Program. 2. The World of the Inca. Myth and history. Political structure. A vertical economy. Military expansion and the Inca economy. Inca urbanism.

Universidad del Pacífico Humanities Department

25169 A History of the Andean Peoples to 1700 (A) 2008 – Second Term

Professor: Javier Flores Espinoza

Program

I. Summary

This course is a study of the Indian peoples of Peru from ca. 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 1700. It is intended as an introductory course to the history and archaeology of Peru‟s Indian peoples for exchange students. As such, it emphasizes the main trends that distinguish Peruvian history from that of Europe through a study of space and the environment, the relations between political systems and the people, the beliefs and attitudes regarding death and the afterlife, and the profound transformations the Spanish invasion wrought in the Andes, particularly as regards religion.

II. Skills

The course intends to help the student  Empathise with alien cultures

 Understand the interplay between continuity and change  Learn the rudiments of non-Western art history

 Apprehend the role of causation in history III. Topics

1. Introduction. Sources, archaeological, historical, and ethnological. Cultural areas in the Central Andes. Chronology and periods. The Andean landscape.

2. The World of the Inca. Myth and history. Political structure. A „vertical‟ economy. Military expansion and the Inca economy. Inca urbanism.

5. The Rise of the Empires. Environmental perturbations and the rise of empire. Tiahuanaco agriculture. Huari urbanism. Weaving and quipus. The kings of Chimor. Oracles and politics.

6. The Spanish Invasion. Sixteenth-century Spain. The fall of the Inca Empire. Encomenderos and encomiendas. The demographic collapse of Indian Peru.

7. Colonial Andean Society (1570-1750). Toledo and the colonial State. A mining economy. Religious imperialism: the battle for the ancestors. The breakdown of the Toledan system.

IV. Evaluation

Two exams 30% (each)

Two reading tests 40%

V. Required Reading

First Reading Test (8th September)

 Spalding, Karen “Tribes Become Peasants.” In Karen Spalding, Huarochirí. An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1984, 72-105.  Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth. “Kingship and the Gods.” In Susan Ramírez, To Feed and Be

Fed. The Cosmological Bases of Authority and Identity in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2005, 59-112.

First Exam (6th October)

 Burger, Richard. “Los orígenes de la civilización en los Andes.” In Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I. Lima. Fondo Editorial del Congreso de la República, 89-101.

 Lathrap, Donald W. “Gifts of the Cayman: Some Thoughts on the subsistence basis of Chavin.” In Donald W. Lathrap and J. Douglas, eds., Variation in anthropology: Essays

in Honour of John C. McGregor. Urbana: Illinois Archaeological Survey, 91-105.

 Frame, Mary. “Blood, Fertility, and Transformation: Interwoven Themes in the Paracas Necropolis Embroideries.” In Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook, eds., Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001, 55-92.

 Quilter, Jeffrey. “The Moche Revolt of the Objects.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. I, no. 1, 1990, 42-65.

Second Reading Test (10th November)

 Von Hagen, Adriana and Craig Morris. “The First Cities,” “Imperial Cities: Wari and Tiwanaku.” The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson 1998, 83-112, 113-38.

 Proulx, Donald. “Ritual Uses of Trophy heads in Ancient Nazca Society.” In Elizabeth P. Benson and Anita G. Cook, eds., Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, 119-36.

Final Exam (date to be set with students)

 Spalding, Karen J. “Exploitation as an Economic System: The State and the Extraction of Surplus in Colonial Peru.” In George A. Collier, Renato I Rosaldo and John D. Wirth, eds., The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800. Anthropology and History. New York-London: Academic Press, 321-42.

 Andrien, Kenneth J. “Religious Conversion and the Imposition of Orthodoxy.” In Kenneth J. Andrien, Andean Worlds. Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825, 153-91.

VI. Bibliography General Surveys BERRIN, Kathleen

1998 The Spirit of Ancient Peru. Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. London: Thames and Hudson.

BONAVIA, Duccio

1991 Perú hombre e historia, I. De los orígenes al siglo XV. Lima: Ediciones Edubanco.

LOCKHART, James and Stuart B. SCHWARTZ.

1992 América Latina en la Edad Moderna. Una historia de la América española y el Brasil coloniales. Madrid: Akal Ediciones.

MAKOWSKI, Krzysztof

2001 “Pre-Hispanic Art.” In Krzysztof Makowski, Natalia Majluf and Francisco Stastny, Art in Peru. Works from the Collection of the Museo de Arte de Lima. Lima: Museo de Arte de Lima-Promperú, 19-81.

MOSELEY, Michael

Pre-Columbian Peru BAWDEN, Garth

1999 The Moche. Massachusetts-Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

BURGER, Richard

1992 Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson. HYSLOP, John

1984 The Inka Road System. New York: Academic Press.

1990 Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBELL, William J.

2003 “Sin mallkis que adorar: los muertos huari.” Arqueológicas 26, 237-59. KOLATA, Alan

1993 The Tiwanaku. Massachusetts-Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. MAKOWSKI HANULA, Krzysztof

2001 “Las civilizaciones prehispánicas en la costa central y sur.” In Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I, 163-243.

MAKOWSKI HANULA, Krzysztof, Richard L. Burger, Helaine Silverman et al. 2000-2001 Los dioses del antiguo Perú, 2 vols. Lima: Banco de Crédito del Perú. MURRA, John V.

2002 El mundo andino. Población, medio ambiente y economía. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos-Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

PAUL, Anne

1990 Paracas Ritual Attire. Symbols of Authority in Ancient Peru. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.

QUILTER, Jeffrey

1997 “The Narrative Approach to Moche Iconography.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 8, no. 2, 113-33.

RAVINES, Rogger, editor

1980 Chanchan, metrópoli chimú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. SILVERMAN, Helaine.

1996 “Contextualizando la muerte en los cementerios de Paracas.” In Luis Millones and Moisés Lemlij, eds., Al final del camino. Lima: Seminario Interdisciplinario de Estudios Andinos, 1-19.

VON HAGEN, Adriana and Craig MORRIS

1998 The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson.

Colonial Peru

ANDRIEN, Kenneth J.

2001 Andean Worlds. Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

COOK, Noble David.

1981 Demographic Collapse. Indian Peru, 1520-1620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ELLIOT, John H.

1998a “La conquista española y las colonias de América.” In Leslie Bethell, ed., Historia de América Latina, 1: América Latina colonial. Barcelona: Crítica-Mondadori, 126-69.

1998b “España y América en los siglos XVI y XVII.” In Leslie Bethell, ed., Historia de América Latina, 2: América Latina colonial. Barcelona: Crítica-Mondadori, 3-44.

HEMMING, John

1982 La conquista de los incas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982. SUÁREZ, Margarita

2001 “El estado virreinal.” Guillermo Lohmann Villena, Richard Burger, and Yoshio Onuki et al., Historia de la cultura peruana, I. Lima. Fondo Editorial del Congreso de la República, 277-92.

VARÓN GABAI, Rafael.

1996 La ilusión del poder. Apogeo y decadencia de los Pizarro en la conquista del Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

WACHTEL, Nathan

1976 Los vencidos. Los indios del Perú frente a la conquista española (1530-1570). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.