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(1)

Instituto de Capacitación sobre Manejo Adaptativo de

Agua y Energía en Zonas Áridas de las Américas

Water Energy nexus

WEAP-LEAP

Sebastian Vicuña (CCG-UC)

Credits to:

Larry Dale (LBNL) Nicolas Borchers (PUC)

(2)

Temario

• Contexto: nexo agua – energía

• WEAP-LEAP

(3)

Agua para Energía

Enfriamiento centrales termoeléctricas Hidroeléctricidad Extracción y refinamiento Producción de biocombustibles

Energía para Agua

Extraction y transmision

Tratamiento de agua potable o industrial

Energía asociado al uso del agua

Tratamiento aguas servidas

(4)

4 Q. I Q. II Q. III Q. IV

Water-Energy Interactions

Consume Energy &Water C onsum e Ene rgy P rodu ce Ene rgy Use Energy to Supply Water Groundwater pumps Urban hot water use Reservoirs Use Water to Supply Energy

Thermo power plant cooling

Overview of Water-Energy Interactions

Produce

Energy & Water

(5)

5 Q. I Q. II Q. III Q. IV

Water-Energy Conservation

Consume Energy &Water C onsum e Ene rgy P rodu ce Ene rgy Use Energy to Supply Water Produce

Energy & Water

Ag and Residential End-Use

Conjunctive use ground/surface

storage Bio-Fuel Crops

Once through vs. dry cooling Conservation Measures Pressurized Irrigation

Overview of Water-Energy Interactions

Clothes washers

Use Water

to Supply Energy

(6)

6

Energy-Water Linkages

Sector Activities Power Generation • Thermal Cooling • Hydropower Water Utilities • Pumping • Transfers long distance • Treatment • Wastewater Treatment Residential • Cooling (AC) • Water Heating Commercial & Government • Water Cooling Towers • Heating Agriculture • Irrigation

• Drip and flood • Pumping

groundwater

Industrial

• Cooling • Heating

(7)

Integrated Model to Evaluate Water Energy

Impact of Climate Scenarios

(8)

8 Q. I Q. II Q. III Q. IV

Climate Adaptation

Consume Energy &Water C onsum e Ene rgy P rodu ce Ene rgy Use Energy to Supply Water Produce

Energy & Water

Clothes washer standards Reservoirs Use Water to Supply Energy Biofuels, Water transfers Pressurized Irrigation, Desalinization

Overview of Water-Energy Interactions

Dry Scenarios

(water relatively scarce)

Wet Scenarios

(energy relatively scarce) Hot Dry

Hot Dry Scenarios

(9)
(10)

Temario

• Contexto: nexo agua – energía

• WEAP-LEAP

(11)
(12)

Temario

• Contexto: nexo agua – energía

• WEAP-LEAP

(13)

CAMBIO GLOBAL EN CHILE

Un país que crece – más recursos

(14)

CAMBIO GLOBAL EN CHILE

Un país que crece – más recursos

(15)

Proyecciones precipitación

(16)

Proyecciones temperatura

2070-2100 2040-2070

(17)

A

GRIMED

(18)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 A B R M A Y JU N JU L AGO S EP O C T NOV D IC EN E F EB M A R Caud al [m 3/s ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 A B R M A Y JU N JU L AGO S EP O C T NOV D IC EN E F EB M A R Caud al [m 3/s ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 A B R M A Y JU N JU L AGO S EP O C T NOV D IC EN E F EB M A R Caud al [m 3/s ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 A B R M A Y JU N JU L AGO SEP OC T NOV D IC EN E F EB M A R Caud al [m 3/s ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

ABRMAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC ENE FEB MAR

Caud al [m 3 /s ] Linea Base 2011 - 2040 2041 - 2070 2071 - 2099

(19)

El nexo agua y energía desde

cuatro perspectivas

(20)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

Fuentes:

(21)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

Fuentes:

COCHILCO, 2011

Proyección Producción Potencial de Cobre Mina en Chile (Miles de toneladas de cobre fino)

2010: 5.419 2020: 7.751

(22)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

Fuentes:

COCHILCO, 2010

Evolución prevista en el consumo de electricidad

2010:

17,7 TWh 2020:

27,1 TWh

(23)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

Fuentes:

COCHILCO, 2010; CADE, 2011

Evolución prevista en el consumo de electricidad

2010:

17,7 TWh 2020:

27,1 TWh

+ 53%

Potencia Instalada por Tecnología Casos Bau SING

(24)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

• Demanda adicional de agua fresca: aproximadamente 8 m3/s

• En regiones II y III la opción que se considera son plantas de desalación:

Nombre Planta Desalinizadora empresa asociada Proyecto minero o Región Capacidad Planta

Transporte agua

Estado Distancia Altura

(en lts/seg) (kms.) (m.s.n.m.)

El Coloso Minera Escondida II 525 177 3600 En operación

El Coloso Ampliación Minera Escondida II 3200 177 3600 RCA aprobado

Planta Desalinizadora de MOLY

COP Chile Moly COP Chile II 4.3 _ _ En operación Planta Desalinizadora Sector

Sur Aguas Antofagasta II 600 _ _ En operación Planta Desalinizadora Chimba 600 _ _ En operación

Los Hornitos C. C. Los Andes II 4.3 _ _ DIA en calificación

El Morro Proyecto El Morro III 650 110 4000 EIA en calificación

Planta desalinizadora

Candelaria Minera Candelaria III 300 a 500 900 1200 EIA en calificación Planta desalinizadora Manto

Verde Proyecto Manto Verde III 120 40 490 EIA en calificación Planta Desaladora para el

Valle de Copiapó AGBAR Chile III 1000 _ _ EIA en calificación Punta Totoralillo CAP S.A. III 200 a 600 117(*) _ RCA aprobado

(25)

NEXO EN LA MINERÍA

• Demanda adicional de agua fresca: ≈ 8 m

3

/s

• En regiones II y III la opción que se esta

considerando son plantas de desalación:

– Más de 5 m3/s considerándose en plantas de desalación – Costo energético (EL Coloso – Escondida):

• 4,25 kWh/m3 de agua desalinizada producida

• 14 KWh para impulsión de cota 0 a cota 3.150 m.s.n.m

• Costo energético adicional:

– 3 TWh (≈ central de 700 MW)

(26)
(27)

NEXO EN LAS CIUDADES:

El caso de Santiago

• Consumo actual de agua en Santiago: 650 Hm

3

• De estos aproximadamente 50 Hm

3

provienen de

bombeo de aguas subterráneas

• Costos energéticos:

– Tratamiento agua potable: 0,37 kWh/m3

– Tratamiento aguas servidas: 0,35 kWh/m3

– Bombeo (profundidad promedio pozos): 0,35 kWh/m3

(28)

Consumo de agua futuro

• Tasa de crecimiento numero de clientes

• Tasa de cambio de consumo por cliente

(29)

Escenarios de cambio climatico

Proyecciones para el periodo 2035-2065

comparado con el periodo control

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Temperature change (°C) Pr ec ip itati o n c h an ge ( % ) ECHAM data2 GFDL data4 HadCM3 data6v

A1B

B1

(30)

Impactos hidrologicos

Ejemplo del Escenario ECHAM A1b

Maipo en cabecera

0 50 100 150 200 250 1 -Apr 2 1 -M ay 1 0 -J ul 2 9 -Aug 1 8 -O ct 7 -D ec 2 6 -J an 1 7 -M ar Week Fl o w ( m 3 /s ) Control 2010 - 2040 2040 - 2070 2070 - 2100

(31)

Evaluando el suministro de agua

potable

Escenarios de cambio global considerados

Nombre

Hidrología

Demanda

Control

1980-2010 Nivel del 2010

Cambio climático

2035-2065 Nivel del 2010

Cambio climático +

(32)

Impactos por escenario

ECHAM

HadCM3

GFDL

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

(33)

Impactos por escenario

ECHAM

HadCM3

GFDL

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH

(34)

• Aumento consumo de agua:

– 70 Hm

3

(

+10%

)

• Aumento en bombeo

– 3.5

veces (promedio escenarios)

• Costo energético total:

– 540 GWh/año (

+15%

)

NEXO EN LAS CIUDADES:

El caso de Santiago

(35)

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Ej. Cuenca del Maule

(36)

Agricultura en Maule – 243.000 Ha

– 12% del total país – 20% riego país

(37)

570 MW 2.524 GWh prom. anual 40 MW 266 GWh prom. anual 89 MW 614 GWh prom. anual 68 MW 529.65 GWh prom. anual 106 MW 598.58 GWh prom. anual Generación en Maule – 7.200 GWh – 35% de hidro país – 18% electricidad país

(38)

5 10 15 20 25

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

°C T° en Armerillo – ECHAM a1b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

mm PP en Armerillo – ECHAM a1b

(39)

0 5 10 15 20 25

apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar

m3/s Q - Afluente Laguna del Maule - ECHAM a1b

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar

m3/s Q - Maule en Armerillo - ECHAM a1b

(40)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 Millones

de m3 Almacenamiento Laguna del Maule (2010 - 2100)

(41)

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

% Factor de Planta sistema hidroeléctrico Maule Alto - ECHAM a1b

2010-2040 2040-2070 2070-2100 control 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

(42)

Impactos a nivel país

Periodo

Generación Hidroeléctrica

Impactos asociados a aumento por generación termoeléctrica GWh Delta (%) Aumento Generación (GWh)(1) Emisión GEI (tCO2e/año) Costo económico (MUS$/año)(2) 1976-2000 20 938 Escenario A2 2011-2040 18 129 -13% 2 809 2 626 488 101 2041-2070 17 653 -16% 3 285 3 071 434 118 2071-2099 16 686 -20% 4 252 3 975 979 153 Escenario B2 2011-2040 18 779 -10% 2,159 2 018 665 78 2041-2070 17 934 -14% 3 004 2 808 740 108 2071-2099 17 539 -16% 3 399 3 178 065 122 Fuentes: CEPAL, 2009

(43)

• ¿Que pasa si aumentamos la eficiencia en

riego?

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Ej. Cuenca del Maule

(44)

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Ej. Cuenca del Maule

Riego gravit. 99% Mecánico Mayor 0% Microriego 1% Riego gravit. 94% Mecánico Mayor 1% Microriego 5% Riego gravit. 70% Mecánico Mayor 1% Microriego 29% Riego gravit. 42% Mecánico Mayor 2% Microriego 56% San

Clemente 1997: 33.043 has 2007: 29.166 has

1997: 14. 172 has 2007: 23.378 has

(45)

• ¿Que pasa si aumentamos la eficiencia en riego?

• Supuestos:

– Mismo patrón de riego que en Ovalle – Todo lo regado es manzano

– No hay necesidades de bombeo

• “Sobran” 74 millones de m3 al año

• Pero necesitamos 2.3 GWh adicionales

• ¿Compensa?...Próximo año la respuesta

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Ej. Cuenca del Maule

(46)

• ¿Y si aumenta la demanda por riego?

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Otras consideraciones

Requerim ientos de riego m anzanos

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 A ri c a 1 A n to fa g a s ta S a n P e d ro C o p ia p ó 1 L a S e re n a 1 L a H ig u e ra Q u in te ro C a s a b la n c a B u in P u e n te A lto L itu e c h e P a re d o n e s P a lm ill a M a c h a lí S a n L ic a n té n M a u le C u ri c ó S a n S a n P e d ro B u ln e s C a b re ro A n tu c o C o n tu lm o C a ra h u e T e m u c o V a ld iv ia C o rr a l P a ill a c o F re s ia L la n q u ih u e P u e rt o L a g o V e rd e C h ile C h ic o m m LB A240 A270 Fuentes: CEPAL, 2011

(47)

• ¿Y si los agricultores quieren generar

electricidad?

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Otras consideraciones

(48)

• ¿Y si los agricultores quieren generar

electricidad?

NEXO EN LA AGRICULTURA:

Otras consideraciones

(49)

NEXO EN LA GENERACION

DE ELECTRICIDAD

(50)

• SIC abastece a las

regiones III – X

• Capacidad Instalada

2012: 13.545 MW

• Potencia (%) por Tipo:

– Termoeléctrica: 50,9% – Hidroeléctrica: 47,2% – Eólica: 1,9%

Mapa SIC

(51)

Generación Histórica SIC

Fuentes: Informe Diario a la CNE, CDEC-SIC

(52)

Modelación en WEAP

Maule

(53)

Modelación en LEAP

(54)

Esquema Funcionamiento Modelo

Integrado

(55)

Resultados – Variación Generación

Hidráulica según cambios en T y Pp.

55 Fuente: Elaboración Propia

(56)

Resultados – Variación Emisiones GEI

según cambios en T y Pp.

56 Fuente: Elaboración Propia

(57)
(58)

Water Storage and Delivery System

Supply in North and East

Demand in South and West

Moderately-sized reservoirs

Store winter precipitation as Sierra snowpack State Local San Diego Los Angeles San Francisco Federal

Complex east-west and north-south distribution system combining rivers,

(59)

California’s Central Valley

55,000 sq. km. (20,000 sq. mi.)

25 MAF/yr surface water discharge

Agricultural Production

 6.8 million acres (27,500 sq. km)  10% of US crops value in 2002

Population growth

 1970: 2.9 million  2005: 6.4 million

Pumping

 ~9 MAF in 2002, or 13% if US pumping

(60)

60

(61)
(62)

Electricity System

• Electricity Sources

• Mostly Natural Gas

•38GW

•Hydropower

•Small but vital

•Nuclear and other • 5GW

• Imports

•16GW largely coal powered, 1/3rd hydro from north

•Electricity Demand

• Located in two large Cities on Coast, and Inland urban.

• 50GW during the peak

• Transmission lines

•Link demand and supply

•Important constraints on import capacity.

(63)

Historical Energy Water Management in CA

Cheap Energy to Supply Water

E ne rg y Inpu t kWh Water Output Acre-Foot 2.7kWh/m3 Reservoirs - 500 kWh per AF Groundwater (Central California) 365 kWh per AF Drip Irrigation 586 kWh per AF Conveyance (Los Angeles) 3,323 kWh per AF Residential End-Use (Los Angeles) 4,128 kWh per AF

Source: Bulletin 160-2000, CA Department of Water Resources

Navigant Consulting. "Refining Estimates of Water Related Energy Use in California." California Energy Commission. CEC 500-2006-116. 2006.

0 0

Overview of Water-Energy Interactions - California

.29 kWh/m3

(64)

Climate projections

Clearly warmer Not certain about precipitation

(65)

Research Issues

The ‘stationarity’ assumption

– Changes to surface water availability and variability

– Physical infrastructure, population, economics

Climate change impacts

– Changes to water supply1

– Impacts on hydropower2

– Impacts on agriculture3

– Strategies for adapting to these changes4

– Impacts on groundwater

• 1. Emissions Pathways, Climate Change, and Impacts on California. K. Hayhoe, D. Cayan, C. Field, P. Frumhoff, E. Maurer, N. Miller, S. Moser, S. Schneider, K. Cahill, E. Cleland, L. Dale, F. Davis, R. Drapek, M. Hanemann, L. Kalkstein, J. Lenihan, C. Lunch, R. Neilson, S. Sheridan, J. Verville. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004.

• 2. Climate Change Impacts on High Elevation Hydropower Generation in California’s Sierra Nevada: A Case Study in the Upper American River. S. Vicuna, R. Leonardson, W. M. Hanemann, L.L. Dale, and J.A. Dracup. Climatic Change (2008)

• 3. Climate Change Impacts on Water for Agriculture in California: A case study in the Sacramento Valley. B. Joyce, S. Vicuna, L. Dale, D. Purkey, M. Hanemann, J. Dracup, D. Yates, Climatic Change. In press. June 2007.

• 4. Basin Scale Water Systems Operations under Climate Change Hydrologic Conditions: Methodology and Case Studies Sebastian Vicuna, John Dracup, Jay Lund, Larry Dale, Ed Mauer. Water Resources Research. February, 2009

(66)

Project 1. Statewide problem.

Research Questions

How sensitive are groundwater levels to

climate-dependent inputs and groundwater pumping?

Will the surface water-groundwater system reach a new

equilibrium after extended surface water reductions?

To what extent will changes in cropping patterns reduce

impacts on groundwater levels?

How will changes in energy prices and bio-fuel crop

(67)

Water Sources

(68)

Relative Water Level Change

30% for 10 years 70% for 60 years

(69)

Water Use

Fixed and Adjustible-Crop Simulations

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 2004 2014 2024 2034 2044 2054 2064 2074 2084 2094 2104 Water Year Wate r Use (TA F/Yr ) Diversions

Pumping - Adjusted Crops Pumping - Fixed Crops 70% reduction for 60 years

(70)

Difference in Pumping Head

Fixed-Crop and Adjustable-Crop Simulations

-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 2004 2014 2024 2034 2044 2054 2064 2074 2084 2094 2104 Water Year Pu m p in g h e ad ( ft) Sacramento Valley San Joaquin River Basin Tulare Basin

(71)

Drought Impact on Electricity Use

Rise in groundwater electricity cost (kWh/ac ft)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2014 2034 2054 2074 Year In c re a s e i n e le c tr ic it y u s e ( k W h /a c f t) Tulare basin

San Joaquin Basin

(72)

Project 2. Basin-wide problem.

Research Questions

Determine the water-energy nexus in an “almost”

closed system – the American River basin

Determine how the linkages between water and

energy are sensitive to changes in climate

 Determine different water and energy management

(73)

The American River

San Diego Los Angeles

(74)

Sacramento Area Land-Use

Area of Study

(75)

75

Area of Study

Water Purveyors of Sacramento Area

Sacramento River American River Sacramento and American River Junction Folsom Reservoir WEAP-LEAP Model

(76)

Select Regional Focus

(77)

WATER DATA

Demand

• Water Customer Profile (RWA utility billing data)

– Aggregate Monthly Water Use by Customer Class (RWA utilities, for residential, commercial, industrial, Power

sector)

Supply

• Water Use & Electricity Load Profile

(SMUD billing data combined with water utility water use, kWh per mil gal)

– Pumping Loads

• Amt of Water Processed • Amt of Electricity Consumed

– Treatment water and electricity use

(estimate?)

ENERGY DATA

Demand

• Energy Customer Load Profile

– Electricity Use by Customer Class

(SMUD users, for residential, commercial, industrial,

water utility)

Supply

• Electricity Supply Load Profile

– Hydropower Generation and Release Schedule (million gal/kWh)

– Thermal generation – Purchased power

77 WEAP-LEAP Model Data

WEAP-LEAP Data Requirements

(78)

SMUD HP System City of Sacramento Folsom Reservoir

(79)

Data Requirements

Climate-Driven Changes to Water-Energy

City of Sacramento Water Demand (Million Gallons per Day)

SMUD Total Hourly Electrical Load (10’s of Megawatts)

(80)

80

SCENARIO

HIGHER TEMPERATURES &

LOWER SUMMER WATER FLOWS

1. Constrained Hydropower 2. Higher Cooling Demand (AC) 3. More Groundwater Pumping 4. Higher Prices

1. Higher Summer Demand 2. Lower Groundwater Levels 3. Higher Prices

WEAP-LEAP Scenario Analysis

Climate Scenario, System Impacts and Management Responses

WEAP-LEAP Model: Climate Scenarios and Management Responses

(81)

Evaluate Scenarios

Streamflow and pumping

• Stream Flow:

• Urban Pumping:

81 Change Rainfall Change Temperature 0 2 4 -15% -28% -31.5% -35% 0% 0% -4.4% -9% 15% 45% 40.1% 35% Change Rainfall Change Temperature 0 2 4 -15% 1.3% 3.1% 5.3% 0% 0% 1.5% 2.8% 15% -1.5% -0.1% 1.3%

(82)

Evaluate Mitigation Options

GHG Emissions

• Clean Imports:

• Thermal Imports:

82 Change Rainfall Change Temperature 0 2 4 -15% -0.1% -.8% -2.1% 0% 0.0% -.1% -0.03% 15% -2.8% -.4% -0.2% Change Rainfall Change Temperature 0 2 4 -15% 3% 5.7% 10% 0% 0% 1.9% 6% 15% 0% -1.7% 3%

(83)

83

Conclusion

• Water Energy interactions

– Pervasive energy to supply water link

– More region specific water to supply energy link

• Climate change impact on energy and water prices

– Helps determine direction of adaptive response

• Modeling efforts to explore

– Size of energy and water linkages

– Impact of climate change on linkages – Management options

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