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Estimation of caffeine intake from analysis of caffeine metabolites in wastewater

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Table 1. Metabolic profiles of caffeine and its main metabolites in human urine (from pharmacokinetic studies and spot urine analysis) and from  the levels measured in wastewater
Figure 1. Metabolic pathway of caffeine in humans
Figure 2. Normalized mass loads (g/day/1000 inhabitants) of caffeine and its metabolites in  ten European cities in March 2015 and April 2015 (Porto)
Table 2. Caffeine consumption estimated from wastewater analysis and using coffee trade data for the countries investigated
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