Consejos para el aprendizaje y observaciones. Sugerencias y ofrecimientos.

En

unidades anteriores han aparecido bastantes expresiones con las

que

hacer sugerencias.

La

presentc unidad esta dcdicada nuevamentea este tipode expresiones ytambien alasempleadaspara hacer ofrecimientos, loque

da

lugar a explicar_losusosdelverboauxiliar

modal

shall,tal

como

seadelantoenlaunidad41.Asimismo,vera

un

nuevousodel auxiliar_{will y,} en la seccion de

Grammar,

cncontrara un resumen de todoloque ha aprendido hasta ahorasobre los verbosauxiliares modales.

Porotra parte, en la secci6n de Style practicara el lenguaje utilizado en la administracidn publica, mientras que en la seccion de Extra reading cncontrara una selecci6n de refranesingleses.

Consejos para

el

aprendizaje y observaciones.

Ahora

que ya dispone de

un

amplio vocabulario ingles, a

menudo

le resultara facildeducirel significado de aquellas palabras que derivan de otraspreviamente aprendidas.

Asi, por ejemplo, si conoce la palabra different (diferente) y encucntra la palabra difference, no tendra dificultad en deducir que esta ultima significa "diferencia". Establecida esta relation, cuando encuentre la palabra independent (independiente), facilmente pensara que independencesignifica "independencia", y asien

muchos

otros casos.

Como

vioen unidadesanteriores,lasterminacionesde^laspalabrasson significativasen si

mismas

eindican elgrupo al

quepcrtencccdctcrminadapalabra.Porejemplo, usted yaconoce^elparde palabraspersonal/personality (personal/per- sonalidad) y conoce el adjetivo informal. Tras observar las terminaciones y ^el significado de estas tres palabras

no

leresultara dificildeducirqueelsustantivo informalitysignifica"informalidad".

Tambien

conoce laspalabrasdescribe/

description (describir/descripcion) y ^los verbos decide (decidir) y translate (traducir). Asi que, obviamente, pensara que elsustantivo decision -que encabeza lapagina 900de la presenteunidad-significa "decision", y que el sustantivo translation-que apareceen la pagina 901-significa "traducci6n".

A

^{lo largo del} curso ha tenido ocasi6n de encontrar algunas palabras inglesas que adoptan varios significados. Por ejemplo, havistoque card,segiin se emplee enlasexpresionesapostcard, a guest registrationcard o a birthday card, posee distintossentidos.

En

la pagina 908vera esta

misma

palabra utilizada en uncontexto relativoa lasuerte,por lo

que no le sera dificil deducirque, en ese caso, significa "naipe".

Porultimo, tambienhavistoalgunas palabrascuyagrafiaesla

misma

tantosiseutilizan

como

verbo

o como

sustantivo.

Ya

conoce las palabras answer (rcsponder/respuesta), drink (beber/bebida), start (comenzar/principio) _y telephone (telefonear/telefono).

En

esta unidad aparecendos palabrasen funcionde sustantivoqueusted havistoanteriormente utilizadas

como

verbos: delay(retrasar) yhope(esperar).

En

^lapagina894encontraralapalabra delayconelsignificado de "retraso", _y, en la pagina 908, lapalabra hope con el significadode "esperanza".

893

Speaking and

listening

Introduction.

Jeffiscoming back to

London

after a trip to Ireland.

He

isat Dublin airport, in the departure lounge.

-

Listen to the cassette, following the first version ofthe text.

- Listen again, following the second ver- sion.

- _Read

the second version aloud, putting in the missing words.

Good

afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.

This is thecaptain speaking.

Introduction.

Old man:

Jeff:

Old man:

Jeff-

Old man:

Jeff-

Old man:

Jeff:

Old

man:

Jeff:

Old

man:

Jeff:

Old man:

Tannoy:

Old man:

Jeff:

Old man:

Jeff:

Are you English?

No. I'm American.

Are you goingto

London?

Yes.

Oh.

So this is the right departure gate.

Yes.

This is

my

first flight. I've never travelled by air before.

Do

you travel a lot

-

_{by air?}

Quitea lot, yes.

Cigarette?

Pardon

me?

Would

you likea cigarette?

Er

... No, thanks. I'vestopped smoking.

Oh. That's very good.

British Airways apologize for the delay to Flight

BA

815to

London

Heathrow.Thisflight is

now

boarding.

What

was that?

We

can board now.

Oh,

good.

Ah

... Let

me

help you.

(Jeff lakes the old

man

*S

Old man: Oh,

thank you.

Captain:

Good

afternoon, ladiesandgentlemen. Thisis

the captain speaking.

On

behalf of British Airways, I would like toapologize once again for the delay.

We

would like to offer you a glass of

champagne

—

Old man: Champagne?

Captain:

—but

I'mafraid

we

can't,because thereis no

champagne onboard.

Old man: Oh.

Captain: So we'llofferyouaglass of...orangejuice. I

hope you have a pleasantflight.

Old man: Do

you

know London

^well?

Jeff: Yes, quite well. I've lived in

London

for five years.

Old man:

Oh.

What

should I visit?

Can

you give

me some

sug

Jeff: Yes. Urn

894

UNIT 44

Introduction.

Old man:

Are you

Jeff: No. I'm ^********.

Old man:

Are you ^***** to

London?

Jeff: Yes.

Old man: Oh. So

this is the right ********* gate.

Jeff: Yes.

Old man:

Thisis

my

^{* * * * *flight. I'venevertravelled}by

air ******.

Do

you travela lot

-

_by ***?

Jeff: Quite a lot, ***.

Old man:

Cigarette?

Jeff: Pardon

me?

Old

man: Would

you likea *********?

Jeff:

Er

... No, thanks. I've ******* smoking.

Old man:

Oh. That's **** good.

Tannoy: British Airways apologize for the ***** _to Flight

BA

815to

London

Heathrow.Thisflight is

now

^********.

Old

man: What was

that?

Jeff:

We

^*** board now.

Old

man:

Oh, good.

Jeff:

Ah

... Let

me

**** you.

(Jeff takes the oldman's bags.) Old

man: Oh,

thankyou.

Captain:

Good

afternoon, ******andgentlemen.Thisis

the ******* speaking.

On

behalf of British

*******, iwould like to apologize once again for the •****.

We

would like to offer you a

***** of

champagne

Old

man: Champagne?

Captain:

—

^butI'mafraid

^we

^can't, ******* thereisno

champagne

^** board.

Old

man:

Oh.

Captain: Sowe'llofferyou a glassof... ****** _{juice. I} hope you havea ******** flight.

Old man: Do

you

know London

^****?

Jeff: Yes, quite well. I've lived in

London

^*** five years.

Old

man: Oh. What

should I visit?

Can

you give

me

**** suggestions?

Jeff: Yes.

Um

^...

tannoy apologize delay

/'tanoi/

/a'pDiadsaiz/

/di'lei/

megafonia disculparse retraso

Let

me

helpyou.

Words

you

know

on the subject ofthis unit andoffers:

Offers.

could

Why

don't

(

£ ^U

^{| ...?}

You

We

Let's ...

That's a good idea.

IfI wereyou, I'd ...

I'd

recommend

...

Can

I

make

a suggestion?

Can

I help you?

-

_{Yes, please.}

—

No, thank you.

Let

me

helpyou.

The

Speaking and listening section in this unit has these parts:

Suggestions. Sugerencias.

Offers. Ofrccimientos.

Decisions. Decisiones.

895

T ^{Speaking and}

^listening

Suggestions.

En

estasdos paginaspracticaraelusodcshall /jsl/jal/en cxpresio- ncs relacionadascon lassugerencias. Laspreguntasque comienzan con Shall

we

...?/Shall I ...?.

como

^las que oira en los dialogos grabados en lacassette, se cmplean con

mucha

frecuenciacuando se sugiere algo.

Study these key words.

cansado(da) tired /'tai3^rd/

(.Paramos _y

tomamos

una bebida?

<,Tc/Le hago una fotografia?

(-,Que

hacemos

ahora?

Shall

we

stopand have a drink?

ShallItakeaphotographofyou?

What

shall

we

do

now?

Observe que la palabra shall puede pronunciarse de dos maneras

distintas.

Cuando

selequieredarenfasisporalguna razonse utili-

za la forma fuerte /ja:l/, y

cuando

no recibe ninguna acentuacion especial se utiliza la forma debil /jalA

Suggestions. Listen.

Woman:

This is a beautiful city, isn't it?

Man:

Yes.

Woman: And

the weather isgreat.

Man:

Yes. It's ... very

warm.

Woman:

Are you tired?

Man: A

^little, yes.

Woman:

Shall

we

stop and havea drink?

Man: Good

idea.

Woman:

There's a cafe.

Woman:

That'sbetter.

Man: Mmm. Much

better.

Woman:

ShallI takea photograph ofyou?

Man:

Ifyou like.

Woman: OK.

Smile! ... Great. "The tourist, relaxing."

Man: What

shall

we do now?

Woman:

Let's go tothe market.

Man: OK.

Woman: Er

... Could

we

have our bill, please?

Listenand repeat.

Shall

we

stop?

Shall

we

havea drink?

Shall I takea photograph ofyou?

What

shall

we

do

now?

Practice.

Read

these questions and answers aloud.

What

shall

we

do

now?

Shall

we

stopand havea drink?

-

No.

Shall

we

stopand have lunch?

-

_No.

Shall

we

go to the market?

-

Yes. That's a

Shall

we

stop and havea drink?

What

shall

we

do this evening?

Shall

we

goto the cinema?

-

_No.

Shall

we

gotothe theatre?

-

No.

Shall

we

go toa concert?

-

Yes. Let's go toa concert.

8%

Shall

we

havea party?

That'sa good idea.

A

post-holiday party.

En

lacassette oirade nuevoalaparejade turistasde lapagina anterior, ahora ya de regresode vacaciones. El dialogo incluye varios ejemplos de la cxpresion Shall

we

...?

Study these key words.

unas vacaciones una fiesta

una fiestade regresode vacaciones

^.A quien invitarcmos?

a holiday a party

a post-holiday party

Who

shall

we

invite?

Listen.

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Man:

There. Look.

"The

tourist, relaxing."

Oh,

yes.Verygood. Ithinkthat's

my

^favourite

photo.

It was a good holiday, wasn'tit?

Itwasa great holiday. Butit'snicetobehome.

Very nice.

Um

^...

What

^shall

we

do at the weekend?

I don't know.

What

do you think?

Shall

we

stay at

home?

Um

^...

Shall

we

go tothe cinema?

No.

Shall

we

havea party?

That's a good idea.

A

post-holiday party.

OK. Er

...

Who

shall

we

invite?

Um

^...

Tom

^{- •}

Tom,

yes.

And

Jerry.

Jerry, yes.

Observe el uso del prefijo post- en la exprcsion a post- holiday party. Este prefijo proviene del latin, y ^signifiea

"despues",

como

ha vistoen laexprcsionlatinapostmeri- diem (p.m.),cuyosignificado es"despuesdelmediodi'a".

A

^{veces se dice} que en prcguntas

como Who

shall

we

invite? se debcria utilizar la palabra

Whom

en lugar de

Who,

puesto que en talescasosla particula intcrrogativa actiia

como complemento

delverbo. Porreglageneral,en

elhabla

muy

^formalyen ellenguajeescrito.scria preferi- bleutilizar

Whom

en frases

como

^{la anterior; en cambio.}

enelhabla informalcotidiana,

como

^{eselcasodeldialogo} grabadoen lacassette, resultaria

muy

extranoquela

mu-

jeremplcara

Whom.

En

ingles hay seis pronombrcs que adoptan una forma cuando actuan

como

sujeto y otra cuando actuan

como

complemento.

En

anteriores unidades ha visto cinco de

cllos: I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us _y they/them.

Who/

Whom

^{es cl sexto.}

Practice.

Translate these questions.

1.

What

shall

we

doat the

weekend?

2. Shall

we

stay at

home?

3. Shall

we

goto the cinema?

4. Shall

we

have a party?

5.

Who

shall

we

invite? Answers on page912.

897

T ^{Speaking and}

^listening

Offers.

En

este apartado practicara las expresiones que se

em-

pleancuandoseofreceayudaa alguien, ytambiencuando

la ayuda se acepta

o

se rechaza.

En

los breves dialogos grabados en la cassette que oiraa continuation se habla de ayudar a alguien aprepararuna comida, dc cncontrar una direction en lacalle y de transportar algo pesado.

Como

podra observar, usted ya conoce la mayoriade las palabrasqueaparecenenlosdialogos,aunque nosiempre lasha visto

formando

combinaciones

como

lasque adop- tan en laspreguntas _y respuestas de esta pagina.

Study these key words.

ayuda. ayudar amable

help kind

/help/

/kaind/

<,Pucdo ayudartc/ayudarle?

^Necesitas/Necesita alguna ayuda?

(,Hay algo que pueda hacer?

Es

muy

amable de tu/su parte.

Can

I helpyou?

Do

you need any help?

IsthereanythingIcando?

That's verykind ofyou.

Work

with the cassette.

It

—

^{rl Offers. Listen and repeat.}

Is there anything I cando?

Can

I helpyou?

Do

you need any help?

Yes, please. That's very kind ofyou No,thankyou. I'm

OK.

Listen.

Woman

I: Is there anything /can do?

Man

I:

Um

^... That's very kind ofyou.

You

cancut the tomatoes, ifyou like.

Woman

1:

OK.

Man

2:

Can

I helpyou?

Woman

2: Yes, please. I'm looking forGreen Street.

Man

2:

Er

... Straighton and second left.

Woman

2:

Thank

you. That's very kind of you.

Man

2: You're welcome.

Woman

3:

Do

you needany help?

Man

3: No, thankyou. I'm

OK.

...

Ow!

Woman

3:

Are

you sureyou don't needany help?

Do

you need any help?

Como

pucde observar, aqui se emplea la palabra kind

como

adjetivo, conelsignificadodc "'amable". Recuerde que esta palabra tambien puede actuar

como

sustanti- vo, en cuyo caso significa"clase" o "tipo"

(What

kindof musicdo you like?).

Practice.

Put in the missing words, and read the questions and answers aloud.

Is anythingI can ?

Can

I you?

Do

need help?

Are sureyou don't any ?

Yes, No,.

That's of you.

_. I'mall right.

898

En

laspaginas 896y897 dc csta unidad ha aprendido a emplcarlaspreguntas que comienzan conShall

we

...?y

S™—

I ...?para haccr sugcrencias. Las preguntasque comienzan conShallI ...? tambicnse utilizan cuando una personase ofrece a haccralgo. El dialogograbado enla cassettequeoiraseguidamente-continuation deldelapagina anteriorcn

el cual un

hombre

y una mujer preparaban una

comida-

presents algunos ejemplos de este nucvo uso dc shall.

^Preparo lascebollas?

<,Hago (algode) td?

(-,Quehago ahora?

Shall I do the onions?

Shall I

make some

tea?

What

shall I do

now?

Work

with the cassette.

Listen.

Woman

I:

The

tomatoes are ready.

Man

I: Thanks.

Woman

I: Shall I do the onions?

Man

I: No. I'vedone them.

Woman

I: Shall I

make some

tea?

Man

1: No,that's

OK.

^I'll

make

it.

Woman

1:

What

shallI

do now?

Man

I: Sit

down

and relax.

Woman

I: Fine.

Listen and repeat.

What

shallI

do now?

Shall I

make some

tea?

Shall I

make some

^coffee?

Practice.

Read

these offersaloud.

make some

tea?

make some

coffee?

answer the phone?

post these lettersfor you?

Shall I drive?

pay ^{the bill?}

carryyour case?

open thedoorfor you?

waitforyou?

Observe que cuando una pregunta comienza con Will I...?

o

incluye laconstruction ... willI ...?

no

expresa un ofrccimientoni unasugcrencia. Este tipodepreguntas se utilizansimplemente ^parareferirse a actividades queten- dran lugaren elfuture

I'm ^{goingto Scotlandon holiday.} WillI like it?

Ire a Escocia de vacaciones.

^Me

gustara?

When

will Iseeyou again?

<

Cuando

le vere de nuevo?

Speaking and

listening

Decisions.

Tras la practica del verbo shall, aquf revisara el uso del auxiliar will, especialmente en frasesconstruidas en primera persona: I will ... (I'll ...).

En

lasectiondc

Grammar

de launidad41 se comentarondiversosaspectosdel futurocxpresado conwilly sc dijo que uno de loscasos en que se utiliza estaestructura escuandose

toma

unadecision en el

mismo momento

en que seesta hablando. es decir,cuando no se hace referencia aalgoque ha sido decidido previamente.

Un

ejemplo dc estc usose encuentra en lapagina anterior, cuando la mujerse ofrece a haccrtey el

hombre

dice I'll

make

^it

(Yo

lo hare).

En

anterioresunidades havisto tambien diversas frases

que

ejemplifican el

mismo

uso,

como

la

quese emplcacuandose decide

comprar

algo en una tienda(I'lltakeit/them) o cuando se dice "Volverea llamar

mas

tarde" en las conversacioncstclcfonicas (I'llcall back later).

Work

with the _cassette.

Decisions.

Do

you

remember

thesedialogues? Listen.

Jeff: Ah, these are very nice.

Are

they expensive? "lissontchers?"

Woman:

That's very good. Cent soixante- quinze francs.

Jeff: Centsoixante ... That's ...

Woman: One

hundred and seventy-five francs, sir.

Jeff:

Thank

you. I still have problems with numbers. Yes, they're fine.

I'll takethem.

Lily: Hello?

Caller: Is

Mr

^Jones there?

Lily: I'msorry.

He

hasn'tarrived yet.

Caller:

OK.

^{I'll call} backlater. Bye.

Lily: Bve.

Listen and repeat.

I'lltake it.

I'lltake them.

I'll call backlater.

Este uso dc ^I'll .... que en los manuales de gramatica suele denominarse de "decisioncs inmediatas". no debe confundirse con el uso dc I'm going to .... que ustedya conoce. I'm going to ... se refiere a algo que ya ha sido decidido conantcrioridadal

momento

enque se esta hablando.

What

are you goingto

do

at the weekend?

-

_{I'm goingto} visit

some

friends.

It's fine. I'll takeit.

Practice.

Read

these dialogues aloud.

The

telephone's ringing. Shall I answer it?

-

_{No. Sit}

down

and relax. I'll answerit.

We're goingto a restaurantthis evening.

-

I'll

come

with you.

OK.

^Great.

We're

going to a restaurant this evening.

Do

you want to come?

-

No. I won't

come

^{this evening.} I'm too tired.

OK.

Another time?

-

Yes. I'll

come

anothertime.

Song.

J.J. Calcisasingerandguitarist

from

Oklahoma

inthe

USA. He

isfamous for his very "relaxed"

style.

He made

his first

album

(Naturally) in 1972, and his second (Really) in 1973.

This song.Cherry,isfromalater album: Troubadour (1976). (In thesong. Cherryisa

name -

_not

a fruit!)

Song: "Cherry", sung by J.J. Cale.

Cherry,

I'd like tolove you.

Cherry,

Willyou love

me

^too?

Someday

^{I will take}you away.

That'sall I

wanna

do.

I'll love you for ever, Cherry.

Will you love

me

too?

Sweet

As a morningsunrise.

As a mountain dew.

Someday

I willloveyou, Cherry.

Will you love

me

too?

I'll needyou for ever, Cherry.

Will you ^need

me

^too?

I'll love you forever, Cherry.

Will youlove

me

too?

Cherry,

Will you love

me

too?

Cancion: "Cherry", interpretadaporJ. J.Calc.

Cherry.

quisieraamarte.

Cherry.

,-.meamarastiitambien?

Algiindia tellevare(conmigo).

Esoestodoloquequierohacer.

Teamarepara siempre.

Cherry.

i.Meamarastiitambien?

Dulcc

comounamanccer.

Fresca

comocl roci'odelamontana.

Algundiateamare. Cherry.

,.Mcamarastutambien?

Tencccsitar6para sicmprc.

Cherry.

j.Menccesitarastu tambien?

Te amarepara siempre.

Cherry.

,-.Meamarastiitambien?

Cherry.

,-,meamarastiitambien?

Practice.

-

Listen to thesong on the cassette, following the English words.

- Read

the translation.

-

Listen again, followingthe English words.

- Read

the English wordsaloud.

-

Listen again, and sing the song.

CoulewbyPnonogtimInt.B.V

901

Official style.

La

expresion Official stylehacereferenciaalestilodc len- guajeque se encuentra en los formularios oficialesyque es

emplcado

porlosfuncionariospublicos.

En

ingles,este tipo de lenguajc suele recibir el

nombre

de officialese,

como

sisc tratasc deuna lenguaespeci'fica, por ejemplo,

cl Chinese o elJapanese.

En

los formularios aparecen algunas expresiones que

no

sc encuentran en ningun otro lugar. Usted ya conoce las tresque figuran a continuacion.

Pleasecomplete in block capitals.

Porfavor, complete con letras mayiisculas.

Delete as applicable.

Tick appropriate box.

Marque

el recuadro apropiado.

Adcmas, como

ya ha visto en ^diversas ocasiones, en el estilo oficial-tantoen^ellenguajehablado

como

eneles- crito- a

menudo

sc recurre apalabrasalternativasa otras

mas

cotidianas cinformales

(como

occupationenlugarde job),

o

a versiones

mas

largasy

mas

precisas dedetermi- nadas expresiones

(como

full postal address en lugar de address), mientras que, con frecuencia, las preguntas se formulan de

manera

diferente

(como What

is yourage?

en lugar dc

How

^old are you?).

En

el cuadro que aparece a continuacion y en ^{el texto} grabado en la cassette se incluyen

mas

ejemplos de "ex- presionesoficiales"(officialexpressions) ydesus"equiva- lentes informales" (informal equivalents).

Officialexpressions.

occupation profession forename given

name

unmarried

full postal address

What

isyour age?

What

isyour height?

What

isyour weight?

What

isyour country ofresidence?

What

is your marital status?

What

isyour

Informal equivalents,

job

first

name

single address

How

^old are you?

How

tall areyou?

How much

do you weigh?

Where

is your home?/

Where

do you live?

Are you single, married, divorced ...?

What

do you do?/What's yourjob?

Are you married?

Listen to these official questions.

What

isyourfamily

name?

What

are your forenames?

What

isyourmarital status?

What

isyouroccupation?

What

isyourcountry of residence?

What

isyourfull postaladdress?

What

isyourage?

What

isyourheight?

What

isyourweight?

Now

listen totheseinformal questions, and answer ^them.

What's yourfamily

name?

What's yourfirst

name?

(Or names?) Are you single, married, divorced,

separated or

widowed?

What

do you do? (What's yourjob?)

Where

do you live? (In which country?) What's youraddress?

How

old areyou?

How

^tall areyou?

How much

do you weigh?

902

Observeel

modo

en que lamujer queha escuchadoen la

segundaparte de ^{lacassette utilizael} acento paraaclarar loquediceen suspreguntassegunda_{y quinta.}

Da

enfasis a la palabra

names

para diferenciarla del singular ante- rior, name, y alapalabracountry para dcjarclaroque al decir

Where

do youlive?prcgunta porelpais,y noporla

ciudad o porla direcci6n concreta.

Practice.

-Give the official equivalents of theseexpressions.

First name.

Job.

What's yourjob?

How

^old areyou?

Are you married?

Where

is your

home?

What's your address?

- Complete

this form aboutyourself.

What

is yourmarital status?

What

is your occupation?

Pleasecompleteclearly in

BLOCK

CAPITALS.

Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms. (Deleteasapplicable.) Family

name

Forename(s)

Marital status. (Tickappropriate box.) Unmarried.

Married.

Divorced.

Occupation

Country ofresidence Full postal address

Separated.

Widowed.

Age Height Weight

official officialese

/a'fijl/

/a.fijVlhz/

/I'kwivgbnt/

903

Grammar

El verbo auxiliar modal

shall.

Probablemcntcrecordara loquese

comento

en laseccion dc

Grammar

dc la unidad 41 (pags. 844_y 845)acercadel verboauxiliar

modal

shall. Shallcsuna forma alternativa del auxiliar willque sc utiliza con los

pronombres

I ywe.

Actualmentc, el uso de esta forma en frases afirmativas esta restringido el lenguaje y a la escritura formalcs, mientrasqueenel habla informalcotidiana solose utiliza parainiciarprcguntasen lasquesehaccnofrecimientos

o

sugerencias.

En

la presente unidad ha practicado preguntas de este tipo en lossiguientes casos:

Para hacer Shall westop and have a drink?

sugerencias. ShallI takea photographofyou?

Shall

we

have a party?

Para solicitar

What

shall we do

now?

sugerencias.

Who

shall we invite?

Para hacer ShallI

make some

tea?

ofrecimientos. ShallIopen the doorfor you?

What

shall I do

now?

Con

fines practicos, se puede decir queeste tipo de pre- guntas con los

pronombres

I y

we

son los unicos usos actuates dc shalleu el habla informal cotidiana.

Elusode shallcon los

pronombres

you,he. she. it

o

they.

0 conI y

we

cuando

no

se hacenofrecimientoso sugeren- cias, se considera arcaicoo

muy

^formal.

Aqui

tiene algunosejemplos del uso formal dc shall.

1) Para hacer prediccioncscon frasesconstruidas con los

pronombres I y we. (En cstos casos normalmente se utilizan'a will en el habla informal.)

I shall be 40 nextThursday.

Tendrc 40 (anos) el proximo jueves.

We

shallarriveon the 17.45flight.

Llcgaremosen el vuelo de las 17.45.

2) Para hacer promesas con frases construidas con los

pronombres I y we.

(En

cstos casos

normalmente

se utilizan'a will en el habla informal.)

I shallneverforget you.

Nunca

le olvidarc.

"We

shall defend our island ...

we

shall fight on the beaches ...

we

shall fightinthefieldsandinthestreets,

we

shall fight in the hills.

We

shall neversurrender."

Winston ^Churchill,June4th 1940.

"Defcndcrcmos

nuestra isla ... lucharemos en las playas ... lucharemos en los

campos

y en las calles,

lucharemos en las colinas.

Nunca

nos rendiremos."

Winston Churchill, 4 de junio de 1940.

904

Para dar ordenes con frases construidas con los pro-

nombres

you. he. she. it y they, especialmente en do- cumcntos legales u oficiales.

ThisConstitution shallbethe

supreme

lawof the land.

The

Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senatorsfrom each state, forsix years.

(Extracts from theConstitution ofthe United States.) Esta Constitucion sera la

suprcma

leydel pais.

El Senado dc los Estados Unidos estara compuesto por dos senadores de cadaestado. porun periodo de seis anos.

(Extractosde laConstitucion de los Estados Unidos.)

Los verbos auxiliar es modales: Resumen.

Con

la practica delverboshall realizada en esta unidad.

usted hacomplctadoelcstudiode losusos

mas

importan- tes de los verbos auxiliares modales.

En

lapaginasiguienteapareceun cuadroque.tal

como

sc indicoen laseccion de

Grammar

de la unidad 43 (pagi- na 885), ofrccc un resumen dc los principalcs aspectos a recordar acerca de este tipo de verbos. con ejemplos de cada

uno

de ellos.

—

_{> Exercises 1, 2.}

Vcrbo Sentido

Ejemplo

Unload raginas

can I. Habilidad. ^I can play the guitar. 15 308-315

2. Peticioncs.

Can

I use your phone? 43 884

could ^1. Pcticiones. Could I use your phone?" 38 768-769

2. Sugercncias.

You

could buy her

some

flowers. 31 628-629

3. Posibihdad. Therecould be

some

rain tomorrow. 43 877-8/8.^{0-7-7 o"7y} 004 uoc884-883

may

1. Pcticiones.

May

I use your phone? 38 768

2. Posibihdad. It

may

beyour brother. 43 877-879. 884-885

might 1. Pcticiones. Might I disturb you fora moment.' 43 884-885

9 Pn«ihiliH:wl IlitTi' mi"iit hp sniiii' ennw

tnmnrrnw

43 877-879 884-885

must Obligation.

You

muststop smoking. 38 770-771. 774-773

shall 1. Sugercncias. Shall

we

go tothecinema? 44 896-897. 904

2. Ofrccimientos. Shall I carryyour case? 44 899. 904

Minimi IUU MlUUlll »IU|J MlllJIVIIIg. 4? R5Ro->o, X<S4-Sf>S

ovnw

will 1. 1

uUHO

1UIUIV'A< ^{V\ hi*n}"'IHII will>•111 von hp'I'll 1IK. ^{21*^}—^{1 .} 41 838-841 844-845

2. Dccisiones. £50? That'sfine. I'Dtake ^it. 44 900 would 1. Condicioncs. IfI were you, I'd go by tube. 42 859

2. Otros scntidos

Would

you like tea orcoffee? 7 137

condicionales. I'd prefer tea. 34 689

I'd

recommend

the

Grand

Hotel. 42 860

I'd rather you didn't. 38 769

"We

^shall never surrender."

Winston Churchill, June4th 1940.

Exercise

1.

These sentences are the

names

of

American

films. Translate them.

(1937)

1.

You

can't haveeverything.

2. Nightmust fall. (1937) 3.

Why

must I die? (1960) 4. Shall

we

dance? (1937)

Exercise

2.

5. I'llcry tomorrow. (1955) 6. You'lllike

my

mother. (1972) 7. Theywon'tbelieveme.(1947) 8. Who'll stop the rain? (1978)

These sentences are the

names

ofsongs. Translate thein.

1. I can hear music. 5. It must be love.

(TheBeach Boys, 1969) (Labi Siffre, 1971) 2. I can't explain. 6. I will drink thewine.

(The

Who,

1967) (Frank Sinatra, 1971)

3.

Can

this be love? 7. You'll neverwalk alone.

(Matt Monro, 1961) (Elvis Presley, 1968) 4.

How

can I be sure? 8. She'd rather be with me.

(Dusty Springfield, 1970) (The Turtles, 1967)

Answers onpage912.

905

E ^Written

^English

Messages and telegrams.

Antesdeiniciarelestudiodelasconvcncionesquerigenlaredacci6ndecartasen ingles,enlapresenteunidadrepasara algunosdelosbrevesejerciciosdeescrituraque harealizadohastael

momento. Han

aparecido lossiguientes: mensajes (pag. 67),telegramas(pag. 276), anotacionesen agendas (pag, 436),recados tornadosportclefono (pag. 537)_{y tarjctas} postales (pag. 847). Lostresejerciciosquefiguran enestapaginayenlasiguienteestanbasadosentresdeesostiposde textosescritos.

Exercise

1.

Junto a estas li'neasse reproduce untelegrama que

Mary

ha enviado a su prima Lily. Lealo atentamente _y luego copie en su cuaderno el texto que figura a continuaci6n, rellenando los cspacios en bianco.

En

este texto se en- cuentran las

mismas

frases

que

en el telegrama, pero en su formacompleta.

I'marriving

London Heathrow

on

AF

814,on 15th athalfpast two inthe I'm staying at

Park Mary.

i

eiegram

ARR1V»N6 LONDON HEATH l?OW

FLlGtHl TU6. MAfc ^IS-

/43P. STAYING AT PARK HOTBL.

MAR/,

Exercise

2.

LeaelmensajeparaLilyque

Anna

hatornadoportelefo-

no y, a continuacion, escriba las palabras que faltan en

la conversation telef6nica de la que se ha extrai'do este mensaje.

Anna: SunshineTravel. Hello?

Mary: Hello Lily there?

Anna:

No, I'm sorry. I'm afraid she's here at

moment.

Mary:

May

Ileave a ?

Anna:

Certainly.

Mary: It's her Mary. I'vejust from Paris,

and

I'm _at the Park Hotel, 309.

The

phone

number

the hotelis434-1066. Could youask her call

me

this ?

Anna:

Yes.

OK.

I'vegot that.

Mary:

Thank

you ^....

Anna: welcome. Bye.

Mary: Bye.

S ^Telephone message S

FOR:

DATE:

TIME: 5.50.

MESSAGE:

Answers onpage912.

906

PeanutS® by Charles M. ^Schulz.

Exercise 3.

Lea lanotaque un amigo deLily le ha dejado ensu casa

al no encontrarla alii.

Luego

escriba en su cuaderno una nota similar, dirigida a un amigo

o

a una amiga, con

el

mismo

texto ingles pero

cambiando

el dfa, la hora, el

deporte_y,naturalmente,poniendosu

nombre

y^suniime- ro de tel£fono.

En

esta historieta, Charlie

Brown

y Sally estanen sucasa haciendo los deberes. Utilice el

metodo

de lectura habi- tualy trate deaveriguar lo quedicen.

Tenga

en cuenta que

homework

significa "deberes (para haceren casa)"y que

bump

es la forma de infinitivo del verbo "golpear".

Recuerde los

nombres

de dos partes del cuerpo que se mencionan eneltexto yqueya aprendio en la unidad36:

elbow (codo) y nose (nariz).

907

Extra reading

English proverbs.

El filosofo, estadista y ensayista britanicoFrancis

Bacon

(1561-1626)

comento

en una ocasion: "'El genio, la agudeza y ^el espfritu de un pueblo se descubreporsus refranes.'" Realmente, se puedeconside- rar que los refranes

-como modos

^sucintos de hacer observaciones sobrehechosde la vida real- reflejan algopropioy tradicionalde las personas nativas del paisen queseutilizan, puestoquesonexpresio- nesque han superado la pruebadel tiempo.

Ademas,

lejosde scrun rinc6n oscuro de la lengua, los refranes aparecen a

menudo

en el

hablacotidiana, ya que la idea que proporcionan en pocas palabras es facilmcntc rcconociblc por quienes hablan la lengua que los ha producido.

Ustcd ya conocc algunos refranes ingleses.

En

una de las primeras unidadesdel cursoencontro dos de ellos: Nothing ventured, nothing gainedyNever putoff^till

tomorrow what

_{you can do}today.

Tambien

ha visto el refran It's a small world

formando

parte del eslogan de SunshineTravel, y varios

mas

enlaspaginas888y889 delaunidad43.

Como

todas laslenguas,elinglestiene

muchos

refranes(undicciona- rio dc refranes

cnumera

6.000), de los que aqui figura una breve selection.

Como

^vera, losrefranesseleccionados incluyen

muy

pocas palabrasnuevas,_{y se}prescntanordenadosengrupossegun los

mode-

los de frase a losque responden, ya que

muchos

refranescomparten un modelosimilar,

como.

por ejemplo.

X

is

Y

(Time ismoney), dos mitades simetricas (Cold hands,

warm

heart), etc.

Es bastante frecuente que los refranespasen de una lengua a otra; asi pues.cuando lea el siguiente texto, veasi alguno de losrefranes inglesesque se relacionan tiene suequivalen- cia en espanol.

-

Time ismoney.

-Tomorrow

is another_day.'

-

_{Small isbeautiful.}

- No

news^isgoodnews.

-

_Money isn'teverything.

-

The best thingsin lifearefree.

- One

man's meatisanother man's poison.²

-

Two

headsarebetterthan one.³ -

Home

iswherethe heart is.

-

There's noplacelikehome.

-You're nevertoo old to learn.

-

_Timeflies.

-Moneytalks

-

_Tomorrow nevercomes.

-

_Lifebeginsatforty.4

-

_{Bad news}travelsfast.

-

_{Walls haveears.}⁵

-What

will be, will be.⁶

-

While there's life, there'shope.

- When

one doorcloses, anotherdoor opens.⁷

-

Ifatfirstyou don'tsucceed,try try again.

-

Cold hands,

warm

heart.

- Lucky atcards, unluckyin love.

- Firstcome, firstserved.

- East,west,

home

isbest.

-

_{Easycome, easygo.}⁸

-

Business beforepleasure.

-

Firstthingsfirst.9

-

_Betterlatethan never.

-

_Easiersaidthan done.¹⁰ -Thirdtime lucky."

-

Don'ttrytorunbeforeyou canwalk.¹²

-

_{Allgoodthingsmust}

come

toan end.

-

_{You can't}

make

an omelettewithout breaking eggs.¹³

-Anappleaday keepsthedoctoraway.

908

Whilethere's life, there's hope.

—

' Esdccir. habra otra oportunidad para haccr frcntc a un problcma.

2Esdccir,lagcntcticnegustosdistintos.

Esdccir, csmasfacil rcsolvcrunproblcmacuandonosc cstasolo.

*Esdccir,alacdad dc 40arios.

5Esdccir. nuncascsabc quicn pucdccstarcscuchando lasconversa- ciones privadas.

6Las pcrsonas dc hablainglcsatambicnulilizan lavcrsi6n ilalianadc este rcfran: "Chesarii.sara".

7Esdecir,despucsdccadacontratiempohay unanucvaoportunidad.

8Este rcfran hacc rcferencia espccialmentc al dinero y^quicrc dara entenderque no hay que lamentarse porgastaro perder un dinero conseguidofacilmente.

9Esdecir.primerohayquehaccrlascosasmasimportantes.

"'Esdecir,csfacilhablardchaccrcosas.pcrocsdificilhaccrlas.

" Esdecir.despucsdedosintcntosfracasados.clterccrintentotendra exito.

12Esdccir,hayquedominarunalecnicafacilantesdeintentardominar unadificil.

"_{Esdccir,cuando sc llcvaacabounagran}empresa. siemprehayal-

guienquercsultapcrjudicado.

La

genteavecescambialosrefrancs,enespecialpara con- seguir efectoshumoristicos.

Aqut

tienealgunos ejemplos.

While there's life, there'stax.

Mientras hay vida, hay impuestos.

When

onedoorcloses, anotherdoorcloses.

Cuando

unapuerta se cierra, otra puerta se cierra.

Ifatfirstyou don'tsucceed, give up.

Si

no

tiene exitoa la primera, desista.

Finalmente, aquitienedos refranesque haccn referencia a los propios refranes.

Proverbs cannot be contradicted.

Los refranes

no

pueden sercontradichos.

All proverbs contradict each other.

Todos

los refranes se contradicen unos a otros.

free poison hope

cards

keep ^...

away

contradict

/fri:/

/'poizn/

/hsup/

/sak'siid/

/ka:^rdz/

/ki:p/.../3'wci/

/kontra'dikt/

gratis

veneno esperanza tcnerexito naipes. cartas alcjar

contradecir

909

Synopsis

Key points from this unit: Dialogue.

- El uso de will ('11) para expresar "decisiones inmc-

FD

takeit/them.

I'll call backlater.

I'llanswer it.

Read

the dialogue, and listen to it

on

the cassette. Jeff and the old

man

have arrived at

Heathrow

Airport, and are

now

collecting their luggage.

•El uso de shallpara hacersugcrcncias.

Shall I takea photograph ofyou?

What

shall

we

do

now?

Shall

we

dance?

Shall

we

havea party?

Who

shall

we

invite?

El usode shall para hacerofrecimientos.

Shall I

make some

coffee?

Shall I carryyourcase?

Shall I open the door foryou?

What

shall I do

now?

-

Otras cxpresiones empleadasparahacerofrecimientos.

Can

I help you?

Do

you need any help?

Isthere anything I can do?

Thank

you. That'svery kind of you.

Resumen

de los usosde losverbos auxiliaresmodales.

must

t I

can could

may

might

shall should

will

would

-

_Algunascxpresionesdel lenguaje oficial.

occupation forename marital status country ofresidence

Pleasecomplete in

BLOCK CAPITALS.

Delete as applicable.

Tick appropriate box.

- Algunos refranes ingleses.

Time

is money.

Money

isn't everything.

Betterlate than never.

Easier saidthan done.

You

can't

make

anomelette without breakingeggs.

And

the large red one nextto it,

and the small

brown

one.

Shall I get them foryou?

I'll get itfor you. Lo(La) cogcre porusted.

That'sreally very kind ofyou.

Es

realmente

muy

amable desu parte.

My

pleasure.

Es

un ^placer.

Never mind. It'll

come

round again.

No

sc prcocupe. Pasara otra vez.

Shall

we

share a taxi?

<,Compartimos un taxi?

share /Jea7

Dialogue.

Old man:

Ah, that caseis mine.

Jeff:

Which

one?

Old man: The

large

brown

one.

Jeff: ^I'llget it foryou.

(Jeff gets the case.)

Old man: Thank

you. That's verykind of you.

Jeff: You're welcome.

Old man: And

^{that one.}

Jeff: Sorry?

Old man:

^{Thatone's minetoo}

-

thesmall black one.

Jeff: Right.

(Jeff^is goingtoget the case.)

Old man: Oh,

no. It's

OK.

I'llget it.

(Theold

man

gets the case.) Jeff:

Do

youneed any help?

Old man:

No, thankyou. I'm

OK.

Jeff:

Are

you sure you don't need any help?

Old man:

Yeah. I'm fine. ... That one's minetoo.

Jeff: Pardon

me?

Old man:

That one.

The

large blackone.

Jeff:

OK.

(Jeff gets thecase.)

Old man: And

the large redonenexttoit,

and

thesmall

brown

^one.

Jeff: ShallI getthem foryou?

Old man:

Yes, please.

(Jeff gets the^cases.)

Thank

you.

Jeff: Thereyou are.

Old man:

That'sreally very kind ofyou.

Jeff:

My

pleasure.

Old man:

Where's your luggage?

Jeff:

Er

... Ionlyhave one case. It'sa small

brown

leather one.

Old man:

That one?

Jeff:

Wh- Where?

... Oh. ... Yes.

Old man:

Well, never mind. It'll

come

round again.

Jeff: Yeah.

Old man:

Are you going into

London?

Jeff: Into

London?

Yes.

Old man: Have

you gota car?

Jeff:

Er

... No. ^... Well, not atthe airport.

Old man:

Ah. That'sapity. Well,shall

we

sharea taxi?

Jeff: ^I think I'll take thesubway.

Old man: What?

Jeff: IthinkI'lltakethe

subway -

theunderground.

It's quicker.

Old man: OK.

^I'll

come

withyou.

Jeff: Fine.

911

B

Test 44.

Check

yourself

on

what

you

have learnt in this unit. (Answersat the end ofUnit 48.)

1. Translate these English proverbs.

The

best things inlife are free.

Bad

news travels fast.

What

will be, willbe.

Better late than never.

Don'ttry to run beforeyoucan walk.

2. Putin the missing letters.

can

may m_st

sh

w

1

c

d m

^t sh d

w

d

3. Translate these sentences.

Shall

we

go tothe cinema thisevening?

Shall I

make some

coffee?

Can

I help you?

Do

you needany help?

$15? That's

OK.

I'll takeit.

5. Thesequestions areofficial. Givethe informal equiva- lents.

What

^is yourforename?

What

is yourmaritalstatus?

What

^is yourage?

What

is yourcountry ofresidence?

6.

Answer

these questions about yourself.

How

old areyou?

How

tall are you?

Are

you married?

Can

you understand American English?

7. Write these sentences as a telegram.

I'marriving atChicago

O'Hare

Airporton British Air- waysflight

BA

297,on October24thatquartertofive in the afternoon. I'm staying at theSheraton Hotel.

$15? That's

OK.

^I'll takeit.

4. Explainthe differencesbetweenthesentencesinthese pairs.

What

isyour

occupation?j_J and What's yourjob?

Can

I useyour phone? and

I must go

now

It will rainlater

and and

( CouldI useyour

[ phone?

Ishould go now.

Itmightrain later.

Answers to exercises.

Page897.

1. <,Quc harcmos el fin de semana? 2. <.Nos quedaremos en casa?

3. (.Iremosalcine?4.,.Darcmosunafiesta? 5.;A quicn invitaremos?

Page905.

Exercise 1. 1.Nopucdestcncrlolodo.2. Debellegar lanoche.3.<.Por que debo morir?4. (lBailamos? 5. Mariana llorare. 6. Te gustara mi madre. 7.Ellosnomecrceran.8.,,Quienparara la lluvia?

Exercise 2. 1. Pucdooir musica. 2. No pucdocxplicar. 3. ,.Puedc csto seramor?4.<,C6mopucdocstarscguro?5.Dcbcscramor.6.Bcbcr6cl vino. 7.Nunca andarassola. 8. Ella preferiria estarconmigo.

Page906.

Exercise 1. I'marrivingatLondon Heathrow onFlightAF814.onTues- dayMarch15thathalf pasttwointhe afternoon.I'mstayingat thePark Hotel. Mary.

Exercise 2. Is/not/the/message/cousin/arrived/staying/Room/of/to/

evening/very/You're.

912