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A Series of Unfortunate Events The role of climate change on recent high impacts events in Chile

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A Series of Unfortunate Events

The role of climate change on recent high impacts events in Chile

CR2 fifth aniversary

16 October 2017

René D. Garreaud1,2, Juan Pablo Boisier1,2 Roberto Rondanelli1,2, Claudia Villarroel1,3

1. Centro del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2

2. Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile 3. Dirección Meteorológica de Chile

(2)

Local anthropic activities

Climate/weather extremes

Extreme environmental events

 Social tension and economical impacts

2010-2017

2016 2015-2016

2017

2015-2017

(3)

Frecuencia

Costo (social,

ambiental, económico)

Variable Climática

Variable Climática Clima Actual

Condición Actual

1% del tiempo

±2

The disproportionate effects of climate extremes

(4)

Frecuencia

Costo (social,

ambiental, económico) Clima Actual

Clima Futuro

Condición Actual

9% del tiempo

Variable Climática

Variable Climática

The disproportionate effects of climate extremes

(5)

Frecuencia

Costo (social,

ambiental, económico) Clima Actual

Clima Futuro

Condición Actual Condición Futura con medidas de adaptación

Variable Climática

Variable Climática

9% del tiempo

The disproportionate effects of climate extremes

(6)

Climate Change

(Antropoghenic) Climate Variability (Natural)

The previous balance is a major interdisciplinary issue…

…but climatologists have their own balance

Climate Extremes

(7)

The previous balance is a major interdisciplinary issue…

…but climatologists have their own balance

Climate Extremes

(8)

Munich-RE, 2013

2013

Global Perspective

(9)

Global Perspective & media coverage

Irma

José Kathya

(10)

The scorching 2017 summer

Tendencias olas de calor

DMC

(11)

Normal (1980-2010) Tx = 30.1°C

Tendencia ajustada Proyección Modelos IPCC

Valor Observado 33.3°C

31.1°C 30.7°C

TMax Stgo. Enero 2017: 33.1°C

Aumento por encima de la normal: +3°C Atribuible a Cambio Climático: 1°C

Variabilidad Natural : 2°C

Años

Tx Quinta Normal, Santiago (°C)

The scorching 2017 summer

(12)

Déficit Pluviométrico

(2010-2014)

The central Chile megadrought 2010-2015

©GdG Gastos en

Camiones Aljibes (Mill$)

Sequedad

Apariciones en prensa escrita

(2014)

Sequedad

No data

Deterioro vegetación Agosto 2010-2015

Incendios forestales de

magnitud Transporte

de sedimentos en invierno

2008 2013

(13)

The central Chile megadrought 2010-2015

Déficit Pluviométrico

(2010-2014)

©GdG Gastos en

Camiones Aljibes (Mill$)

Sequedad

Apariciones en prensa escrita

(2014)

Sequedad

No data

Deterioro vegetación Agosto 2010-2015

Incendios forestales de

magnitud Transporte

de sedimentos en invierno

2008 2013

2017

(14)

2010

2014

2013

2012

2011

2009

MJJAS Niño3.4 index [°C]

Central Chile winter rainfall anomaly

La Niña El Niño

+

2015

La Niña is not all…

2017

(15)

AMIP-ORF AMIP-NHF CMIP5/RCP8.5 Anomalías de precipitación, MJJAS, 2010-2015

simuladas por diversos modelos. Defict observado 30%

TSM prescrita GEI actuales

Promedio muchas corridas revela forzamiento del oceano en clima

NAT+ANTROP

TSM prescrita GEI historicos (1800) Promedio muchas corridas del

mismo modelo (CAM5.1)

NAT’ (2/3)

TSM calculada GEI actuales

Promedio muchos modelos revela forzamiento radiativo

ANTROP (1/3)

-30 0 +30 %

-20% -10% -7%

The central Chile megadrought 2010-2015

(16)

The awful 2016 (JFM)

Clorfila, 03 Marzo 2016. MODIS

(17)

Greening Drying No change

-90 0 +90 % Chiloe

Island

Aysen River

Coyhaique

NW Patagonia

Puerto Montt

(a) Precipitation anomalies (a) Streamflow anomalies (b) Enhanced Vegetation Index anomalies

The awful 2016 (JFM)

(18)

El Niño

B A

A A A

B A

ENSO and SAM impacts on Patagonia during summer

El Niño

(Variabilidad Natural) SAM+

(Antrópico: GEI y O3)

Diferentes forzamiento, respuesta similar:

Condiciones anticiclonicas y sequia en Patagonia

(19)

El Niño!

Natural….

SAM!

Antropogénico

The awful 2016 (JFM)

(20)

March 24, 2015

Lightning detected by WWLLN One every 10 strokes

Northern Chile Storms

TR  50 years

(21)

(a) GFS forecast (b) IMERG (satellite) (c) Stations (DGA, DMC, CEAZA) (d) MODIS Terra (May 13)

72 hr accumulated precipitation in mm (May 11-12-13, 2017)

25ºS

30ºS

35ºS

70ºW

La Serena Chañaral

Santiago

Concepción

La Serena Chañaral

La Serena Chañaral

200

0

200

0 140

0

® Raul Valenzuela

https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/

Northern Chile Storms

(22)

Extremos de precipitación en La Serena

Max. 24h

2017

Maximo diario (mm]

150 100 50

Acum. Annual (mm)

Anual

Now you see it….

Northern Chile Storms

(23)

Max. 24h

2017

Maximo diario (mm]

150 100 50

Acum. Annual (mm)

Anual

Now you don’t….

Extremos de precipitación en La Serena

Northern Chile Storms

(24)

Conclusions I

• Extreme climate events occur by a combination of weather, natural variability, and climate change

• Extreme events in Chile follows a distinctive trend from global pattern

• To face the worst we need the best (strengthen

forecast, nowcast system and use this information

in emergency management)

(25)

Conclusions II

• Climate change related circulation anomalies have contributed to recent drought and heat waves in Chile

• There is a potential increase in frequency of those event in a warmer world.

• No much is now about winter and summer storms (but we will work on that)

• Future ENSO variability is key but unkown.

(26)

Material suplementario

(27)

Altura Ho [m snm]

Cuenca del río Maipo en el Manzano

Cambio en área pluvia Cambio Volumen de agua

Hydrological Impacts

Altura de la isoterma 0°C

V=1

V=2

Nieve

snow

Frecuencia o Incremento

(28)

AMJJAS 1970-1992 AMMJAS 1993-2015

Temperatura media diaria [°C]

Precipitación diaria [mm]

Estación Quinta Normal, Datos Diarios

1600 2300 3050 3800 msnm Ho (aprox)

Estan cambiando las tormentas sobre Chile central?

RGS, DGF-UCh + CR2

(29)

Estan cambiando las tormentas sobre Chile central?

RGS, DGF-UCh + CR2

Estación Quinta Normal, Datos Diarios

Santiago se esta calentando y secando…

ya lo sabiamos!

Más tormentas cálidas Esto parece novedoso

(30)

Meehl et al. (2007)

Perspectiva Global. Que pasa con ENOS?

Li et al. (2013)

Varianza de ENOS

Niños y Niñas más intensos en el sXX

(31)

Un modesto cambio en el promedio

produce grandes cambios en los extremos

Consideramos una variable “normal”

(32)

IMPACTO DE ENSO SOBRE LA

LLUVIA EN CHILE CENTRAL

(33)

a. 1962 n = 1

b. 1967-1969 n = 3

c. 1994-1996 n = 3

d. 1998 n = 1

e. 2010-2015 n = 6

-1.8 -0.9 0 0.9 -1.8 -28

-32

-36

-40

-44 -75 -73 -71 -69 -75 -73 -71 -69 -75 -73 -71 -69 -75 -73 -71 -69 -75 -73 -71 -69

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Intensity (SPI mean) Magnitude (SPI Sum)

Central Chile

La Megasequía 2010-2015

(34)

Alteraciones climáticas globales (EN, SAM+)

Condiciones

de sequía Incremento

Radiación solar Incremento

Vientos del sur

Incremento surgencia costera

Reducción estratificación

Aumento intrusion nutrientes a capa sfc.

Aumento fitoplacton FAN

?

?

?

?

?

Cuantificado Cualitativo No demostrado

Leon et al. submitted

Referencias

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