoto plplazaz dedecicididi 1.

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ellargo plazoplazo

ar

ar ananalal zaza unun ndndusus riri coco pepe titivava coco enenzazareremomo

nd

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ri ididadadeses ececononororninicaca edediaia tete lala elelececcici dede susu niniveve ra

ra as

as urur lilidada eses coco sisistst enen eses ududiaia asas cucurvrv dede ngngreresoso total

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fi fi Ca

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ferere ot

otalal ststasas cucurvrvasas soso rere reresesenrnracac ononeses grgrafaf caca dede asas (IT)

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as utut lilidada eses ececonon mimicaca eqequiuivavalele alal iningrgreses ototalal menos

menos

ra ra ed

(8)

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(9)

PFRFJ:CL\ PFRFJ:CL\ 243243 :Q :Q (; (; 0.. 0.. 300 300 3!. 3!. :§ :§ .2 .2 ₂₂₅₂₂₅

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"2 "2 183183 UtilidadUtilidad .2 .2 econ6micoecon6mico IT-CT IT-CT OJ OJ .E .E ₁₀₀₁₀₀ :Q :Q ₄₂₄₂ (; (; 0.. 0.. '"'"1111 2020 :0 :0 3!. 3!. .;,; .;,; '0 '0 -20 -20 '"'" -40 -40 utilidades utilidades on onfifi eded [c[ccmcmisis popo iaia (a

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< ' T )

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(dolares) (d6Iares)(d6Iares) 22 22 -22-22 50 50 6666 -16-16 75 75 125 125 114114 IIII 150 150 126126 2424 34 34 225 225 1818 4242 II II 275275 300 300 13 13 325325 as as arar lolo enen co co rara asas a.a. ivivelel ra ra lclc rara rnrn rara lili adadeses cu cuanan caca caca elel axaximim cr cr a.a.

(10)

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(11)

Pi

PiTUTULOLO IIII :>:>'l'l F.F. ENEN I'I'FRFRr:r:ECEC

An

Anal

alis

isls

ls ma

marg

rgin

inal

al

and

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ingrgreses mamargrgininalal (IMg)(IMg) coco elel cocostst arargiginana (CMg).(CMg). bia.

bia. ninivevelele dede prprododucuccici6n6n bajos,bajos, elel cocostst mamargrgininalal di

dismsmininuyuye,e, peperoro aumentaaumenta lala lalargrga.a. PoPo tanto,tanto, in

ingrgreses arargiginanal,l, elel osos rgrgininalal estdestd aumenrando.aumenrando.

cosro

cosro marginalmarginal

(s(s

mas mas excedeexcede

uc

uc rlrl ememprpreses obobririenen unun utut lilidada ecec nonornrnicic an

an o,o, susu ututilil dada ec

econonomomicic crcrecec sisi lala prprododucuccicionon aumenta.aumenta.

ginal

ginal (s(s IMgIMg CMg),CMg),

tanto, tanto, su

su urur lilidada ececononororninicaca didisrsrnininunu sisi prpr duduccccioio disminuye. disminuye. Si

Si elel iningrgreses mamargrgininalal iguigualal alal COSCOStotomarmarginginalal (si

(si ),),

regIa

regIa IMgIMg CMgCMg eses unun ejejerernpnplolo dede nana sisi arar ininaLaL pr

pr duduccccioio ququ axax ce lacela ututilil dada eses ecec n6n6 caca de

de unun ememprpreses

Co

Concncenentrtrememononosos enen lolo rerengnglolonene reresasalrlradadosos dede lala mi

misasas,s, elingelingreresoso mamargrgininalal eses dede 2525 dodolalarere elel cocostst mamar-

r-dolares,

dolares, ebebidid ququ elinelingrgreses arar ininalal excede

excedealal cocosrsr mamargrgininalal lala ututililididadad ececononomomicic auaumementnta.a. ul

ul imim coco umumnana dede tata rnuernueststrara ququ utut lili adad

dolares,

dolares, EsEstata ututililidaida ececonon6m6micic dederirivavadada dede novenanovena ca

camimisasa sese ililusustrtr cocomomo areaarea dede coco oror zuzu fifi urura.a. Si

Si mpmp rnisas,

rnisas, ngngreresoso arar ininalal erer ananecec enen 2525 ololarareses

Pr

Prododucuccici6n6n ququ mamaxiximimizaza las

las utiutilidlidadeade

10 10

Co

Contntididodod (c(comomisisasas papa didialal

marginal

marginal marginalmarginal Ca

Cantinti adad IngrIngreses (IMg)(IMg) CostaCosta (CMg)(CMg) UtilidadUtilidad

(Q)

(Q) totaltotal (d(d lalarere papar-r- totaltotal (d6lares(d6lares econ6micaecon6mica

(camlsas

(camlsas (11)(11) carnisacarnisa (C1)(C1) popo cacamlsmls C1C1

(dolares]

(dolares] adidonal)adidonal) (dolares)(dolares) adicianal)adicianal) (dolares)(dolares)

. . . 2 5 . . . 2 5 . .. . . .. . 1 91 9 . . . . 225 225 183183 4242 II II in

ingrgreses mamargrgininalal eses igualigual al coalcostst mamargrgininalal LaLa tatablbl mumuesestrtr

lala e le l cocostst mamar- r-d6lares,

d6lares, ma

margrgininalal dede d6d6lalareres.s. SiSi

carnisas,

(12)

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LA

LA DECISIONESDECISIONES DEDE L1L1 LMLMPRPRESES:\:\ COMI'LlENCIACOMI'LlENCIA I'ERrrCT!\I'ERrrCT!\ 4545

Utilidades

plazo,

plazo, aunqueaunque lala ememprpreses gegenenerara

lala

ri

riamamenen erer inin btbtenen enen urur ididadadeses ececononomom cacas.s. rl

rl rara

perder

perder perdidaperdida ececononororninicaca LaLa utilidadutilidad

sa

sa P,P,

menos

menos cocostst tototata eded o,o, CTP.CTP. PorPor anan o,o, utut lili

P P

- r-mal.

mal. precioprecio excedeexcede cocostst ototalal medic,medic, lalaernpresaernpresa

pr

precec eses enenoror que

que ososroro tototata eded o,o, lala

de

de lala FIFIgugurara 1111.4.4 dolares.dolares.

dfa,

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lala ememprpreses obobtitienen

20

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(4.6.6 d6d6lalarere

ra ra

urilidad

urilidad popo caca isis .6.6 dolares,dolares, lala babasese la

la cacanrnrididadad dede cacamimisasa prprododucucididasas l'dil'dia,a, asas ququ re

re riri En

En IaIa lala ngurngur 1111 4,4, os

os ototalal eded perdidaperdida

ec

econon6m6micica.a. EIEI prprececioio lar

lareses pOpOl'l'camcamisaisa

lidades

lidades (en(en esteeste perdidas)perdidas) eses ol

olarareses),), osos 'ca

'ca la

laperdidaperdida dolaresdolares pOl'camisapOl'camisa 'el 'el re re ). ). rara no

nornrnicic popo amam sasa 3.3.1414 dodo arareses cantidadcantidad re re FIGURA FIGURA

~tiy*o);lre18)

'E 'E 30 30.00.00 CMg CMg CMg CMg 30 30 0000 30.0030.00 (; (; (;(;

(14)

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ar

ar enen orornpnpetet vava ueuesrsrrara coco fafa prprodod cccc onon ququ ax

aximimiziz lala ututililididadadeses vavarfrf coconfnforormeme ad

ad caca iaia ieientntrara osos dedernrn fafa rororere erer anan cece re

re rnrn

of

oferer a.a. xixistst urur vivincnculul irecirecroro enentrtr asas dodo ririrnrn rara de

de cocostst vavaririabab didia}a}

Cierre Cierre

Sl Sl

si

si prprececioio babajaja mama alaliaia dede COCOStSt vavaririabablele memedidi mimininimama de de prprececioio to

tovavaririabablele tototatal;l;

ng

ngreresoso arargiginana eses1Mgo1Mgo roro st

st as

as ququ

du

duzczc onon arar osos costocosto variablevariable

precio precio to totatal.l. PaPa la

la ememprpreses dedebebe cecerrrrarar teternrnpoporaralmlmenenrere

plaza plaza SiSi prpr cici eses papa empresa empresa .§ .§ a. a. 31 31

I-~-=~~=~---"~

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25 F-~---~===~~--"""i~-~F-~---~===~~--"""i~-~ IMGIMG

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'E 'E 31 31 7Q 7Q 'u 'u

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2525 17 17

(16)

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Cancel Anytime. 1'[[,I'ECT:\ 1'[[,I'ECT:\ 247247 La La da da la

la prpresesasas dede lala ininduduststriria.a.

re re ca

cadada prprececioio lala canti-

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fe fe fe

fe rara lala industria.industria. prprecec osos popo dedebabajojo un un da

da rere operando

operando producirproducir cacamimisasa popo dfa.dfa. AlAlgugunana ememprpre- e-ca

ca sasa OlOl fafa bien

bien camisascamisas ubica

ubica entreentre

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riene

riene fefe

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(dolares (carnlsas(carnlsas [carnisas[carnisas

po po camisa)camisa) popo iaia 17 17 20 20 25 25 90009000 10 10 1000010000

(18)

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248 248

ro

rodu

du io

ion,

n, pr

pr ci

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utllidades

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ivo,o, ececeses tata anan lilizaza coco ininteteraracncn anan dede anandada lala fefe esrudiaresrudiar unun mer

mercadcad perperfecfectamtamentent competitivocompetitivo

es es

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fijo cacadada ememprpreses tienetiene plaplanrnr dererdererrn

rni-i-nado. nado.

lala ofoferer dede ndndusus riri dede erer ininanan pr

precec erercacadodo prprododucuccici6n6n dede ndndusustrtr a.a. cu

curvrv dede ofoferer O[O[

ca

camimisasa CaCadada ememprpreses susumeme esesteteprprecec alal coco estaesta

industria industria esti

esti cornpuesracornpuesra

Los

Los cambioscambios mu

muesestrtr didichchosos cacarnrnbibiosos la

la dedemamandnd aurnenta,aurnenta,

de

despsplalazaza hahacici dederere haha lares.

lares. esteeste iliili

de

despsplalazaza hahacici iziz uiuiererdada EIEI prprececioio hahajaja enentotoncnceses 17

17 eses prprecec o,o, lala prpresesasas axaximim zaza susu ut

ut lilidadadede didisrsrnininunu enendodo susu prprodod cccc onon nunuevev ivivelel 00

00 caca sasa popo dfadfa paparara rorodada ndndusus riria.a.

des

desplplazaz aiaiinin

el

el rerecici erer ananecec coco ststanancece

dolares, dolares,

ho

horirizozo tata eses prprecec o.o. lglgununasas ememprpresesasas coconrnr iaia camisas

camisas

mismo mismo cu

cualalququieierara dede esestata dodo alalteternrnatativivasas OS

OS frfr ototalal ElEl ruru memeroro dede emem reresasa ququ coco ririruru anan fi fi fafa ib ib plazoplazo "2 "2 'E'E "'"' "2 "2 ·E·E '"'" Au

Aumementnt enen [a[a dedemamandndo:o: las las

ernpresos

ernpresos oumentonoumenton 10

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PRODUCCI(lN,

PRODUCCI(lN, PRECIOPRECIO l'ERFF.CTAl'ERFF.CTA 249249

A j

A ju s

u s e s

e s

a r

a rg o

g o

plazo

En

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br nene ututililididadadeses ecec n6n6mimicacas,s, inin ururriri peperdrdidid puntO puntO qu

quililibibriri ).). AuAunqnqueue lala trtreses sisitutu ciciononeses coconsnstititutu enen qu

quililibibririosos orortoto lalazaza s6s61010 unun dede eleliaia cocorrrreses onondede

in

in titi

la

largrg plpl zozo nana ininduduststriri ajajususcaca dede dodo rnrnanan raras:s:

!iii

!iii rarnafiorarnafio dede lala lalantnt

entrada

entrada sasalilidada dede ememprpreses s.s.

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d a

m p

m p e s

e s

la

largrg plazo,plazo, lala utili-

utili-dades

dades ererdidi asas cocon6n6mimicaca enentrtrarar la

la emem reresasa papartrticicipipanantete estaesta btbt ninienendodo ututililididadadeses co

co oror icicasas sasalele llll cucuanandodo lala mpmpreresasa paparrrricici- i-ta

ta inin idid

urilidades

urilidades erer ididasas tete poporaralele roro caca enentrtr dada

lala trtr

in

inflfl yeye enen lala ilil dad

dadeses gengeneraeradasdas inin esrasesras decisionesdecisiones

lala fefe fe fe fe fe la

la ofeofe didismsmininuyuy fefe de

despsplalazaza hahacici lala izizququieierdrda.a. un

un ininduduststriria.a.

ti

ti aumentaaumenta dede

industria,

industria, jdisminu)'ejdisminu)'e susu proproducducci6ci6n!n! DebidoDebido pre- pre-cio

cio baja,baja, adad emem reresasa sese espesplala haha iaia abab jojo largolargo pr

prododucuc memenonos.s. SiSi emembabargrgo,o, como

como mimeromimero inin

la

la tata

pr

pr cici ajaj 2020 ololarar pOl'capOl'ca isisa,a, lala ururililididadadeses ic

ic br

brieie unun ututililididadad orormamal.l.

io io me

medididada ququ nuevasnuevas ememprpresesasas enentrtranan unun ininduduststriria,a, elel pre

preciocio bajbaj laslas utilidutilidadesades economicaseconomicas

emp

empresresasas parparticticipaipantente disdisminminuyeuyen.n. io io

decada decada

so

sonanaleles.s. CuCuanandodo

IB

inin irir iaia poc

poc corcornpenpetentenciacia prpr cici adad roro ororcici nanababa enormes

enormes utiutililidadadesdes IBIBM.M. SiSi emembabargrgo,o, nunuevevasas ememprpresesasas

Entrada

(22)

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250

250 [T[T 1111 !v!v 'F'F NCNC!A!A 'E'ER!R!:E:E

in

induduststriri caca rnrnaqaquiuinana rerecncnolologogicicamamenentete ididenenriricaca lala dede IB

IBM.M. hehe hehe erer tata sisimimilalarere ququ sese lele dedenonornrnininabab "clones".

"clones". EsraEsra ntntrara mamasisi em reem resasa lala inin usustrtriaia dede la

la cocompmpututadadororasas pepersrsononalaleses ococasasioionono unun dedespsplalazazamimienentoto io

io lala utiutililidadadesdes ecoeconornorninicacas.s.

un

un ininduduststriaria

fafa

in

induduststriria.a. SuSupopongng ququ lolo cosroscosros

EI EI ioio lar lar 'df'df id id toto iaia la la iaia idid lala sas

sas salsalen,en, lala iaia la la ieie Ca Ca ta ta in in riri IaIa prpr duduccccioio ueue mama i- i-plants plants in in lili do do lala le

le enen afafioio rerecicienentete haha umum ntntadad

ur

ur erer memetrtr cucu drdradadosos io

io mp

mprere asas ququ auaumeme tata fi

fi dede obobrerenene mamayoyorere ururililididadad s.s.

la

la iaia icic

ic ic

doumsizing

doumsizing rarnafio,rarnafio,

Ca Ca

(24)

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Cancel Anytime. PERFECTA PERFECTA 251251 af af ntnt equilibrioequilibrio go go

]"

40 40 (; (; 25 25 20 20 F-~~~~;;_F-~~~~;;_ 14 14 :':' "5l¢~== "5l¢~== gogo =---IMg) =---IMg) CMgo CMgo YlYl CTMCP CTMCP l p rl p r in

ingrgr soso rgrginin dede lala ememprpr sasa es

es IMIM anantltldada ququ xi izxi iz lala tltllilidadadede orortoto to to

tr

triaia auaurnrnenentata

ra

ra fefe riri

re

recici rereduducece asas titi dadadede cocon6n6 cacas.s. re

re ci

cipapa enen elel eses enen gagananandnd utut lilidadadede ecec n6n6 caca

en

enoror osos e,e, dede anan dede exex anandidirsrse.e.

S i

S i l al a empempresresasas quequeparticipanparticipan unun ndnd ststriri coco

petitiva

petitiva inincucurrrrenen enenperdidasperdidas econecon6m6micicasas alalgugunana dedeellasellas saldran

saldran dede lala ininduduststriria.a. SiSi laslasernpresasernpresas pupuededenen babajaja susu cocos- s-to

to didismsmininuyuyenendodo elel tatamamafifi dede susu plplanantata haran,haran, CadaCada

estas

estas acacciciononeses didismsmininuyuy lalaoferraoferra dede lala ininduduststriria,a,

desplaza

desplaza cucurvrv dede ofoferer dede ndndusus riri hahacici lalaizquierda,izquierda,

sube

sube prprececioio didismsmininuyuy lalaperdidaperdida econ6mica.econ6mica. re

re lala ndnd ststriria,a, lala peper- r-ra ra

em

(26)

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252

252 (:!.\(:!.\ PI::PI::RFFCTARFFCTA

la

avances

tecnolcqicos

ri ri rt rt rrrr roro ra ra id id co

co peperiririri cucuanandodo haha nana isis nunucici6n6n pepermrmananenen su

su

ra ra co

cocicinana dede papapepel,l, vividrdrioio plasplas icic sfsf coco enenvovo rururara

'su 'su du

ducrcrosos auaumementnta?a? Lo

Lo avavanancece ececnono 6g6gicic babajaja coconsnstatantnterernenenrnr osos

I>I> cadacada

ql ql en en rere al al prprececioio sefial

sefial paparara ueue alalgugu asas ha-fe fe fe fe fen fen va va dede fefertrt an anecec enen elel auau enen a.a.

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Cancel Anytime. 253 253 U R U R 'u 'uII)II) ct ct

"""'''''''''''''''''''17

Contidad Contidad (a

(a IndIndustrustriaia

li

li iviv

industria,

industria, titi

de

de equequiliilibribrio,o, CaCadada ememprpreses

CMg CMg (b (b EmEm resaresa ta ta itit ioio ncnc in in trtr du

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Cancel Anytime. 54 54 fTfT 1111 F NF N rn rn rvrv la

la indindustustriaria (OLP;j)(OLP;j) eses peperfrfececrararnrnenentete elelasas icica.a. EnEn esestete

DI DI

rt rt in

induduststriri auaumementnt lala ],], qu

qu didisrsrnininunuyeye prprecec dede PoPo yaumemayaumema

QI

La La grgrafaficic (b)(b) rv rv pl

plazaz dede ndndusustrtr (OLP(OLP

Do Do

Db

subesube precioprecio rtrt rgrg

p l p la za zo ,o , A IA I ro ro cantidad cantidad

lala ininduduststriri auaumementnt lala

cu

cualal elel prprecec

lala roro

en

en esespapacici aeaerereo,o, eueualal dada pOpOl'resl'resululraradodo reretrtrasasosos

as

as rara lolo avavioionenes.s. Es

Esrara esesecec nono fafa exexteternrnasas rnrnplpl caca quque,e, eded dada se

se ncncrerememe tata (e(e auausesencnc de avde avanancece ececnono ogogicicosos),), di

dienentete asascecendndenentete PoPo pr

precec o.o. (N(N obobststanantete asas inin usustrtr asas re re fe fe mu mu la

laindustriaindustria {OLPd{OLPd

aumenra

aumenra dismi-

dismi-de

demamandnd prprovovococ unun

re re

Q,.

(32)

crecimien-Trusted by over 1 million members

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i\

i\M IM I I.I. I'I' l'l' l'l' R F N C I AR F N C I A A VA V A N CA N C l'l' l'l' I.()I.()

in

incrcrememenen enen elel sisiglgl IXIX prprinincicipipi dede xxxx osos seservrv

ci

ciosos didispspononibiblele paparara lolo agagriricucultltororeses sese amamplpliaiaroron.n. NuNuevevasas em

emprpresesasas sese esespepecicia1a1izizararonon enen elel dedesasarrrrolollolo lala cocornrnerercicialali- i-za

zacicionon aqaquiuinanariri feferrrr lilizazanrnreses EnEn coconsnsececueuencnc a,a, lolo co

coststosos agagrlrlcocolala prpromomededioio babajajaroron.n. LaLa grgrananjaja didisfsfrurutataroro os

os bebenenefificiciosos dede asas ececononorornfnfasas exex erernana y,ay,a ededidid ququ Ia

Ia de ndde nd dede prprodod ctctosos agagrfrfcoco asas auau enenroro prprodod c- c-ci

cionon tatambmbieie hihizozo peperoro lolo prprececioio babajajaroron.n. se

servrvicic osos haha didismsm nunuidido,o, nono cacausus dede ecec nono fafa exex erer as

as sisinono popo elel caca ioio tetecncnolologog coco cocontntininuauacicionon esestutu di

diararerernono esesrara ininflflueuencnciaia sosobrbr unun memercrcadad cocompmpereriririvivo,o,

Cam

Cambio

bio tec

tecnol

nol6gi

6gico

co

La

La ininduduststririasas dedescscububrere coconsnsrarantntememenentete rerecncnolologogfafa

du

du toto caca veve ejejororeses raracici lolo avavanancece rerecncnolol consumidores.

consumidores.

ri ri em

emprpresesasas ogograra urur lilidada eses cocononornrnicic ieientntrara ototrara

si

siononeses gege grgrafaficicasas exex anansisionon ememprpresesasas coco nunuevev te

tecncnolologogfafa rara prprosospeperiridada de

desoso adad s,s, enen anan ququ asas reregigiononeses rrrradadicic ononalal meme in

induduststririalaleses enendede eeee ininarar EnEn ococasasioionene lala emem reresasa

0[[0 0[[0papaisis mimienen re re fa fa

(34)

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256

256 1111 ENEN ERER

Competencia

eflciencta

us

usanandodo s6s610lo10lo coconcncepep osos dede dedemama dada ofoferertata xcxcededenen del

del conconsumsumidoido exexcecededentnt dede prprododucuctotor,r, ananalalizizararnono ra ra qu qu sasabebemomo fe fe rere mercados. mercados.

ic

icie

ie

lo

lo ec

ec

se

servrvicicioio soso ququieienene

marginal. marginal. La

La ememprpresesasas coco peperiri vava roroduducece cacantnt dada rn

rn riri s,s, rn

rn

se

servrv cici cocorrrrenen coco rl

rl soc

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257 257

fificicienencici lala coco npnpetet ncnciaia peperfrfecectata

CM CM

'v'v

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np

no

Ii

http://nytimes.com http://nytimes.com

re

lo

gr

gric

ic lt

lt re

re

varroa, varroa, queque

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Ana

Analis

lisis

is eco

econ6mi

n6mico

co

IJIJ IprIpr LasiLasitutuacac onon rnrnosos raradada

un

un ololmemenana auau enentata se

servrvieieioio dede popolilininizazacicionon

da

da dede eqequiuililibrbr isis nunu ye

ye sasa btbtieie enen unun titi ididadad el

el memercrcadad cocornrnpepetitititivovo _de_de _ap_{ap cu}_cult_ltor_{or in}_indi_divi_vidu_dual_al _ec_econ_on6m_{6m ca}_{ca po}_posi_{si iv}_iva,_a,

li-i>i>

nizacion.

nizacion. _nu_nuev_evas_{as em}_empr_pres_esas_{as oc}_ocur_urri_rira_ra

Los

Los horhortiticulcultortoreses _ma_marg_rgin_inal_{al er}_{er IM}_IM _la_{la cu}_curv_rv lq

lq ililanan coco enenasas apap

pl

plagag dede vavarrrroaoa YtYt pl

plagag acacararosos ararroroa.a. CTM.

CTM. _Iau_Iau

li

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260

260 fTfT 1111 i\i\.J.J ETETENEN !A!A ERER!'!'ECEC

Co

Conce

ncept

pt

la

lave

ve

lQue lQue (pp,(pp, 240-240240-240 iii iii en en lala externas

externas (e(e prprececioio babajaja dedesesecocononornrnfasfas exexteternrnasas

(e(e prpreeeeioio susubebe ma

(44)

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Cancel Anytime. 1. 1. PROBLEMAS PROBLEMAS 261261 re re us us cocostst soson:n:

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Cancel Anytime. 262 262 IIII j',\j',\ Acu Acu empresa? empresa? empresa

empresa queque

Le

Lectcturur enentretre linlineaea re