EDAD:
DECISIONES DE JUBILACIÓN DURANTE LA CRISIS
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes
1Cristina Borra
21 Department of Economics San Diego State University
2 Department of Economics and Economic History University of Seville (Spain)
1. Motivación
2. Descripción de la Población
3. Descripción de su Mercado de Trabajo
4. Decisiones de Jubilación: Planteamiento Intuitivo 4. Decisiones de Jubilación: Planteamiento Intuitivo 5. Decisiones de Jubilación: Datos y Modelo Empírico 6. Decisiones de Jubilación: Resultados
7. Conclusiones
Situación de crisis en España con desempleo que ronda el 25%.
Envejecimiento de la población y la presión que esto
conlleva para el sistema de pensiones.
Población envejecida en aumento
Fuente: United Nations United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Características demográficas: casados o con pareja
.6.80.2.4
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Características demográficas: número de hijos en el hogar
.6.810.2.4
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Características demográficas: proporción de inmigrantes
.15.20.05.1
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Características demográficas: nivel de estudios
.6.810.2.4
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old 25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Less than primary Primary
Secondary University
Relación con la actividad por edades
.4.6.81Proportion 0.2.4Proportion
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old 25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Employed Unemployed
Retired Housework
Student Disabled
Other inactivity
Relación con la actividad antes y después de la crisis
.4.6.81Proportion of 50-69 population 0.2.4Proportion of 50-69 population
Women Men
Pre-crisis Post-crisis Pre-crisis Post-crisis
Employed Unemployed
Retired Housework
Student Disabled
Other inactivity
Tasa de temporalidad por edades
.2.3Temporary employment rate 0.1Temporary employment rate
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old 25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Tasa de temporalidad antes y después de la crisis
.1.15Temporary employment rate-50 to 69 population 0.05Temporary employment rate-50 to 69 population
Women Men
Pre-crisis Post-crisis Pre-crisis Post-crisis
Tasa de parcialidad por edades
.15.2Part-time employment rate 0.05.1Part-time employment rate
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old 25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Tasa de parcialidad antes y después de la crisis
.15.2.25Part-time rate-50 to 69 population 0.05.1.15Part-time rate-50 to 69 population
Women Men
Pre-crisis Post-crisis Pre-crisis Post-crisis
Empleo por sectores por edades
.6.81Proportion of employed population 0.2.4Proportion of employed population
Women Men
25-49 years old 50-69 years old 25-49 years old 50-69 years old
Agriculture Industry
Construction Services
Empleo por sectores antes y después de la crisis
.6.81Proportion of 50-69 employed population 0.2.4Proportion of 50-69 employed population
Women Men
Pre-crisis Post-crisis Pre-crisis Post-crisis
Agriculture Industry
Construction Services
Evolución de la tasa de paro por sexo y edad
.15.2.25.3Unmployment rate 0.05.1.15Unmployment rate
2000 2005 2010 2015
GREAT RECESSION
50-69 Males 50-69 Females
25-49 Males 25-49 Females
Evolución del porcentaje de jubilados
.2.3.4Share of 50-69 Year-Olds 0.1.2Share of 50-69 Year-Olds
2000 2005 2010 2015
GREAT RECESSION
Male Retirees Female Retirees
Hechos estilizados:
Fuerte aumento del desempleo
Aumento proporción de mujeres empleadas
Parada en la tendencia decreciente en la proporción de
hombres jubilados junto con mantenimiento en la tendencia creciente en la proporción de mujeres jubiladas
creciente en la proporción de mujeres jubiladas
Claro efecto sobre la tasa y el subsidio de desempleo, pero
¿efecto sobre las jubilaciones?
Análisis de las transiciones desde empleo o desempleo a jubilación
Comparación con escenario contrafactual
A priori la crisis puede animar o desanimar las jubilaciones:
Aumento de las jubilaciones por parte de los trabajadores que pierden sus empleos (efecto trabajador desanimado)
Reducción de las jubilaciones para compensar pérdidas de riqueza tras la crisis (activos financieros o inmobiliarios que han perdido su valor)
han perdido su valor)
Reducción de las jubilaciones para compensar pérdidas de
renta por desempleo de otros miembros de la familia
Análisis previos de Estados Unidos y Reino Unido (Coile &
Levine 2011, Goda et al. 2011, Disney et al. 2015) :
Aumento del desempleo: aumento de las jubilaciones Reducción precio activos: reducción de las jubilaciones
Importancia de saber qué ha sucedido en España por los Importancia de saber qué ha sucedido en España por los problemas del sistema de pensiones
Población envejecida
Menos empleo, menos cotizaciones
Si además, trabajadores desanimados que se jubilan:
problema
Avance de resultados:
La crisis no ha animado las jubilaciones
Los españoles se han mantenido en sus puestos de trabajo con la subida del desempleo
No hemos encontrado efectos significativos de la pérdida de valor de los activos financieros ni activos inmobiliarios.
valor de los activos financieros ni activos inmobiliarios.
Base de datos fundamental: EPA Individuos entre 50 y 69 años
Trabajando o buscando empleo el año anterior Bases de datos adicionales:
EPA: Tasa provincial de desempleo.
EPA: Tasa provincial de desempleo.
Fusionado con microdatos EPA utilizando provincia de residencia y año.
Ministerio de Fomento: Precios de vivencia por provincia
Cambio anual. Fusionado con microdatos EPA utilizando provincia y año.
Yahoo Finance: Cotización IBEX 35
Evolución de los mercados de trabajo, vivienda y activos financieros
.2.25.05.1.15
2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
House Prices (in Ten Thousands/m2) IBEX35/100,000 Unemployment Rate (Percentage)
Primero, efecto global de la crisis
P: probabilidad de jubilarse en año t
Crisis: indicador del periodo de crisis de 2009 en adelante.
iaept p
p exp
age exp
age i
t
iaept
α βCrisis X γ η µ η µ t t ε
P = + + + + + ∗ + ϕ + + ϕ × +
Crisis: indicador del periodo de crisis de 2009 en adelante.
X
i: casado, hijos, estudios,…
Edad en años
Experiencia laboral en años Provincia
Tendencias por provincias
Luego, efecto diferenciado de cada mercado
P: probabilidad de jubilarse en año t
IBEX35: tasa anual de variación del IBEX
iaept p
p age
age
it i
pt pt
t iaept
t t
cators ReformIndi
Early X
Unemp HouseIndex
IBEX P
ε ϕ
ϕ µ
η µ
η
δ γ β
β β
α
+
× +
+ +
∗ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
exp exp
3 2
1 35
House Index: tasa anual de variación de precios provinciales de la vivienda
Unemp: tasa de desempleo provincial.
ReformIndicators: variables para controlar los efectos de las reformas
Dummies para los años 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2013 After 2002 indicador de la reforma de 2002
After 2007 indicador de la reforma de 2007
Primero, efecto global de la crisis
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Dependent Variable: Transitions from Active Population Transitions from Employment Transitions from Unemployment
Men
Crisis -0.0021 -0.0003 -0.0185*
(0.0024) (0.0023) (0.0101)
Observations 154,983 146,416 8,567
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
R-squared 0.2841 0.2931 0.1010
Women
Crisis -0.0065*** -0.0064*** -0.0037
(0.0016) (0.0017) (0.0025)
Observations 93,903 85,828 8,075
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.027 0.004
R-squared 0.2549 0.2640 0.1718
Primero, efecto global de la crisis
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Dependent Variable: Transitions from Active Population Transitions from Employment Transitions from Unemployment
Men
Crisis -0.0021 -0.0003 -0.0185*
(0.0024) (0.0023) (0.0101)
Observations 154,983 146,416 8,567
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
R-squared 0.2841 0.2931 0.1010
Women
Crisis -0.0065*** -0.0064*** -0.0037
(0.0016) (0.0017) (0.0025)
Observations 93,903 85,828 8,075
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.027 0.004
R-squared 0.2549 0.2640 0.1718
Luego, efecto diferenciado de cada mercado
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Dependent Variable: Transitions from Active Population
Transitions from Employment
Transitions from Unemployment
Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0298* -0.0168 -0.0626
(0.0174) (0.0177) (0.0554)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0133 -0.0153 0.0620
(0.0201) (0.0215) (0.0409)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0011 0.0006 -0.0025
(0.0030) (0.0030) (0.0085)
Observations 154,983 146,416 8,567
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
R-squared 0.2861 0.2955 0.1123
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0715*** -0.0738*** -0.0179
(0.0175) (0.0183) (0.0264)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0114 0.0144 0.0132
(0.0141) (0.0153) (0.0185)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0047 -0.0046 -0.0080
(0.0046) (0.0052) (0.0078)
Observations 93,903 85,828 8,075
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.027 0.004
R-squared 0.2565 0.2656 0.1773
Luego, efecto diferenciado de cada mercado
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Dependent Variable: Transitions from Active Population
Transitions from Employment
Transitions from Unemployment
Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0298* -0.0168 -0.0626
(0.0174) (0.0177) (0.0554)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0133 -0.0153 0.0620
(0.0201) (0.0215) (0.0409)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0011 0.0006 -0.0025
(0.0030) (0.0030) (0.0085)
Observations 154,983 146,416 8,567
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.043 0.011
R-squared 0.2861 0.2955 0.1123
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0715*** -0.0738*** -0.0179
(0.0175) (0.0183) (0.0264)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0114 0.0144 0.0132
(0.0141) (0.0153) (0.0185)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0047 -0.0046 -0.0080
(0.0046) (0.0052) (0.0078)
Observations 93,903 85,828 8,075
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.027 0.004
R-squared 0.2565 0.2656 0.1773
¿Diferencias por educación o acceso a jubilación anticipada?
Specification: (1) (2) (3) (4)
By: Educational Attainment Eligibility for Early Retirement No University University Non-eligible Eligible
Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0236 -0.0548 -0.0189 -0.0671
(0.0175) (0.0354) (0.0142) (0.0612)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0164 -0.0016 -0.0047 -0.0472
(0.0209) (0.0241) (0.0116) (0.0786)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0008 0.0033 0.0004 0.0062
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
Observations 120,325 34,658 125,353 29,630
Mean dependent variable 0.042 0.038 0.011 0.167
R-squared 0.3180 0.1977 0.0278 0.3044
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0612*** -0.0910** -0.0286** -0.2861***
(0.0187) (0.0417) (0.0138) (0.1035)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0103 0.0047 -0.0112 0.1172
(0.0146) (0.0274) (0.0072) (0.0801)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0023 -0.0133* 0.0030 -0.0385
(0.0047) (0.0070) (0.0023) (0.0241)
Observations 72,060 21,843 77,938 15,965
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.025 0.006 0.119
R-squared 0.2861 0.2135 0.0363 0.2795
¿Diferencias por educación o acceso a jubilación anticipada?
Specification: (1) (2) (3) (4)
By: Educational Attainment Eligibility for Early Retirement No University University Non-eligible Eligible
Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0236 -0.0548 -0.0189 -0.0671
(0.0175) (0.0354) (0.0142) (0.0612)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0164 -0.0016 -0.0047 -0.0472
(0.0209) (0.0241) (0.0116) (0.0786)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0008 0.0033 0.0004 0.0062
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
Observations 120,325 34,658 125,353 29,630
Mean dependent variable 0.042 0.038 0.011 0.167
R-squared 0.3180 0.1977 0.0278 0.3044
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0612*** -0.0910** -0.0286** -0.2861***
(0.0187) (0.0417) (0.0138) (0.1035)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0103 0.0047 -0.0112 0.1172
(0.0146) (0.0274) (0.0072) (0.0801)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0023 -0.0133* 0.0030 -0.0385
(0.0047) (0.0070) (0.0023) (0.0241)
Observations 72,060 21,843 77,938 15,965
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.025 0.006 0.119
R-squared 0.2861 0.2135 0.0363 0.2795
¿Diferencias por educación o acceso a jubilación anticipada?
Specification: (1) (2) (3) (4)
By: Educational Attainment Eligibility for Early Retirement No University University Non-eligible Eligible
Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0236 -0.0548 -0.0189 -0.0671
(0.0175) (0.0354) (0.0142) (0.0612)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0164 -0.0016 -0.0047 -0.0472
(0.0209) (0.0241) (0.0116) (0.0786)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0008 0.0033 0.0004 0.0062
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
(0.0036) (0.0045) (0.0024) (0.0142)
Observations 120,325 34,658 125,353 29,630
Mean dependent variable 0.042 0.038 0.011 0.167
R-squared 0.3180 0.1977 0.0278 0.3044
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0612*** -0.0910** -0.0286** -0.2861***
(0.0187) (0.0417) (0.0138) (0.1035)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0103 0.0047 -0.0112 0.1172
(0.0146) (0.0274) (0.0072) (0.0801)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0023 -0.0133* 0.0030 -0.0385
(0.0047) (0.0070) (0.0023) (0.0241)
Observations 72,060 21,843 77,938 15,965
Mean dependent variable 0.025 0.025 0.006 0.119
R-squared 0.2861 0.2135 0.0363 0.2795
Tipo de jubilación: total o parcial
Specification: (1) (2)
Outcome: Total Retirement Partial Retirement
Men
Unemployment Rate 0.0132 -0.0509***
(0.0168) (0.0118)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0138 0.0001
(0.0195) (0.0053)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0002 0.0010
(0.0038) (0.0027)
(0.0038) (0.0027)
Observations 154,104 149,128
Mean dependent variable 0.034 0.006
R-squared 0.2960 0.0751
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0462*** -0.0269**
(0.0143) (0.0109)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0181 -0.0058
(0.0127) (0.0071)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0067 0.0014
(0.0040) (0.0019)
Observations 93,609 91,827
Tipo de jubilación: total o parcial
Specification: (1) (2)
Outcome: Total Retirement Partial Retirement
Men
Unemployment Rate 0.0132 -0.0509***
(0.0168) (0.0118)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0138 0.0001
(0.0195) (0.0053)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0002 0.0010
(0.0038) (0.0027)
(0.0038) (0.0027)
Observations 154,104 149,128
Mean dependent variable 0.034 0.006
R-squared 0.2960 0.0751
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0462*** -0.0269**
(0.0143) (0.0109)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0181 -0.0058
(0.0127) (0.0071)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0067 0.0014
(0.0040) (0.0019)
Observations 93,609 91,827
Tipo de jubilación: total o parcial
Specification: (1) (2)
Outcome: Total Retirement Partial Retirement
Men
Unemployment Rate 0.0132 -0.0509***
(0.0168) (0.0118)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0138 0.0001
(0.0195) (0.0053)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0002 0.0010
(0.0038) (0.0027)
(0.0038) (0.0027)
Observations 154,104 149,128
Mean dependent variable 0.034 0.006
R-squared 0.2960 0.0751
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0462*** -0.0269**
(0.0143) (0.0109)
Annual % in Housing Prices 0.0181 -0.0058
(0.0127) (0.0071)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0067 0.0014
(0.0040) (0.0019)
Observations 93,609 91,827
Decisiones de jubilación de las parejas
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Outcome: With any kind of
partner
With inactive partner
With employed or unemployed partner Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0233 -0.0254 -0.0174
(0.0149) (0.0254) (0.0172)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0165 -0.0259 -0.0032
(0.0182) (0.0231) (0.0193)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0028 0.0021 0.0010
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
Observations 135,066 74,549 60,517
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.056 0.023
R-squared 0.2816 0.3072 0.2279
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0782*** -0.1694*** -0.0266*
(0.0227) (0.0557) (0.0159)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0006 0.0180 -0.0151
(0.0137) (0.0317) (0.0121)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0053 -0.0077 -0.0039
(0.0047) (0.0124) (0.0035)
Observations 66,490 23,756 42,734
Decisiones de jubilación de las parejas
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Outcome: With any kind of
partner
With inactive partner
With employed or unemployed partner Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0233 -0.0254 -0.0174
(0.0149) (0.0254) (0.0172)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0165 -0.0259 -0.0032
(0.0182) (0.0231) (0.0193)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0028 0.0021 0.0010
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
Observations 135,066 74,549 60,517
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.056 0.023
R-squared 0.2816 0.3072 0.2279
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0782*** -0.1694*** -0.0266*
(0.0227) (0.0557) (0.0159)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0006 0.0180 -0.0151
(0.0137) (0.0317) (0.0121)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0053 -0.0077 -0.0039
(0.0047) (0.0124) (0.0035)
Observations 66,490 23,756 42,734
Decisiones de jubilación de las parejas
Specification: (1) (2) (3)
Outcome: With any kind of
partner
With inactive partner
With employed or unemployed partner Men
Unemployment Rate -0.0233 -0.0254 -0.0174
(0.0149) (0.0254) (0.0172)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0165 -0.0259 -0.0032
(0.0182) (0.0231) (0.0193)
Annual % in IBEX 0.0028 0.0021 0.0010
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
(0.0032) (0.0058) (0.0040)
Observations 135,066 74,549 60,517
Mean dependent variable 0.041 0.056 0.023
R-squared 0.2816 0.3072 0.2279
Women
Unemployment Rate -0.0782*** -0.1694*** -0.0266*
(0.0227) (0.0557) (0.0159)
Annual % in Housing Prices -0.0006 0.0180 -0.0151
(0.0137) (0.0317) (0.0121)
Annual % in IBEX -0.0053 -0.0077 -0.0039
(0.0047) (0.0124) (0.0035)
Observations 66,490 23,756 42,734
Con la crisis: reducción en la probabilidad de jubilación de las mujeres de 0.6 puntos porcentuales (24%).
Mecanismo principal:aumento del desempleo (0.7 pp en un aumento del desempleo del 10 por ciento (28%)):
Las mujeres trabajadoras han optado por prolongar su vida laboral
laboral
Explicación fundamental
Reducción del retiro de la mujer en las parejas cuando se retira
el marido
Efectos poco robustos para los hombres:
Excepción: reducción a la mitad del retiro parcial con los aumentos del desempleo
El miedo de que con la recesión aumentaran las jubilaciones no se produjo:
No obstante se mantienen los problemas de sostenibilidad del
sistema con una población envejecida
Retired 0.041 0.043 0.011 0.025 0.027 0.004 (0.20) (0.20) (0.10) (0.16) (0.16) (0.07)
Crisis Dummy 0.399 0.383 0.656 0.484 0.471 0.618
(0.49) (0.49) (0.48) (0.50) (0.50) (0.49) Unemployment Rate 0.148 0.145 0.200 0.156 0.153 0.190
(0.08) (0.08) (0.09) (0.08) (0.08) (0.09) Housing Rate of Return 0.014 0.016 -0.026 -0.003 -0.001 -0.022
(0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) (0.09) IBEX35 Rate of Return -0.022 -0.021 -0.035 -0.024 -0.023 -0.033
(0.20) (0.20) (0.21) (0.20) (0.20) (0.21)
Self Employed 0.266 0.282 0.009 0.178 0.195 0.006
Self Employed 0.266 0.282 0.009 0.178 0.195 0.006
(0.44) (0.45) (0.10) (0.38) (0.40) (0.08) Agriculture Sector 0.084 0.087 0.025 0.062 0.066 0.021
(0.28) (0.28) (0.16) (0.24) (0.25) (0.14) Domestic Service 0.009 0.009 0.004 0.094 0.101 0.025
(0.10) (0.10) (0.06) (0.29) (0.30) (0.16)
Age 55.970 55.973 55.915 55.588 55.633 55.129
(4.39) (4.41) (3.96) (4.37) (4.41) (3.87) Potential Experience 40.117 40.069 40.873 39.567 39.526 39.985
(5.94) (5.98) (5.32) (6.02) (6.09) (5.21) Eligible for early 0.188 0.190 0.164 0.170 0.174 0.127
(0.39) (0.39) (0.37) (0.38) (0.38) (0.33)
Married 0.855 0.863 0.719 0.700 0.700 0.697
(0.35) (0.34) (0.45) (0.46) (0.46) (0.46)
Partner 0.867 0.874 0.759 0.712 0.711 0.722
Active EmployedUnemployed Active EmployedUnemployed
< Primary Education 0.083 0.080 0.142 0.088 0.086 0.107 (0.28) (0.27) (0.35) (0.28) (0.28) (0.31)
Primary Education 0.337 0.335 0.372 0.295 0.290 0.341
(0.47) (0.47) (0.48) (0.46) (0.45) (0.47) Secondary Education 0.348 0.348 0.359 0.384 0.379 0.442 (0.48) (0.48) (0.48) (0.49) (0.49) (0.50)
College Education 0.231 0.237 0.127 0.233 0.245 0.111
(0.42) (0.43) (0.33) (0.42) (0.43) (0.31)
No. Adults 3.071 3.084 2.869 2.858 2.861 2.824
(1.12) (1.11) (1.19) (1.10) (1.11) (1.07)
Males Females
(1.12) (1.11) (1.19) (1.10) (1.11) (1.07)
% Employed in HH 0.170 0.173 0.126 0.165 0.167 0.143
(0.22) (0.22) (0.21) (0.22) (0.22) (0.21) Partner's age 45.021 45.439 38.484 40.193 40.201 40.113
(19.44) (19.05) (23.82) (27.10) (27.16) (26.49) Partner eligible for early 0.083 0.084 0.059 0.223 0.226 0.189
(0.28) (0.28) (0.24) (0.42) (0.42) (0.39)
< Primary Education-Partner 0.081 0.078 0.117 0.060 0.059 0.064 (0.27) (0.27) (0.32) (0.24) (0.24) (0.25) Primary Education-Partner 0.297 0.300 0.253 0.216 0.213 0.244 (0.46) (0.46) (0.43) (0.41) (0.41) (0.43) Secondary Education-Partner0.336 0.339 0.284 0.239 0.236 0.275 (0.47) (0.47) (0.45) (0.43) (0.42) (0.45) College Education-Partner 0.140 0.144 0.079 0.180 0.186 0.121