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Adaptant-nos als grans canvis:

demografia, ocupació, comerç

Alfredo Pastor

Andorra la Vella, 24 de febrer de 2014

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1. CONJUNT

2

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World map of 24 hour relative average utilization of IPv4 addresses observed

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PIB, COMERÇ I POBLACIÓ

Fuente: WEO, IMF, Oct, 2013

AV 61%

EM 39%

% EXPORTACIONES(US $)

Economías Avanzadas

Economías Emergentes y en Desarrollo

AV 14,8%

EM 85,2%

% POBLACIÓN

Economías Avanzadas

Economías Emergentes y en Desarrollo AV

50,4%

EM 49,6%

%PIB(ppp)

Economías Avanzadas

Economías Emergentes y en Desarrollo

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A LLARG PLAÇ

Fuente: Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, Angus Maddison.

0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000

0 10.000.000 20.000.000 30.000.000 40.000.000 50.000.000 60.000.000

1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1900 1913 1940 1975 1985 2000 2007 2008

Per Capita GDP

Population & GDP

Population (in thousands)

GDP (1990

International Geary- Khamis dollars)

Per Capita GDP (1990 International Geary- Khamis dollars)

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0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0

% of World GDP

% of World Population

1820

CH IND FR UK RUS JPN AUT ES US

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0

% of World GDP

% of World Population

1992

US CH JPN GER IND FR ITA UK RUS

LA REVOLUCIÓ INDUSTRIAL

Fuente: Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, Angus Maddison.

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2. DEMOGRAFIA

8

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CREIXEMENT

Fuente: Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, Angus Maddison.

-0,5%

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

2,0%

2,5%

3,0%

3,5%

4,0%

4,5%

5,0%

1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1900 1913 1940 1975 1985 2000 2007 2008

Average annual growth

Population (Growth)

GDP Growth (1990 International Geary- Khamis dollars)

Per Capita GDP Growth (1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars)

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CREIXEMENT

Fuente: La salida de la crisis: cómo y cuándo, Jesus Fernández-Villaverde.

PIRÀMIDE EDATS, POBLACIÓ ESPANYOLA

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DISTRIBUCIÓ DE LA POBLACIÓ MUNDIAL (%)

11 22% 55%

9%

7%

7%

0,5%

1950

Asia Europa Africa

Norte America

America Latina y Caribe Oceanía

Fuente: World Population to 2300. United Nations

12% 61%

13%

5% 9%

0,5%

2000

Asia Europa Africa

Norte America

America Latina y Caribe Oceanía

55%

7%

23%

6% 8%

0,5%

2300

Asia Europa Africa

Norte America

America Latina y Caribe Oceanía

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3. OCUPACIÓ

12

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Fuente: How Technology Is Destroying Jobs. MIT Technology Review. VOL.116 /NO.4

RECUPERACIONS SENSE OCUPACIÓ

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Fuente: How Technology Is Destroying Jobs. MIT Technology Review. VOL.116 /NO.4

AUTOMATITZACIÓ

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Fuente: How Technology Is Destroying Jobs. MIT Technology Review. VOL.116 /NO.4

PRODUCTIVITAT

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Fuente: How Technology Is Destroying Jobs. MIT Technology Review. VOL.116 /NO.4

INDÚSTRIA

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Changes in Occupation Employment Shares for 1980 to 1990 and 1990 to 2000 by Occupational Skill Percentile

Fuente: Long-Run Changes in the U.S. Wage Structure: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz.

Autor, Katz and Kearney (2008, figure 11A) based on Census IPUMS 5 percent samples for 1980, 1990, and 2000 for those currently employed in the civilian labor force ages 18 to 64.

POLARITZACIÓ

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Annual Growth Rate of Real Income across the Family Income Distribution:

1947 to 1973 versus 1973 to 2005

POLARITZACIÓ I DESIGUALTAT

Fuente: Long-Run Changes in the U.S. Wage Structure: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz.

Autor, Katz and Kearney (2008, figure 11A) based on Census IPUMS 5 percent samples for 1980, 1990, and 2000 for those currently employed in the civilian labor force ages 18 to 64.

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Mean Years of Schooling by Birth Cohorts, U.S. Native Born: 1876 to 1980

ESCOLARITZACIÓ

Fuente: Long-Run Changes in the U.S. Wage Structure: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz.

Autor, Katz and Kearney (2008, figure 11A) based on Census IPUMS 5 percent samples for 1980, 1990, and 2000 for those currently employed in the civilian labor force ages 18 to 64.

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L’educació és la resposta?

Hostelería 3,149,426 14.6%

Dependientes Comercio 2,736,825 17.7%

Camioneros 1,845,612 13.0%

Auxiliares de enfermería 1,699,615 18.8%

Recepcionistas 1,302,100 15.2%

Guardias de seguridad 1,214,882 14.2%

Trabajadores de la construcción 1,180,571 20.5%

Paisajistas y Jardineros 1,128,803 18.0%

Cuidadores 1,058,041 50.0%

Enfermeras 825,651 20.7%

Fuente: Bureau of Labor Statistics and Help Wanted.

¿Quién contratará en 2018?

Las diez ocupaciones con la mayor tasa de crecimiento 2008-2018?

(Crecimiento total del trabajo proyectado para U.S: 10.0%)

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4. COMERÇ

21

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DESLOCALITZACIÓ

22

TAREAS

EXPORTABLES?

RUTINARIAS NO RUTINARIAS

SI CASI TODAS Algunas profesiones,

Call centers

NO Limpieza,

almacenaje CASI TODAS

TAREAS

Rutinarias: administrativas, operación máquinas.

No rutinarias:

Manuales: requieren presencia, aptitudes físicas, poca formación.

Abstractas: resolución de problemas, capacidades analíticas.

Referencias

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