2ND OF BATXILLERAT ENGLISH LANGUAGE
DOSSIER 1:
CONNECTORS
Contents Page
1. CONNECTORS ... 2
2A. CONNECTORS – SENTENCES ... 6
2B. CONNECTORS – EXERCISE ... 8
2C. CONNECTORS - TABLE ... 9
1. CONNECTORS
A. CONTRAST CONNECTORS
.However, ... ... but ...
.Nevertheless, ... ... although ...
... even though ...
... though ...
... in spite of ...
... despite ...
B. ADDITIVE CONNECTORS
.Moreover, ... ... and ...
.Besides, ...
.Furthermore, ...
.In addition, ...
C. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE CONNECTORS
.Therefore, ... ... so ...
.This is why ... ... because ...
.This is because ... ... because of ...
D. CHRONOLOGICAL CONNECTORS
.Afterwards, ... ... after ...
.After that, ...
.Later, ...
.Later on, ...
.Then, ...
.Meanwhile, ... ... while ...
A. CONTRAST CONNECTORS BUT
HOWEVER (nevertheless)
ALTHOUGH (though, even though) IN SPITE OF (despite)
Although = malgrat que In spite of = malgrat Although + frase (3 i 4) In spite of + nom (5 i 6)
In spite of + verb-ing (7 i 8) 1. I have a Mercedes but I am poor
2. I have a Mercedes. However, I am poor 3. Although I have a Mercedes, I am poor 4. I am poor, although I have a Mercedes 5. In spite of my Mercedes, I am poor 6. I am poor, in spite of my Mercedes
7. In spite of having a Mercedes, I am poor 8. I am poor, in spite of having a Mercedes
B. ADDITIVE CONNECTORS B.1. Connectors de noms AND
BOTH … AND AS WELL AS
1. I want bread and butter
2. I want both bread and butter 3. I want bread as well as butter
B.2. Connectors de frases AND
ALSO (2 posicions) TOO
MOREOVER (besides, furthermore, in addition) 1. I studied and I passed the exam
2. I studied. Also, I passed the exam 3. I studied. I also passed the exam 4. I studied. I passed the exam, too.
5. I studied. Moreover, I passed the exam
C. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE CONNECTORS SO
THEREFORE THIS IS WHY BECAUSE
BECAUSE OF (due to, owing to) THIS IS BECAUSE
1. I had a headache so I took an aspirin
2. I had a headache. Therefore, I took an aspirin 3. I had a headache. This is why I took an aspirin 4. I took an aspirin because I had a headache
5. I took an aspirin because of (due to) my headache 6. I took an aspirin. This is because I had a headache
D. CHRONOLOGICAL CONNECTORS D1. “DESPRÉS”
AFTERWARDS (after that, later, then) AFTER
1. Afterwards = després (seguit de coma) 2. After = després de + nom (sense coma) 3. After = després de que + frase (sense coma) 4. After = despres de + verb (-ing) (sense coma) 1. I went to school. Afterwards, I did my homework I went to school. After that, I did my homework I went to school. Later, I did my homework
I went to school. Then, I did my homework
2. After the school, I did my homework I did my homework after the school
3. After I went to school, I did my homework I did my homework after I went to school 4. After going to school, I did my homework I did my homework, after going to school
D.2 “MENTRES”
WHILE MEANWHILE WHEREAS
1. While I was working, he was partying He was partying while I was working
2. I was working. Meanwhile, he was partying 3. Whereas I like cofee, my brother likes tea My brother likes tea whereas I like coffee
E. OTHER CONNECTORS 1. AS (since)
As I didn´t have any money, I couldn´t go to the party Since I didn’t have any money, I couldn’t go to the party I couldn’t go to the party as I didn’t have any money I couldn’t go to the party since I didn’t have any money
2. TO (in order to, so as to) / SO THAT I work to earn money
I work in order to earn money I work so as to earn money
I work so that my children have a good education
3. EITHER ... OR
You have to speak either English or Russian in order to get the job
4. NEITHER ... NOR
Neither John nor Paul have done their homework 5. AS WELL AS / BOTH ... AND
You have to speak English as well as Russian to get the job You have to speak both English and Russian to get the job
6. ACCORDING TO
According to my father, my marks are a disaster 7. AS FAR AS SBD IS CONCERNED
As far as I am concerned, my marks are excellent 8. SBD IS (UN)LIKELY TO DO STH
Barça is likely to win the league
9. SBD IS SUPPOSED TO DO STH
Barça is supposed to win the league
10. UNLESS / OTHERWISE
Unless you work harder, you´ll fail the exam You’ll fail the exam unless you work harder
You have to work harder. Otherwise, you´ll fail the exam
2A. CONNECTORS - SENTENCES A. CONTRAST CONNECTORS
1. Ploia però vaig anar a la festa.
2. Ploia. No obstant, vaig anar a la festa.
3. Malgrat que ploia, vaig anar a la festa.
4. Malgrat la pluja, vaig anar a la festa.
5. Malgrat ploure, vaig anar a la festa.
6. Vaig anar a la festa, malgrat que ploia.
7. Vaig anar a la festa, malgrat la pluja.
8. Vaig anar a la festa, malgrat ploure.
1. Tenia mal de cap però vaig anar a classe.
2. Tenia mal de cap. No obstant, vaig anar a classe.
3. Malgrat que tenia mal de cap, vaig anar a classe.
4. Malgrat el meu mal de cap, vaig anar a classe.
5. Malgrat tenir mal de cap, vaig anar a classe.
6. Vaig anar a classe malgrat que tenia mal de cap.
7. Vaig anar a classe malgrat el meu mal de cap.
8. Vaig anar a classe malgrat tenir mal de cap.
C. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE CONNECTORS
1. Vaig aprovar l’examen perquè vaig estudiar.
2. Vaig aprovar l’examen degut als meus estudis.
3. Vaig estudiar. Per tant, vaig aprovar l’examen.
4. Vaig estudiar, per tant vaig aprovar l’examen.
5. Vaig aprovar l’examen. Aixó és perque vaig estudiar.
6. Vaig estudiar. Aquesta es la raó per la qual vaig aprovar l’examen.
D. CHRONOLOGICAL CONNECTORS D.1. «DESPRÉS»
1. Va treballar. Després, va mirar la TV.
2. Després de que treballés, va mirar la TV.
3. Després del treball, va mirar la TV.
4. Va mirar la TV despres de treballar.
D.2. «MENTRES»
1. Mentres estudiaves, jo estava treballant.
2. Jo estava treballant mentres estudiaves.
3. Tu estudiaves. Mentrestant, jo estava treballant.
4. A mi m’agrada el cafè, mentres que al meu germà li agrada el té.
E. OTHER CONNECTORS 1. AS (since)
1. Vaig aprovar l’examen ja que vaig estudiar.
2. Ja que vaig estudiar, vaig aprovar l’examen.
1. Bill Gates és tan ric com la reina d’Anglaterra.
2. A mesura que estava aprenent l’anglès, vaig aprendre francès també.
2. TO (in order to, so as to) / SO THAT
1. Vaig estudiar per aprovar l’examen. (2 formes) 2. Vaig ajudar-te per tal que aprovessis l’examen.
3. EITHER ... OR
1. He d’aprovar o una assignatura (subject) o l’altra.
4. NEITHER ... NOR
1. Ni tu ni jo sabem la resposta per aquesta pregunta.
5. AS WELL AS / BOTH ... AND
1. Tant tu com jo sabem la resposta. (2 formes)
6. ACCORDING TO
1. Segons el meu professor, sóc un bon estudiant.
7. AS FAR AS SBD IS CONCERNED
1. Pel que fa al meu professor, sóc un bon estudiant.
8. SBD IS (UN)LIKELY TO DO STH
1. Es probable que aprovi l’examen.
2. Es improbable que guanyem el partit (match).
3. Es probable que vagin de vacances.
4. Es improbable que anem a casa ara.
9. SBD IS SUPPOSED TO DO STH
1. Se suposa que aprovaré l’examen.
2. Se suposa que anirem de vacances.
10. UNLESS / OTHERWISE
1. A menys que faci exercisi, engordaré (get fat).
2. He de fer exercisi. D’altra manera, engordaré.
2B. CONNECTORS – EXERCISE
Rewrite the following sentences using one of these words: after, although, because, meanwhile, in order to, despite, furthermore, because of, however and since
1. I did my homework. Then I went to bed.
___________________________________________________________
2. While some students were listening to the teacher others were talking.
___________________________________________________________
3. She can´t go to school today. This is because she has a headache.
___________________________________________________________
4. I am saving a lot of money because I want to buy a new house.
___________________________________________________________
5. Jack is very stupid. He is ugly and lazy, too.
___________________________________________________________
6. I worked very hard but they didn’t pay me.
___________________________________________________________
7. I didn’t go on holidays because I had very bad marks.
___________________________________________________________
8. We don’t have a lot of money although we have an expensive car.
___________________________________________________________
9. In spite of the storm, they went on holidays.
___________________________________________________________
10. Mary is studying very hard to pass her exams.
___________________________________________________________
2C. CONNECTORS – TABLE
A. Translation B. Kind of connector
C. Synonyms D. Position E. Followed by
1. But 2. However 3. Although 4. In spite of 5. And 6. Both…and 7. As well as 8. Also
9. Too 10. Moreover 11. So
A. Translation B. Kind of connector
C. Synonyms D. Position E. Followed by
12. Therefore
13. This is why
14. Because
15. Because of
16. This is because
17. Afterwards
18. After
19. While
20. Meanwhile
21. Whereas
B. Kind of connector:
1. contrast: connecta una frase positiva amb una de negativa, o a l'inrevés (contrasta arguments) 2. additive: connecta dues frases positives, o dues negatives (afegeix arguments)
3. cause and consequence 4. chronological
D. Position:
1. posició de but:
entre dues frases sense punt:
"It rained but I went to the football match"
2. posició de however:
entre dues frases separades per un punt (i coma després del connector):
"It rained. However, I went to the football match"
3. posició de although:
igual que but però pot anar:
- al mig de les dues frases i - al principi de la primera frase:
"I went to the football match although it rained"
"Although it rained, I went to the football match"
4. posició de in spite of:
igual que although però seguida de nom o verb en -ing:
"I went to the football match in spite of the rain"
"I went to the football match in spite of raining"
"In spite of the rain, I went to the football match"
"In spite of raining, I went to the football match"
5. correlatiu
6. adverbi de freqüència 7. al final de la frase
E. Followed by:
- a sentence - a noun / verb+ing
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Heu treballat molt però no teniu diners.
2. Heu treballat molt. No obstant, no teniu diners.
3. Malgrat que heu treballat molt, no teniu diners.
3. No teniu diners, malgrat que heu treballat molt.
4. A pesar d'el vostre treball, no teniu diners.
4. A pesar de treballar molt, no teniu diners.
4. No teniu diners a pesar d'el vostre treball.
4. No teniu diners a pesar de treballar molt.
5. No ha menjat i no ha begut.
5. Ha menjat pollastre i patates.
6. Ha menjat tant pollastre com patates.
7. Ha menjat tant pollastre com patates.
8. Ha menjat pollastre. També ha menjat patates.
9. Ha menjat pollastre. També ha menjat patates.
10. Ha menjat pollastre. A més, ha menjat patates.
11. Hem treballat per tant hem guanyat (earn) diners.
12. Hem treballat. Per tant, hem guanyat diners.
13. Hem treballat. Aquesta és la rao per la qual hem guanyat diners.
14. Hem guanyat diners perquè hem treballat.
15. Hem guanyat diners degut al nostre treball.
16. Hem guanyat diners. Això és degut a que hem treballat.
17. Vaig anar a classe. Desprès vaig (go back) tornar a casa.
18. Després d'anar a classe, vaig tornar a casa.
18. Després de classe, vaig tornar a casa.
19. Mentres ell estudiava, jo estava escoltant la ràdio.
20. Ell estudiava. Mentrestant, jo estava escoltant la ràdio.
21. Mentres que al Joan li agrada el rock, al Pere li agrada la música clàssica.
21. Al Joan li agrada el rock, mentres que al Pere li agrada la música clàssica.
