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PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Sébastien LEBONNOIS

CNRS Researcher

Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

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Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres

in the Solar System

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PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres in the Solar System

Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

(4)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Planets in the sky

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473-1543

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Building our Solar System

Aristarchos of Samos, ~ 310-230 BC

Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Galileo Galilei

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Space age : revealing many faces

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Venus

Mars Mercury

Earth

Mariner 10, 1974

Gemini XI, 1966 Viking 1, 1976

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Space age : revealing many faces Voyager 1+2

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Jupiter's system

(10)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Space age : revealing many faces Voyager 1+2

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Space age : revealing many faces Voyager 1+2

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres in the Solar System

Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

?

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Giant planets

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Terrestrial planets

Venus

Mars

Earth

VMC / Venus Express, 2006

EPIC / Deep Space Climate Observatory 2015

MOC / Mars Global Surveyor, 1999

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

The case of Titan

ISS / Cassini, 2004 2013

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Tenous atmospheres

Io (Jupiter)

Triton (Neptune)

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Pluto

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Pluto Atmospheres:

• Surface pressure : ~1 Pa

• 99.5% N2, 0.5% CH4 0.05% CO

Scattering by organic hazes up to ~150 km

Temperatures (radio occulation)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

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PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres in the Solar System

Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

(22)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Giant planets

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Giant planets

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Clouds

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Troposphere Stratosphere

Tropopause

Temperature

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EARTH     <Ts>  ~ 15°C     CO2~0.0003 bar     O2~0.2 bar

    N2~0.8 bar 1 AU 1  5.52  23,5°

23 h 56 m 365,25 d VENUS 

   <Ts>  ~ 450°C    CO2~90bar     H2O/CO2<<1     N2~3bar

Sun distance  = 0.72 AU M = 0.81 MEarth 

r = 5.25 obliquity = 177,4°

rotation = (­) 243 d revolution = 224,7 d

MARS     <Ts> < ­50°C     CO2 = 0.006 bar     N2 = 0.0002 bar

1.52 AU 0.11 MEarth 3.95 

25,2°

24 h 37 m 687 d

TITAN    <Ts> ~ 95 K     CH4 ~ 0.06 bar     N2 = 1.5 bar

9.5 AU

0.023 MEarth 1.88 

26,7°

15.94 d

~30 years

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Terrestrial planets (+ Titan)

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EARTH     <Ts>  ~ 15°C     CO2~0.0003 bar     O2~0.2 bar

    N2~0.8 bar 1 AU 1  5.52  23,4°

23 h 56 m 365,25 d VENUS 

   <Ts>  ~ 450°C    CO2~90bar     H2O/CO2<<1     N2~3bar

Sun distance  = 0.72 AU M = 0.81 MEarth 

r = 5.25 obliquity = 177,4°

rotation = (­) 243 d revolution = 224,7 d

MARS     <Ts> < ­50°C     CO2 = 0.006 bar     N2 = 0.0002 bar

1.52 AU 0.11 MEarth 3.95 

25,2°

24 h 37 m 687 d

TITAN    <Ts> ~ 95 K     CH4 ~ 0.06 bar     N2 = 1.5 bar

9.5 AU

0.023 MEarth 1.88 

26,7°

15.95 d

~30 years

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Similarities / Differences

(28)

EARTH     <Ts>  ~ 15°C     CO2~0.0003 bar     O2~0.2 bar

    N2~0.8 bar 1 AU 1  5.52  23,5°

23 h 56 m 365,25 d VENUS 

   <Ts>  ~ 450°C    CO2~90bar     H2O/CO2<<1     N2~3bar

Sun distance  = 0.72 AU M = 0.81 MEarth 

r = 5.25 obliquity = 177,4°

rotation = (­) 243 d revolution = 224,7 d

MARS     <Ts> < ­50°C     CO2 = 0.006 bar     N2 = 0.0002 bar

1.52 AU 0.11 MEarth 3.95 

25,2°

24 h 37 m 687 d

TITAN    <Ts> ~ 95 K     CH4 ~ 0.06 bar     N2 = 1.5 bar

9.5 AU

0.023 MEarth 1.88 

26,7°

15.94 d

~30 years

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Similarities / Differences

(29)

EARTH     <Ts>  ~ 15°C     CO2~0.0003 bar     O2~0.2 bar

    N2~0.8 bar 1 AU 1  5.52  23,5°

23 h 56 m 365,25 d VENUS 

   <Ts>  ~ 450°C    CO2~90bar     H2O/CO2<<1     N2~3bar

Sun distance  = 0.72 AU M = 0.81 MEarth 

r = 5.25 obliquity = 177,4°

rotation = (­) 243 d revolution = 224,7 d

MARS     <Ts> < ­50°C     CO2 = 0.006 bar     N2 = 0.0002 bar

1.52 AU 0.11 MEarth 3.95 

25,2°

24 h 37 m 687 d

TITAN    <Ts> ~ 95 K     CH4 ~ 0.06 bar     N2 = 1.5 bar

9.5 AU

0.023 MEarth 1.88 

26,7°

15.94 d

~30 years

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Similarities / Differences

(30)

EARTH     <Ts>  ~ 15°C     CO2~0.0003 bar     O2~0.2 bar

    N2~0.8 bar 1 AU 1  5.52  23,5°

23 h 56 m 365,25 d VENUS 

   <Ts>  ~ 450°C    CO2~90bar     H2O/CO2<<1     N2~3bar

Sun distance  = 0.72 AU M = 0.81 MEarth 

r = 5.25 obliquity = 177,4°

rotation = (­) 243 d revolution = 224,7 d

MARS     <Ts> < ­50°C     CO2 = 0.006 bar     N2 = 0.0002 bar

1.52 AU 0.11 MEarth 3.95 

25,2°

24 h 37 m 687 d

TITAN    <Ts> ~ 95 K     CH4 ~ 0.06 bar     N2 = 1.5 bar

9.5 AU

0.023 MEarth 1.88 

26,7°

15.94 d

~30 years

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Similarities / Differences

(31)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Similarities / Differences

A particularity of Titan : thickness of its atmosphere

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Venus

Mars Titan

Earth

Temperature

(33)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Venus

Mars

Titan

Earth

Temperature

(34)

PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres in the Solar System

Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

(35)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Historical observations

1761 : Lomonosov, Venus transit 1907 : Comas Sola, Titan

1944 : G. Kuiper,

methane on Titan

(36)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Space probes : half a century of exploration

Mariner 10 (1973)

Venera 4 (1967) to 16 (1983) Pioneer Venus 1, 2 (1978­1992) Vega 1, 2 (1984)

Magellan (1990­1994)

Venus­Express (2006­2014) Akatsuki (2015­)

Venus

Mars

Outer solar system

Pioneer 10 (1972), Pioneer 11 (1973) Voyager 1, Voyager 2 (1977)

Galileo (1995­2003)

Cassini­Huygens      (2004­2017) New Horizons (2015)

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration

Juno (2016, USA)

Juice (2022 ? Europe)

Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Current missions

Venus

Mars

Mars Express (2003, Europe) Opportunity (2004, USA) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006, USA) Curiosity (2012, USA) Mangalayan (2014, India)

Maven (2014, USA)

ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016, Europe-Russia) Insight (2018, USA)

ExoMars rover (2020, Europe-Russia)

Akatsuki (2015, Japan)

Jupiter

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Ground based, space based telescopes

Hubble, JWST Corot, Kepler IUE, ISO, Spitzer VLT

Mauna Kea

ALMA

(39)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

A good complementarity

Spatial resolution

Duration of the observations Instruments technology

Type of measurements

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PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Overview of planetary atmospheres in the Solar System

Our Solar System : a large diversity of objects Different types of atmospheres

Description of atmospheric structures

Current exploration of planetary atmospheres Planets in other stellar systems

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

(41)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Exoplanets !

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Techniques

(43)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Number is increasing

(44)

XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Types of planets

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XXVIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics – Solar System Exploration Planetary Atmospheres – 1. Overview

Atmospheric hints

GJ1214b : spectrum by HST

Referencias

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