Aceptado: 01/04/2016 ISSN edición impresa: 2254-4070
*44/FEJDJØOXFC http://revistas.um.es/sportk
Dirección para correspondencia [Correspodence address]: Alberto Aibar 4PMBOB6OJWFSTJEBEEF;BSBHP[B'BDVMUZPG4PDJBM4DJFODFTBOE&EVDBUJPO
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"OBMJ[BOEPMBWBMJEBDJØOEFM*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSFFO
KØWFOFTBEPMFTDFOUFT6OQSPUPDPMPNPEJëDBEPQBSBMBSFDPHJEBEFMPTEBUPT 5FTUJOHUIFWBMJEJUZPGUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSF
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"MCFSUP"JCBS -VJT(BSDÓB(PO[ÈMF[ "MCFSUP"CBSDB4PT2, Berta Murillo3Z+BWJFS;BSBHP[B
¹University of Zaragoza (Huesca, Spain) ²University of Zaragoza (Teruel, Spain) 3University of San Jorge (Zaragoza, Spain)
3FTVNFO-BWFSTJØODPSUBEFM*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJ- SF *1"24'IBTJEPSFDPNFOEBEBDPNPVONÏUPEPFëDJFOUFQBSBFWBMVBS
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VUJMJ[BOEPVOBWFSTJØONPEJëDBEBEFMQSPUPDPMPBEBQUBEBBBEPMFTDFOUFT
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FEBEFOUSFZB×PTEFTFJTJOTUJUVUPTEF)VFTDB &TQB×B-PTQBSUJ- DJQBOUFT MMFWBSPO VO BDFMFSØNFUSP EVSBOUF TJFUF EÓBT DPOTFDVUJWPT Z DPN- QMFUBSPOFM*1"24'FMÞMUJNPEÓB4FDBMDVMØFMDPFëDJFOUFEFDPSSFMBDJØO
EF1FBSTPOFOUSFBNCPTNÏUPEPT4FVUJMJ[ØFMNÏUPEP#MBOE"MUNBOQBSB
proporcionar el error total entre los dos métodos en ambos estudios.
4FFODPOUSBSPODPSSFMBDJPOFTTJHOJëDBUJWBTFOUSFFM*1"24'ZFMBDFMFSØNF- tro para la AF moderada, vigorosa, y moderada-vigorosa. La AF moderada- WJHPSPTBGVFTJHOJëDBUJWBNFOUFTPCSFFTUJNBEBQPSFM*1"24'-PTHSÈëDPT
#MBOE"MUNBONPTUSBSPORVFMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFM*1"24'SFBMJ[BEPDPOFM
QSPUPDPMPNPEJëDBEPPCUVWJFSPONFKPSFTOJWFMFTEFBDVFSEPQBSBMB"'WJ- gorosa y moderada-vigorosa.
&M*1"24'QVFEFTFSVOBIFSSBNJFOUBWÈMJEBQBSBNFEJSMB"'FOKØWFOFT
BEPMFTDFOUFT FTQFDJBMNFOUFDVBOEPTFBQMJDBONPEJëDBDJPOFTNFUPEPMØHJ- cas en el protocolo de recogida de datos.
Palabras clave: "DFMFSPNFUSÓB &WBMVBDJØO $VFTUJPOBSJP "DUJWJEBE'ÓTJDB Validación.
Abstract: ɨFTIPSUWFSTJPOPGUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPO- OBJSF *1"24'IBTCFFOSFDPNNFOEFEBTBOFïDJFOUNFUIPEUPBTTFTT
QIZTJDBMBDUJWJUZ 1" CVUJUTWBMJEJUZIBTOPUCFFOJOWFTUJHBUFEJO4QBOJTI
BEPMFTDFOUTɨJTBSUJDMF XIJDIJTDPNQSJTFEPGUXPTUVEJFT QVSTVFTëSTUMZ
UPUFTUUIFWBMJEJUZPGUIF*1"24'JOBTBNQMFPG4QBOJTIBEPMFTDFOUT BOE
TFDPOEMZUPUFTUBOEDPNQBSFUIFWBMJEJUZPGUIF*1"24'VTJOHBNPEJëFE
QSPUPDPMWFSTJPOTQFDJëDBMMZBEBQUFEUPBEPMFTDFOUT
Given that this work is divided into two studies, two independent samples XFSFVTFE0OFTBNQMFPGBEPMFTDFOUTGPS4UVEZ0OF NBMFT BOE
BOPUIFSTBNQMFPGBEPMFTDFOUTGPS4UVEZ5XP NBMFT BHFEo
ZFBSTPME XFSFSFDSVJUFEGSPNTJYTFDPOEBSZTDIPPMTJO)VFTDB 4QBJO
"MM TVCKFDUT XPSF BO BDDFMFSPNFUFS GPS TFWFO DPOTFDVUJWF EBZT BOE DPN- QMFUFEUIF*1"24'POUIFMBTUEBZ1FBSTPODPSSFMBUJPODPFïDJFOUTXFSF
calculated between both methods. The Bland and Altman method was also used to provide the total error between the two methods in both studies.
4JHOJëDBOU DPSSFMBUJPOT CFUXFFO *1"24' BOE BDDFMFSPNFUFS EBUB XFSF
found for time spent on moderate, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous PA.
.PEFSBUFUPWJHPSPVT1"MFWFMTXFSFTJHOJëDBOUMZPWFSFTUJNBUFECZ*1"2
4'#MBOE"MUNBOQMPUTTIPXFEUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIF*1"24' DPOEVDUFE
XJUIBNPEJëFEBEBQUFEQSPUPDPMGPSFBSMZBEPMFTDFOUT PCUBJOFENVDICFU- ter levels of agreement for vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous PA intensities.
ɨF*1"24'NBZCFBWBMJEUPPMUPNFBTVSF1"MFWFMTJOFBSMZBEPMFTDFOUT FTQFDJBMMZXIFONFUIPEPMPHJDBMNPEJëDBUJPOTBSFBQQMJFEJOUIFEBUBDPM- lection protocol.
Keywords: "DDFMFSPNFUSZ "TTFTTNFOU 2VFTUJPOOBJSF 1IZTJDBM "DUJWJUZ Validity.
Introduction
3FHVMBS QIZTJDBM BDUJWJUZ 1" IBT DPOTJTUFOUMZ CFFO BTTP- DJBUFE XJUI QIZTJDBM IFBMUI CFOFëUT #PSSFHP#BMTBMPCSF -ØQF[4ÈODIF[ Z %ÓB[4VÈSF[ B #PSSFHP#BMTBMPCSF -ØQF[4ÈODIF[ Z %ÓB[4VÈSF[ C #PSSFHP#BMTBMPCSF -ØQF[4ÈODIF[ Z %ÓB[4VÈSF[ D -ØQF[4ÈODIF[ #PS- SFHP#BMTBMPCSF Z %ÓB[4VÈSF[ $PNQBSJOH HMPCBM
TVSWFJMMBODF BOE JOUFSOBUJPOBM QIZTJDBM BDUJWJUZ 1" MFWFMT
CFUXFFO EJêFSFOU QPQVMBUJPOT JT EJïDVMU EVF UP UIF VTF PG
EJêFSFOU NFBTVSFNFOU UFDIOJRVFT .POUPZF $VOOJOHIBO
)VHI Z &QTUFJO ɨF *OUFSOBUJPOBM 1IZTJDBM "DUJW- JUZ 2VFTUJPOOBJSF *1"2 JT B TFMGSFQPSU NFBTVSF UIBU IBT
been developed to estimate regular PA levels across different countries in the world and in different socio-cultural envi- SPONFOUT $SBJHFUBM
ɨF TIPSU WFSTJPO PG *1"2 *1"24' XBT EFWFMPQFE UP
be used by public health institutions to monitor entire world- wide populations. Its reliability and validity has initially been tested on 18 to 65 year-old adults in diverse settings in more UIBOBEP[FOPGDPVOUSJFT $SBJHFUBM -BUFSPO TFWFSBM
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7JDUPSB 2VZ-J BOEPSPUIFSQPQVMBUJPOT TVDI
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3BOHVM )PMNFO ,VSU[F $VZQFSTZ.JEUIKFMM
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not been validated in a Spanish adolescent population.
*UTIPVMECFLOPXOUIBUEFTQJUFUIFGBDUUIBUUIF*1"2
4'JTXJEFMZVTFEJODVSSFOUJOUFSOBUJPOBMSFTFBSDI .FEJOB +BOTTFO $BNQPT Z #BSRVFSB 3PTFOCFSH #VMM .BS- TIBMM 4BMMJTZ#BVNBO EVF JOQBSU UPUIFHFOFSBMJO- herent positive features linked to self-report questionnaires ,FNQFS .POUPZF 4BSJT Z 8BTICVSO TVDI BT JUT
accessibility and its data collection simplicity, several stud- JFT IBWF EPDVNFOUFE TPNF MJNJUBUJPOT JO JUT VTF 'BVMLOFS
$PIOZ3FNJOHUPO -FFFUBM .FEJOB #BSRVFSB
Z +BOTTFO *U JT QPTTJCMF UIBU UIF *1"24' NBZ PWFS- FTUJNBUF "JOTXPSUI FU BM 3[FXOJDLJ 7BO EFO "V- XFFMF Z %F #PVSEFBVEIVJK PS FWFO VOEFSFTUJNBUF
)BMMBMZ7JDUPSB 2VZ-J 3VUUFOFUBM
PA levels. These limitations become especially important in BEPMFTDFOU QPQVMBUJPOT (VFEFT FU BM 3BOHVM FU BM
XIP NBZ IBWF DPODFQUVBM EJïDVMUJFT JO EJêFSFOUJBU- JOHTPNFUFSNT TVDIBTWJHPSPVTPSNPEFSBUF1" #BVNBO
FU BM )BHTUSÚNFS FU BM 1BQBUIBOBTJPV FU BM
FTQFDJBMMZ EFQFOEJOH PO UIF ëUOFTT MFWFM PG QBSUJDJ- QBOUT +PIOTPO 5JMMHSFOZ)BHTUSPNFS -JLFXJTF BOE
BMTPDPOTJEFSJOHPVSQSFWJPVTFYQFSJFODFXJUIUIFBQQMJDBUJPO
PGUIF*1"24' QFPQMFNBZIBWFTPNFMJNJUBUJPOTSFDBMMJOH
their weekly activities. These limitations may also possibly be HSFBUFSJOFBSMZBEPMFTDFOUT (VFEFTFUBM *UTIPVMECF
ëOBMMZOPUFEUIBU JOPSEFSGPSBEPMFTDFOUTUPPCUBJOIFBMUI
CFOFëUT UIF8PSME)FBMUI0SHBOJ[BUJPO 8)0 IBT
NBEF PïDJBM JOUFSOBUJPOBM 1" SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT QSPQPTJOH
60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day.
This study, which is comprised of two independent stud- JFT QVSTVFT UXP NBJO HPBMT ɨFTF PCKFDUJWFT BSF UXPGPME
ëSTUMZ UPUFTUUIFWBMJEJUZPGUIF*1"24'JOB4QBOJTIBEP- lescent sample. Secondly, to test and compare the validity of UIF*1"24'VTJOHBNPEJëFEQSPUPDPMWFSTJPO TQFDJëDBMMZ
adapted to an adolescent population.
Materials and methods
Study sample and design
Two independent samples were used for each study. One sam- QMFPGBEPMFTDFOUTGPS4UVEZ0OF NBMFT BOEBOPUIFS
TBNQMFPGBEPMFTDFOUTGPS4UVEZ5XP NBMFT BHFE
o ZFBST PME XFSF SFDSVJUFE GSPN TJY VSCBO TFDPOEBSZ
TDIPPMTJO)VFTDB 4QBJO POUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSXJMMJOHOFTTUP
cooperate in the study. Before participating in these studies, parents had to provide written informed consent, and adoles- cents had to give written assent. These studies were approved CZUIF&UIJDT$PNNJUUFFPGUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG;BSBHP[B
To make it easier to compare data between the self-report
*1"24'BOEUIFBDDFMFSPNFUFSEBUB EJêFSFOUJODMVTJPODSJUFSJB
were established in both studies. Before further processing, each TFMGSFQPSU*1"24'IBEUPTBUJTGZDSJUFSJBBDDPSEJOHUP(VJEF- MJOFTGPS%BUB1SPDFTTJOHBOE"OBMZTJTPGUIF*1"2$PNNJUUFF
*UTIPVMECFQPJOUFEPVUUIBU JOPSEFSUPCFSFHJTUFSFE B
period of activity had to last for at least 10 minutes. Moreover, FBDIBDDFMFSPNFUFSëMFIBEUPTBUJTGZUIFGPMMPXJOHDSJUFSJBCFGPSF
GVSUIFS QSPDFTTJOH UIF TVCKFDU NVTU IBWF XPSO UIF NPOJ- UPSGPSDPOTFDVUJWFEBZT JODMVEJOHXFFLFOET FYDFQUBUOJHIU
XIJMFTMFFQJOHPSEVSJOHXBUFSCBTFEBDUJWJUJFT B“ full day of wearing”XBTEFëOFEBTBUMFBTUIPVSTDPOUJOVPVTNPOJUPS- JOHQFSEBZEVSJOHXFFLEBZT BOEBUMFBTUIPVSTDPOUJOVPVT
NPOJUPSJOHBUXFFLFOET 3PXMBOET ɨFTFBDDFMFSPNFUFS
criteria are consistent with wearing compliance recommenda- tions and reliability of PA variables derived from free-living DPOEJUJPOT 8BSE &WFOTPO 7BVHIO 3PEHFSTZ5SPJBOP
ɨFDPOTFDVUJWFEBZDSJUFSJPOXBTRVJUFSFTUSJDUJWF)PXFWFS PXJOHUPUIFGBDUUIBUUIF*1"24'HBWFVTEBZPVUQVUEBUB we considered it important to preserve the same number of days from the accelerometer data. Time spent on light physical ac-
DBM BDUJWJUZ 71" BOE NPEFSBUFUPWJHPSPVT QIZTJDBM BDUJWJUZ
.71"XBTBWFSBHFEBDSPTTBMMTVCKFDUT“ full wearing days”.
"QQMZJOH UIFTF DSJUFSJB B UPUBM PG BEPMFTDFOUT
SF and accelerometer data were included in Study One and Study Two, respectively.
Measurement
Self-report physical activity questionnaire
*1"24'XBTVTFE $SBJHFUBM UPBTTFTT1"PGUIFMBTU
EBZT*UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUJO4UVEZ5XPUIF*1"24'XBT
BMTP BQQMJFE UP FWBMVBUF 1" VTJOH B NPEJëFE WFSTJPO PG UIF
QSPUPDPM UIVTCFDPNJOHUIF*1"24'.1ɨFNPEJëFEQSP- UPDPMXJMMCFFYQMBJOFEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHTFDUJPOT/FWFSUIFMFTT it should be noted that the structure of the questionnaire was FOUJSFMZTJNJMBSɨF*1"24'JTNBEFVQPGFJHIUPQFOFOEFE
questions and its information permits estimating the time spent per week on PA at different intensities. The Spanish version of
*1"24'XBTVTFECZGPMMPXJOHUIFQSPDFEVSFTSFDPNNFOEFE
CZUIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM$POTFOTVT(SPVQ XXXJQBRLJTF
Accelerometer
ɨFVOJBYJBM(5.BDDFMFSPNFUFS "DUJHSBQI 1FOTBDPMB 'MP- SJEB 64"XBTVTFEUPDPOUJOVPVTMZBTTFTTPCKFDUJWF1"EVSJOH
waking hours, over a 7-day period. The GT1M accelerometer is widely used in PA research and has been shown to be a valid BOE SFMJBCMF UPPM GPS RVBOUJGZJOH 1" 'SFFETPO 1PCFS Z +BO[
3FJMMZFUBM ɨFBDDFMFSPNFUFSXBTBUUBDIFEUPBO
BEKVTUBCMFFMBTUJDCFMUBOEXPSOPOUIFSJHIUTJEFPGUIFIJQJO
accordance with the guidelines suggested by Trost, Mciver and 1BUF 'PSUIJTTUVEZ NPOJUPSTXFSFJOJUJBMJTFEBTEFTDSJ- bed by the manufacturer, and the epoch was set at 30 seconds.
Procedure
After the 7-day monitoring period, accelerometers were collected BOEEBUBXFSFJNNFEJBUFMZEPXOMPBEFEBOEëMFE%BUBXFSF
BOBMZTFEVTJOHTQFDJëDTPGUXBSFBOEiBDUJWJUZDPVOUTwXFSFUSBOT- MBUFEJOUPUJNF NJOEBZTQFOUPO1"BUEJêFSFOUJOUFOTJUJFT WJ- HPSPVT NPEFSBUFBOE.71"BDDPSEJOHUP5SFVUIDVUQPJOUT
5SFVUIFUBM EVFUPUIFJSBQQMJDBCJMJUZUPDIJMESFOPGBOZ
BHF "OEFSTFOFUBM *UTIPVMECFQPJOUFEPVUUIBUEBUB
XJUIUJNFQFSJPETPGNPSFUIBONJOVUFTPG[FSPWBMVFTXFSF
FYDMVEFEGSPNUIFBOBMZTJTBOEUIBUBSFDPSEJOHPGNPSFUIBO
20,000 counts per minute was seen as a potential malfunction PGUIFBDDFMFSPNFUFSBOEXBTBMTPFYDMVEFEGSPNUIFBOBMZTJT
'PS UIF *1"24' BQQMJDBUJPO JO 4UVEZ 0OF UIF BEPMFT- DFOUTXFSFHBUIFSFEJOUPHSPVQTPGTVCKFDUT1BSUJDJQBOUT
SFDFJWFE UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF XJUI JOTUSVDUJPOT PO IPX UP ëMM
JUJOBTXFMMBTSFDPNNFOEBUJPOT XXXJQBRLJTF/PUJNF
limit was given for the task and possible doubts were prompt- MZFYQMBJOFECZUIFQSPGFTTJPOBMJODIBSHFPGUIFEBUBDPMMFD- UJPO8IJMTUëMMJOHJOUIFRVFTUJPOOBJSF UIFBEPMFTDFOUTIBE
no communication with other participants, in an attempt to avoid possible undesirable interferences in their responses.
Statistical analysis
Means, standard deviations and differences were calculated for
minutes of light, moderate, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous QIZTJDBM BDUJWJUZ -1" .1" 71" .71" QFS XFFL VTJOH
data obtained from each one of the two instruments in the two studies. Owing to the normal distribution of the PA data, 1FBSTPO DPSSFMBUJPO DPFïDJFOUT XFSF DBMDVMBUFE CFUXFFO UPUBM
minutes of different PA intensities measured by the accelero- NFUFSBOEUIF*1"24' CPUIXJUIJUTPSJHJOBMQSPUPDPMBOEJUT
GPSDMBTTJGZJOHDPSSFMBUJPOWBMVFT JFS TNBMM S
NPEFSBUF S MBSHFɨF#MBOEBOE"MUNBONFUIPE
"MUNBO "ULJOTPOZ/FWJMM XBTVTFEUPQSPWJEF
the total error between the two methods in both studies. An JOEJDBUJPOPGUIFTZTUFNBUJDSBOEPNFSSPSBOEUIFMJNJUTPG
agreement were used in order to describe it. Bland and Altman analyses were conducted on minutes spent on MPA, VPA and .71"4UBUJTUJDBMTJHOJëDBODFXBTTFUBUQǙ ɨF4UBUJTUJDBM
1BDLBHFGPS4PDJBM4DJFODFT 4144 WFSTJPOGPS8JOEPXT
BOEUIF"OBMZTFJU4PGUXBSFGPS.JDSPTPGU0ïDF&YDFMGPS
Windows were used to perform all statistical analyses.
Study One Results
5BCMFJODMVEFTBTVNNBSZPGTVCKFDUJWF JF *1"2BOEPC- KFDUJWF JF BDDFMFSPNFUFSEBUBPGUJNFTQFOUBUEJêFSFOU1"
JOUFOTJUJFT TUVEZPOFBOETUVEZUXP4UVEZPOFTIPXFEUIBU in comparison with the ActiGraph, self-reported levels of vi- HPSPVT WT NJOXFFLBOE.71"
WT NJOXFFL XFSFTJHOJëDBOUMZ
PWFSFTUJNBUFE XIJMF.1" WT
NJOXFFLXFSFTVCTUBOUJBMMZVOEFSFTUJNBUFECZ*1"24'
Table 1. .FBOTDPSFTBOE4UBOEBSE%FWJBUJPOT 4%PGUIF1"EBUBPCUBJOFECZUIF*1"2BOEUIFBDDFMFSPNFUFS"DUJHSBQIJOUSJBMPOFBOE
trial two.
4UVEZ0OF O 4UVEZ5XP O
ActiGraph *1"24' ActiGraph *1"24'.1
All Boys
O
Girls
O All Boys
O
Girls
O All Boys
O
Girls
O All Boys
O
Girls O
Light activity
Weekday 266.83***
279.67***
251.13***
36.85
44.55
27.44
282.36***
295,76***
274.38***
37.22
25.61
44.13
Weekend 288.22***
313.92***
256.81***
45.44
53.52
35.56
247.64***
261,82***
239.20***
50.82
45.00
54.29
Total 272.94***
289.45***
252.75***
39.30
47.11
29.76
272.44***
286,06***
264.33***
41.11
31.15
47.03
Moderate activity Weekday 23.02**
27.31**
17.77
13.53
15.41
11.22
29.87***
43,09**
22.01
20.51
26.08
17.19
Weekend 27.53
36.49
16.58
20.44
19.20
21.94
19.73
28,07**
14.76
15.63
12.80
17.32
Total 24.31**
29.94**
17.43
15.50
16.50
14.29
26.98**
38,80***
19.94
19.12
22.29
17.23
4UVEZ0OF O 4UVEZ5XP O
ActiGraph *1"24' ActiGraph *1"24'.1
All Boys
O
Girls
O All Boys O
Girls
O All Boys
O
Girls
O All Boys
O
Girls O
Vigorous activity Weekday 6.37
8.17
54.50***
65.64***
40.89***
6.20
25.31***
35.32***
19.36***
Weekend 6.66
9.66
3.00
43.63***
52.39***
32.92*
4.04
2.68
18.02***
25.70**
13.45**
Total 6.45
8.59
3.83
51.39***
61.85***
38.61***
5.58
3.90
23.23***
32.57***
17.67***
MVPA
Weekday 29.39
35.48
21.93
68.03***
81.05***
52.11*
36.08
52,35
26.39
45.82**
61.40
36.55**
Weekend 34.19
46.15
19.58
64.25**
71.59
55.28*
23.76
34,39
17.44
33.66*
38.50
30.77**
Total 30.76
38.53
21.26
66.95***
78.34***
53.02*
32.56
47,22
23.83
42.35**
54.86
34.90**
4JHOJëDBOUMZEJêFSFODFTCFUXFFOUIF*1"2BOE"DUJ(SBQIXJUIJOFBDITUVEZ Q Q Q %BUBBSFFYQSFTTFEJONJOVUFT
*1"24'.1*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSFTIPSU'PSN.PEJëFE1SPUPDPM*1"24'*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSF4IPSU'PSN NoteTJHOJëDBOUEJêFSFODFTBSFFYQSFTTFECFUXFFO*1"2BOE"DUJHSBQIXJUIJOFBDITUVEZ4UVEZPOFJOEFQFOEFOUPGTUVEZUXP
1FBSTPODPSSFMBUJPODPFïDJFOUT TFFUBCMFCFUXFFO.71"
EBUBPG*1"24'BOE"DUJ(SBQIBDDFMFSPNFUFSXFSFS
Q .FBOXIJMF UIFSF XFSF NPEFSBUF 1FBSTPO}T DPSSFMB-
UJPODPFïDJFOUTCFUXFFOJOTUSVNFOUTGPSUJNFTQFOUPO.1"
Table 2. 1FBSTPODPSSFMBUJPOTCFUXFFOUIF*1"2BOEUIFBDDFMFSPNFUFSEBUBGPS5SJBMPOFBOEUXP
4UVEZPOF O 4UVEZUXP O
"DUJ(SBQIWT*1"24' "DUJ(SBQIWT*1"24'.1
All #PZT O (JSMT O All #PZT O (JSMT O
Light
Weekday .107 .280 -.221 -.164 -.154 -.051
Weekend .231 .433* -.237 .037 .069 .042
Total .156 .369 -.251 -.188 -.208 -.090
Moderate
Weekday .413** .523* .008 .114 .030 -.301
Weekend .273 .289 .445 .042 .097 .113
Total .370* .410 .318 .036 -.083 -.181
Vigorous
Weekday .257 .165 .119 .340** .072 .403**
Weekend .237 .140 .282 .398** .521** .128
Total .342* .277 .154 .332** .077 .293
MVPA
Weekday .535** .534* .264 .358** .055 .169
Weekend .431** .380 .520* .305* .409* .163
Total .547** .521* .387 .311** .016 .140
4JHOJëDBOUMZDPSSFMBUFTCFUXFFOUIF*1"2BOE"DUJ(SBQIXJUIJOFBDITUVEZ
*1"24'.1*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSF4IPSU'PSN.PEJëFE1SPUPDPM*1"24'*OUFSOBUJPOBM1IZTJDBM"DUJWJUZ2VFTUJPOOBJSF4IPSU'PSN
Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the Bland-Altman plots for time spent on MPA, VPA, and MVPA. The solid line in the plot reflects the mean of the difference between the questionnaire BOEUIFBDDFMFSPNFUFSNJOXFFLGPSWJHPSPVT1"
min/week for moderate PA and 12,7 min/week for MVPA.
ɨF NFBO EJêFSFODFT CJBT PG UIF NFBTVSFNFOUT CFUXFFO
JOTUSVNFOUTTIPXFEBDDFQUBCMFNFBOCJBT SBOHJOHGSPN
UP NJOXFFLPGUIFNFBOTDPSFɨFEBTIFEMJOFTTIPX
UIFMJNJUTPGBHSFFNFOU UP NJOXFFLGPSWJHP- rous PA, -65,6 to 8,2 min/week for moderate PA and -33,7 to 59,0 min/week for MVPA. These limits of agreement values BSFMBSHFSGPS.71" GSPN UP NJOXFFLUIBOGPS
WJHPSPVTBOENPEFSBUF1" GSPN UP NJOXFFLBOE
GSPN UP NJOXFFLSFTQFDUJWFMZ
Figure 1. Bland-Altman plot of VPA minutes estimated by acce- MFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245JOUIF5SJBM
Figure 2. Bland-Altman plot of MPA minutes estimated by acce- MFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245JOUIF5SJBM
Figure 3. Bland-Altman plot of MVPA minutes estimated by ac- DFMFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245JOUIF5SJBM
Possible sources of self-reported estimation error of IPAQ-SF
0ODFUIF*1"24'IBECFFODPNQMFUFEJO4UVEZ0OF BEP- lescents were asked open-ended questions about problems or EJïDVMUJFTUIBUUIFZIBEGPVOEXIJMTUëMMJOHJOUIFRVFTUJPO- naire. Researchers retrieved information from this data co- MMFDUJPOQSPDFTT 4UVEZ0OF SFHBSEJOHQSPCMFNTPSBTQFDUT
that may have been misunderstood by students. Afterwards, several research team meetings took place to analyse and stu- dy those problems reported by the participants and those pro- blematic aspects perceived by the researchers. Several requi-
JOSFDBMMJOHUIFBDUJWJUZPGUIFQSFWJPVTXFFL CEJïDVMUJFT
in differentiating PA intensities: especially between vigorous BOENPEFSBUF DEJïDVMUJFTJOFTUJNBUJOHUIFOVNCFSPGNJ- OVUFT TQFOU BU EJêFSFOU 1" JOUFOTJUJFT JF .1" BOE 71"
Table 3 also shows some hypothetical sources of error that researchers had detected.
Table 3. *1"24'SFRVFSJNFOUTBOEQPUFOUJBMTPVSDFTPGFSSPSPCUBJOFEGSPN5SJBMPOF
Requirements and potential sources of error
*1"2SFRVJSFNFOUT Potential sources of error 1. Recall of activity during previous
week
*OTUSVDUJPOTJODPSSFDUMZJOUFSQSFUFEBTNFBOJOHUIFQSFWJPVTGVMMXFFL .POEBZUP4VO- EBZSBUIFSUIBOUIFQSFWJPVTTFWFOEBZT
*OTUSVDUJPOJODPSSFDUMZJOUFSQSFUFEEVFUPUIFIJHIOVNCFSPGQFPQMFXIPëMMJOUIFRVFT- UJPOOBJSFBUUIFTBNFUJNF OPJTZXPSLFOWJSPONFOU
2. Differentiation of PA intensities:
vigorous, moderate and walking.
2.1. Lack of understanding of the concept relating to intensity discrimination: Vigorous PA, moderate PA and walking.
3. Estimation of the number of minutes spent in different PA intensities.
3.1. Recall error owing to a lack of encoded information relating to activity frequency and duration, especially in the walking question.
3.2. Lack of perceived relevance may cause reduced motivation to complete the questionnaire.
Protocol modification: “IPAQ-SF-MP”
In order to test and compare the validity and agreement of UIF*1"24'BOEUPSFEVDFIZQPUIFUJDBMTFMGSFQPSUFESFDBMM
FSSPST B NPEJëFE QSPUPDPM XBT DSFBUFE BOE VTFE BT B RVFT- tionnaire for Study Two. From then onwards, the name of UIFRVFTUJPOOBJSFXBTNPEJëFEBOEDBMMFEUIF*1"24'.1
XIFSFBTHSPVQTPGTVCKFDUTXFSFFTUBCMJTIFEJO4UVEZ0OF
to answer the questionnaires, data was collected in groups of
TVCKFDUTJO4UVEZ5XP4UVEFOUTSFDBMMXBTFYQFDUFEUPCF
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EJTDSJNJOBUFEJêFSFOU1"JOUFOTJUJFTC#FGPSFDPNQMFUJOHUIF
questionnaire, participants had to recall all the activities that UIFZIBEEPOFUIFQSFWJPVTXFFLBOEëMMJOBTIPSUXFFLMZMPH
EJBSZɨFZIBENJOVUFTUPDPSSFDUMZëMMJOUIFMPHEJBSZ
8JUI UIJT TUSBUFHZ JU XBT IPQFE UIBU TUVEFOUT XPVME ëOE JU
FBTJFSUPSFDBMMUIFJSEBJMZBOEXFFLMZSPVUJOFTD5PGBDJMJUB- te their capacity of distinguishing between PA intensities. In order to do that, researchers gave a previous structured image- TVQQPSUFYQMBOBUJPOPGUIFEJêFSFOU1"JOUFOTJUJFT GPMMPXFE
by question time where participants could ask any questions.
Study Two Results
It can be seen in Table 1 how differences between different 1"JOUFOTJUJFTCFUXFFO*1"24'BOEBDDFMFSPNFUFSFTUJNBUFT
are less important in Study Two than in Study One. Study Two showed that, in comparison with the accelerometer data, TFMGSFQPSUFE MFWFMT PG 71" WT
NJOXFFLBOE.71" WT NJO
XFFL XFSF PWFSFTUJNBUFE UP B MFTTFS FYUFOU UIBO JO 4UVEZ
One. Moreover, the underestimation found in MPA values WT NJOXFFL XBT BMTP TNB- MMFS UIBO JO 4UVEZ 0OF 1FBSTPO DPSSFMBUJPO DPFïDJFOUT JO
4UVEZ5XP TFFUBCMFEJEOPUEJêFSTVCTUBOUJBMMZGSPN4UV- EZ0OF TIPXJOHBNPEFSBUFDPSSFMBUJPO S Q JO
UIF.71"WBMVF8FEJEOPUëOETJHOJëDBOUDPSSFMBUJPOTJO
MPA values but correlations in VPA values were greater than in Study One.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 show the Bland-Altman plots for time spent on MPA, VPA, and MVPA in Study Two respectively.
Figure 4. Bland-Altman plot of VPA minutes estimated by acce- MFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245.1JOUIF5SJBM
Figure 5. Bland-Altman plot of MPA minutes estimated by acce- MFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245.1JOUIF5SJBM
Figure 6. Bland-Altman plot of MVPA minutes estimated by ac- DFMFSPNFUFSBOEUIF*1"245.1JOUIF5SJBM
The Bland-Altman plots indicated much greater agreement at vigorous and MVPA intensities in Study Two than in Study One. The difference between the self-report questionnaire and the accelerometer was: 3,2 min/week for VPA and 8,4 min/week for MVPA. Meanwhile, we found similar agree- ment at MPA: -30,90 min/week. As in Study One, limits of BHSFFNFOUWBMVFTXFSFHSFBUFSGPS.71" GSPN UP
NJOXFFLUIBOGPS71"BOE.1" GSPN UP NJO
XFFLBOEGSPN UP NJOXFFLSFTQFDUJWFMZ
Discussion
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'JSTUMZ UIFëOEJOHTTVQQPSUFEBDDFQUBCMFMFWFMTPGWBMJEJUZPG
UIF*1"24'XIFODPNQBSFEXJUIEBUBPCUBJOFEGSPNUIF
accelerometers. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that .71" MFWFMT XFSF TJHOJëDBOUMZ PWFSFTUJNBUFE CZ *1"24'
4FDPOEMZ SFTVMUTGSPNUIF*1"24'.1 DPOEVDUFEXJUIB
NPEJëFE BEBQUFE QSPUPDPM GPS FBSMZ BEPMFTDFOUT PCUBJOFE
much better levels of agreement for vigorous and moderate- to-vigorous PA intensities.
PA self-reported validity studies in young people typically SFQPSUDPSSFMBUJPODPFïDJFOUTSBOHJOHGSPN UP ,PIM 'VMUPO Z $BTQFSTFO .BSUÓOF[(ØNF[ FU BM
$PSSFMBUJPODPFïDJFOUTGPSNPEFSBUFBOEWJHPSPVTJOUFOTJUZ
JOUIF*1"24'XFSFTJNJMBSUPXIBUJTUZQJDBMMZSFQPSUFEGPS
UIFTFLJOETPGTFMGSFQPSURVFTUJPOOBJSFT #BVNBOZ.FSPN
. 0VS ëOEJOHT BSF DPNQBSBCMF XJUI PUIFS WBMJEBUJPO
studies conducted worldwide, which show that, when com- QBSFE XJUI PCKFDUJWF 1" EBUB PCUBJOFE GSPN BDDFMFSPNFUFS self-report questionnaires have acceptable validity, but typi- DBMMZ PWFSFTUJNBUF UPUBM 1" #SPXO #BVNBO $IFZ 5SPTU
Z .VNNFSZ $SBJH FU BM )BHTUSPNFS 0KB
Z 4KPTUSPN .ÊEFS .BSUJO 4DIVMU[ Z .BSUJ
.PZ 4DSBHH .D-FBO Z $BSS *O BEEJUJPO JU IBT
CFFOTIPXOJOMJUFSBUVSFUIBUUIFVTFPG*1"24'TQFDJëDBMMZ
PWFSFTUJNBUFT1" &LFMVOEFUBM .D'BSMBOF -FF )P
$IBOZ$IBO
Overestimation can be due to a variety of factors. Firstly, self-report questionnaires are essentially dependent on the accuracy of participant recall, and for this reason an error SBUF NBZ FYJTU 'VSUIFSNPSF JO UPEBZT IFBMUI BOE FYFSDJTF
conscious society, individuals often over-report socially desir- able behaviours such as PA, thus influencing the outcomes PGTFMGSFQPSUSFTFBSDI "EBNTFUBM 3FDFOUEBUBTVH- gests that social-desirability bias is associated with an overes- UJNBUJPOPG1"EVSBUJPOCZBQQSPYJNBUFMZoNJOVUFTQFS
EBZPWFSBEBZQFSJPE "EBNTFUBM . This problem DPVMECFEVFUPGFBUVSFTPGUIFTIPSUWFSTJPOPG*1"2 TVDIBT
asking for average times or using a criterion of perceived in- tensity of breathing to estimate time at several PA intensities.
(JWFOUIBUUIF*1"2XBTEFWFMPQFEGPSVTFJOBEVMUTGSPN
years old, it might not be easy for adolescents to understand BOEDPSSFDUMZJOUFSQSFUUIF1"DPODFQUT FJUIFS )BHTUSÚNFS
FUBM (PPENFBTVSFNFOUTPGMJHIUBOENPEFSBUF1"
using self-report measures have been shown to be the most EJïDVMUUPPCUBJOGPSBEPMFTDFOUT #BTTFUU 8BTICVSO )FBUI Z +BDLTPO .PSFPWFS JU IBT CFFO TQFDVMBUFE
that individuals with low PA patterns tend to overestimate UIFJSSFTQPOTFTJOTFMGSFQPSU1"RVFTUJPOOBJSFT &LFMVOEFU
BM 3VUUFO FU BM "DDPSEJOH UP DPNQBSBUJWF
international studies, the Spanish adolescent population is POF PG UIF NPTU JOBDUJWF PG &VSPQF "SSJCBT *[BTLVO (JM
EF.POUFTZ(PO[ÈMF[ )BMMBM 7JDUPSB 8FMMTZ-JNB
3[FXOJDLJ 7BO EFO "VXFFMF Z %F #PVSEFBVEIVJK
ɨJTGBDUPSNBZBMTPFYQMBJOUIFEJêFSFODFTCFUXFFO
the two methods. Therefore, if we improve the ability of the
*1"2UPDBQUVSFNPEFSBUFBOEWJHPSPVT1"JOUFOTJUJFT UIF
validity of the instrument would be enhanced, especially in a population with low levels of PA.
4FWFSBM JOWFTUJHBUJPOT JO ZPVOH QFPQMF 5SPQFE FU BM
IBWF TJNJMBSMZ TIPXO QPPS BHSFFNFOU CFUXFFO BDDFM- erometers and self-report PA questionnaires, in particular XJUIUIF*1"24' 3BOHVMFUBM *OPVSTUVEZ BGUFS
BQQMZJOH B NPEJëFE BEBQUFE QSPUPDPM GPS FBSMZ BEPMFTDFOUT the agreement between instruments was enhanced, especially for more intense activities. Whereas the difference between TVCKFDUJWFBOEPCKFDUJWFNFBOFTUJNBUFTSFNBJOFEUIFTBNF
BU .1" JOUFOTJUZ -JPV +XP :BP DIJBOH Z )VBOH differences decreased in VPA and MVPA. This fact indicates UIBUBQQMJFENPEJëDBUJPOTNBZIBWFJNQSPWFEUIFBHSFFNFOU
between the two methods, giving more validity to the use PG UIF *1"24' JO FBSMZ BEPMFTDFOUT "DDPSEJOH UP .PZ FU
BM DMBSJGZJOH UIF UFSNJOPMPHZ VTFE UP EFëOF NPE- erate and vigorous PA intensities may possibly have helped to minimise bias resulting from misinterpretation. Never- UIFMFTT .1"JOUFOTJUZJTTUJMMQPTTJCMZEJïDVMUUPJEFOUJGZJO
GSFFMJWJOHBDUJWJUJFTEVFUPUIFEJïDVMUJEFOUJëDBUJPOPGJUT
symptoms and the intermittence of these activities in ado- MFTDFODF -JPVFUBM *OTQJUFPGUIJTGBDU XFTUSPOHMZ
SFDPNNFOE UIF VTF PG TQFDJëD NFUIPEPMPHJDBM BEBQUBUJPOT
in the protocol, as other studies have already implemented 3[FXOJDLJ FU BM ;BOPWFD +PIOTPO .BSY ,FFOBO
Z5VVSJ JOPSEFSUPSFEVDFQPTTJCMFTPVSDFTPGFSSPSJG
UIF*1"24'JTUPCFBQQMJFEJOFBSMZBEPMFTDFOUT
The Bland-Altman technique presents higher sensitiveness in the detection of differences between measurement meth- ods when compared to conventional analyses that involve parametrical statistical resources, such as, the Pearson cor- SFMBUJPODPFïDJFOU*OUIFPSZ JUJTBENJUUFEUIBUTZTUFNBUJD
differences detected between measurement methods should OPUBêFDUUIFNBHOJUVEFPGBOZDPSSFMBUJPODPFïDJFOU)PX- FWFS UIFZDPVMETJHOJëDBOUMZSFTUSJDUUIFDPODPSEBODFEFHSFF
CFUXFFO CPUI NFUIPET "ULJOTPO Z /FWJMM *O PVS
study, results indicated much better agreement at vigorous BOE.71"JOUFOTJUJFTXJUIUIF*1"24'@.1UIBOXJUIUIF
*1"24')PXFWFS XFBMTPTVHHFTUDBVUJPOJOUIFJOUFSQSF- UBUJPO PG UIF BNQMJUVEF CFUXFFO UIF FYUSFNF MJNJUT PG UIF
DPOëEFODFJOUFSWBMTEVFUPUIFSFEVDFEOVNCFSPGTVCKFDUT
involved in this study.
ɨJTTUVEZIBTTFWFSBMMJNJUBUJPOT'JSTUMZ UIFTBNQMFTJ[FPG
both studies was small due to the restrictive criteria inclusion.
)PXFWFS JUDPVMECFTBJEUIBUCPUITBNQMFTXFSFIPNPHFOF- PVTJOUFSNTPGBHFBOEHFOEFS4FDPOEMZ UIFVTFPGBTQFDJëD
accelerometer cut-off point to determine moderate and vigor- ous PA levels may create a measurement error when compar- JOHUIFTFSFTVMUTXJUIPUIFSTUVEJFT (VJOIPVZBFUBM
*OUIJTTUVEZ XFVTFE5SFVUIFUBM DVUPêQPJOUT BT
UIFZ BSF BQQMJDBCMF UP DIJMESFO PG BOZ BHF "OEFSTFO FU BM
ɨJSEMZ BMUIPVHIBDDFMFSPNFUFSTBSFGSFRVFOUMZVTFE
in studies as criterion measures of PA to validate self-report questionnaires, there are a number of limitations associated with accelerometers. The accelerometer is known to underes- UJNBUF1"MFWFMTGPSTQFDJëDBDUJWJUJFTBOEUIJTNBZMFBEUPUIF
VOEFSFTUJNBUJPO PG UPUBM FOFSHZ FYQFOEJUVSF )FOEFMNBO .JMMFS #BHHFUU %FCPME Z 'SFFETPO ɨF SFBTPO GPS
UIJTJTUIBUVOJBYJBMBDUJWJUZNPOJUPSTDBOPOMZQSPWJEFJOGPS- mation about acceleration on the vertical plane. Moreover, in our study, the accelerometer was placed on the waist and this could represent a potential problem for activities requiring NBJOMZXBJTUNPWFNFOU PSTUBUJDFYFSDJTFBDUJWJUJFT CJLFFY- FSDJTF XBUFSBDUJWJUJFTPSVQQFSMJNCNPWFNFOUT -FFOEFST 4IFSNBO /BHBSBKBZ,JFO ɨFZNBZOPUCFTFOTJUJWF
UPNBOZPGUIFDPNQMFYNPWFNFOUQBUUFSOTFYIJCJUFECZDIJM- dren during free play. Nevertheless, accelerometers provide BOPCKFDUJWFBOEOPOSFBDUJWFUPPMGPSBTTFTTJOH1"BOEBSF
considered an acceptable means to validate self-report ques- UJPOOBJSFT 3FJMMZFUBM
*ODPODMVTJPO PVSSFTVMUTTIPXUIBUUIF*1"24'QSFTFOUT
acceptable validity properties for assessing PA levels of Span- JTIBEPMFTDFOUTɨF*1"24'NBZCFBWBMJEUPPMUPNFBTVSF
PA levels in early adolescents, especially when methodologi- DBMNPEJëDBUJPOTBSFBQQMJFEJOUIFDPMMFDUJPOEBUBQSPUPDPM
ɨFSFGPSF UIF *1"24'.1 DPVME BMMPX VT UP EP B CFUUFS
worldwide measurement and comparison of PA levels in early adolescents.
Acknowledgements.- We would like to thank all the adoles- cents who took part in the study, as well as their parents and teacher, for their collaboration.
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