1
SURNAMES IN CHILE
A study of the population of Chile through isonymy
I. Barrai, A. Rodriguez-Larralde2, J. Dipierri1, E.Alfaro1, N. Acevedo3, E. Mamolini, M. Sandri, A.Carrieri and C. Scapoli.
Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Università di Ferrara, 44121- Ferrara, Italy
1Instituto de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 4600 – San Salvador De Jujuy,
Argentina.
2Centro de Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Genetica Humana, IVIC, 1020A -Caracas,
Venezuela.
3Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Santiago, Chile
Running title: Surnames in Chile
Correspondence to: Chiara Scapoli
Department of Biology and Evolution University of Ferrara,
Via L. Borsari 46, - I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Telephone: +39 0532 455744; FAX: : +39 0532 249761 Email: scc@unife.it
Number of text pages: 15 Literature pages: 4 Number of Tables : 2 Number of Figures: 7
KEYWORDS: Chile, Population Structure, Isonymy, Inbreeding, Isolation by distance
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors are grateful to the Director of the Servicio Electoral de la
Republica de Chile Sr. Juan Ignacio Garcia Rodríguez, who made the data available, and to Sr. Dr.Ginés Mario Gonzalez Garcia, Embajador de la Republica Argentina en Chile. The work was supported by grants of the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research (MIUR) to Chiara Scapoli. The authors take pleasure in dedicating this work to Dr. Juan Pinto Cisternas of Valparaiso, a pioneer of isonymy studies.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Log(occurrence) -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Lo g(fr eq ue ncy )
Figure S1. Frequency of a given occurrence of a surname as a function of its occurrence. 8.1
million paternal surnames, Chile 2006. Bilogarithmic scale.
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Log(occurrence) -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Log(f requency)
Figure S2. Frequency of a given occurrence of a surname as a function of its occurrence. 8.1
FST FIS 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.030 FIT -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028
Figure S3. The components of inbreeding levels in 54 provinces of Chile. Local inbreeding seems
to be the largest component, whereas random inbreeding tends to stay constant. Inbreeding from
isonymy, 16 million surnames, Chile 2006.
LAS LASP LASM -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 CENTER 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6
Figure S4. Variation of Lasker’s distance on kilometers, Chile 2006. The belts are one standard
deviation wide.
NEI NEIP NEIM -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 CENTER -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8Figure S5. Variation of Nei’s distance on kilometers, Chile 2006. The belts are one standard
TARAPACA ANTOFAGASTA ATACAMA COQUIMBO VALPARAISO LIBERTADOR MAULE BIOBIO ARAUCANIA LOS LAGOS AISEN MAGALLANES METROPOLITANA LOS RIOS ARICA Y PARINACOTA -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fact. 1: 41.25% -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Fac t. 2 : 2 0. 35 %
Figure S6P. Projection of the Euclidean distance matrix between regions on the first two Factors of
Figure S6M. Projection of the Euclidean distance matrix between regions on the first two
UPGMA Euclidean Distance A IS E N M A GA L L A NE S L OS L A GOS L OS RI OS A RA UC A N IA B IOB IO M A UL E L IB E RTA D OR M E TROP OL ITA N A V A L P A RA IS O CO QUIM B O A TA C A MA A NTOF A GA S TA A RI C A Y P A R IN A COTA TA RA P A CA 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Figure S7. Dendrogram based on the matrix of Euclidean surname distances between regions. Note
Arica Parinacota Iquique TocopillaEl Loa Antofagasta Chañaral Copiapó Huasco Elqui Limarí Choapa Petorca Los Andes San Felipe de AconcaguaQuillota
ValparaísoSan Antonio
Isla de Pascua Chacabuco Santiago CordilleraMaipo Melipilla TalaganteCachapoal Colchagua Cardenal Caro Curicó TalcaLinares Cauquenes Ñuble Concepcion Biobío Arauco MallecoCautin Valdivia Osorno Llanquihue Chiloé Palena Coihaique Aisén General Carrera Capitan Prat Ultima Esperanza Magallanes Tierra del Fuego Antartica Chilena Tamarugal Ranco Marga Marga -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Fact. 1: 38.90% -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Fac t. 2 : 20.77%
Figure S9P. Projection of the Euclidean distance matrix between provinces on the first two Factors
of PCA. Note the counterclockwise arc ordering of the provinces in the second, third, fourth, and
first quadrant. Note the outlier position of Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) in the first quadrant.
Figure S9M. Projection of the Euclidean distance matrix between provinces on the first two
Dimensions of MDS. Note the counterclockwise arc ordering of the provinces in the third, second,
first and fourth quadrant.
UPGMA Euclidean Distance Is la d e P asc u a A n ta rti ca C hi le n a Ca p it an P rat Gen e ral Ca rr e ra P a le na Ti err a d e l Fu e g o A is é n Co ih ai q u e Ul ti m a E spera n z a Ch ilo é M ag a lla ne s L lan q u ihu e Os orno Ra n c o V a ld iv ia P a ri n acota A rau c o Ca u ti n M al le c o B io b ío Co n c e p c io n Ñu b le Ca u q ue n e s Ca rde na l Ca ro Co lc h a g ua L ina res Ta lca Cu ri c ó M el ip ill a Ca c h a p o al Ta la g a n te M ai p o Co rdi lle ra S a n ti ag o Ch a c a b u c o S a n A n ton io M arga M arga V a lp araí s o Qui llota S a n Fel ip e de A concag u a L o s A n d es P e to rc a Ch o a pa Hu a s co L ima rí Ch a ñ aral Co p iap ó E lq u i A n to fag a s ta E l L o a To c o p ill a Ta ma rug al Iq ui q u e A ri c a 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Figure S10. Dendrogram of the 54 provinces of Chile. Note the considerable North-South ordering
Municipalities Complete Linkage Euclidean Distance N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S S S S S S S S S S S S S N S S S N N N N CHE N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 D istan za Le ga m e