Slide 1
Chapter
Lecture Presentation by Dr. Cindy Malone, California State University Northridge
2
Mitosis andMeiosis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 Chapter 2 Contents
2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function 2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid
Organisms
2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells 2.4 Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from
Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores 2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in
Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis 2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to the Successful Sexual
Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms 2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical
Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 Chapter 2 Introduction
Los organismos vivos tienen material genético
Compuesto de ADN - ácido nucleico No incluye los virus
En eucariotas, la transmisión de material genético consiste en mitosis y meiosis
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Slide 4 Chapter 2 Introduction
Meiosis -gametos
Mitosis– 2 nuevas células
–Cada una con mismo número
de cromosomas de la célula parental
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 5 Section 2.1: Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to
Genetic Function
2 tipos
procariotas (bacteria, archaea)
Eucariotas (protistas, plantas, hongo, animales)
Todas las celulas tienen : membrana DNA Ribosomas
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Slide 7 Section 2.1: Plasma Membrane
Rodea todas las células delimita del ambiente externo Plantas
–membrana plasmática –Tienen una pared celular
–Compuesta principalmente de celulosa, un polisacárido
Las células bacterianas
–peptidoglicano en su pared celular © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 Section 2.1: Nucleus and Nucleoid
Núcleo
–Encontrado en eucariotas
–Unido a la membrana
–material genético, el ADN
–complejo conjunto de proteínas nucleoide
–Encontrado en procariotas
–No unida a la membrana © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Slide 10 Section 2.1: Cytoplasm –Citoplasma incluye:
Orgánulos celulares extranucleares Citosol: liquido que rodea los orgánulos Citoesqueleto ; sistema de túbulos y
filamentos
Los microtúbulos: Hechos de tubulina Los microfilamentos: Derivados de la
proteína actina
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 Section 2.1: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
RE:
–Un orgánulo compartimenta citoplasma –Aumenta la superficie para la síntesis
bioquímica
REL: liso parece suave
–Sitio de ácidos grasos y la síntesis de fosfolípidos
RER: ER Rugoso - tiene ribosomas
–Sitio de la síntesis de proteínas
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Slide 13 Section 2.1: Cytoplasmic Structures Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Mitocondria: Animales y plantas
–Respiración cellular -ATP
Cloroplastos: Plantas, algas, protozoarios
–Fotosintesis
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 Section 2.1: Centriolos
Centriolos
–Centrosoma de animals y –Organizan las fibras del huso
mitótico para movimiento de
cromosomas en meiosis y
mitosis
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 15 Mitosis https://vimeo.com/85939821
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Slide 16 Meiosis
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 17 Section 2.2: Homologous Chromosomes
Los cromosomas existen en pares homólogos en los organismos diploides
Cromosomas homólogos
–Son similares pero no idénticos
Llevan genes de las mismas características heredadas
Puede llevar a distintas versiones de un mismo gen
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 18 Section 2.1: Centromere
Centromeros
–Region de cromosoma
–Localización– da caracteristica forma –Metacentrico –Submetacentrico –Acrocentrico –Telocentrico ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Slide 19 Section 2.2: Centromere
Cromatidas hermanas con Brazo largo q arm
brazo cortop arm
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 21 Section 2.2: Centromere
células somáticas (células del cuerpo) pares homólogos
seres humanos: 46 cromosomas (23 pares homólogos)
Representa número diploide 2n excepciones:
Muchas bacterias y virus tienen un cromosoma
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Slide 22 Section 2.2: Centromere
Meiosis convierte el número diploide (2n) de cromosomas para el número haploide (n)
Genoma: La información genética en el juego haploide
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 23 Section 2.2: Centromere
Gametos contienen un conjunto haploide de cromosomas
La fusión de dos gametos en los resultados de fecundación en un cigoto diploide
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cromosomas para determinar el sexo No homóloga
Comportarse como homólogos en la meiosis Ejemplo: –X e Y cromosomas en humanos ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 26 Section 2.3: Cell Cycle
Separación de cromosomas en las células en división
–Cigoto: huevos fertilizados unicelulares de organismos multicelulares
Cariocinesis: El material genético se repartió a las células hijas durante la división nuclear
Citocinesis: división citoplasmática © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Slide 28 Section 2.3: Interphase and Cell Cycle
Ciclo celular
–Compuesto de interfase y la mitosis
interfase incluye
–S fase: DNA se sintetiza –Dos fases gap (G1 y G2)
G0: Punto en la fase G1 células que no se
dividen, están en estado metabólicamente activo
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 29 Section 2.3: Cell Cycle and Regulation
Checkpoints
G1 / S de control
–Monitorea tamaño de célula –Evalúa la condición de ADN
G2 / M puesto de control
–Monitorea si la replicación del ADN es incompleta –Monitorea ADN dañado
M puesto de control
Monitorea la formación exitosa de sistema de fibras del huso y el anclaje a los cinetocoros
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 30 Section 2.3: Interphase and Cell Cycle
Mitosis : –Profase –Prometafase –Metafase –Anafase –Telofase ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 33 Section 2.3: Prophaseand Sister Chromatids
Profase
–Centriolos se dividen, mover, establece
polos
–envoltura nuclear desaparece
–cromosomas se condensan y se hacen
visibles
cromátidas hermanas: dos partes de cada
cromosoma
–Conectado en el centrómero
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Slide 34 Section 2.3: Prometaphase Prometafase
–Período de movimiento de los cromosomas de plano ecuatorial de la célula
–Plano ecuatorial se refiere a la placa metafasica
–Centriolos alcanzan los polos
–fibras del huso mitótico © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 35 Section 2.3: Metaphase
Metafase
–configuración del cromosoma después de la migración
–Los centrómeros se alinean en la placa de la metafásica
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Slide 37 Section 2.3: Anaphase Anafase: disyunción
–cromátidas hermanas se separan
–Migrar hacia los polos opuestos cromátidas hermanas separadas se
llaman cromosomas hijos
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 38 Section 2.3: Telophase
Telofase
–citocinesis
–Se desenrrollan los cromosomas –Se forma de la envoltura nuclear –Las fibras del huso desaparecen –forma envoltura nuclear
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 39 Section 2.4: Meiosis – Reduction of Genetic
Content and Chromosomes Meiosis
–Reduce la cantidad de material genético a la mitad
–Produce gametos o esporas haploides, cada una que contiene un miembro de un par homólogo de cromosomas
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Slide 40 Section 2.4: Crossing Over
evento meiótico
El intercambio genético entre los miembros de pares homólogos de cromosomas
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 41 Section 2.4: Overview of Meiosis
Meiosis I: división reduccional La meiosis II: división ecuacional la síntesis de ADN
–Se produce durante la interfase, antes del inicio de la meiosis I –No vuelva a ocurrir antes de la
meiosis II © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Slide 43 Section 2.4: The First Meiotic Prophase I
La meiosis I y II
–Cada uno tiene etapas profase, metafase, anafase y telofase
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Slide 46 Section 2.4: Summary of Metaphase I, Anaphase I and Telophase I
Los cromosomas homólogos se separan y se mueven hacia los polos
–cromátidas hermanas permanecen unidas en centromeres
Los cromosomas duplicados llegan a los polos. Cada polo tiene ahora juego haploide de cromosomas
Citocinesis: Se forman dos células hijas haploides
formación de la envoltura nuclear alrededor de los cromosomas en algunas especies
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Division
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 48 Section 2.4: Meiosis II
Segunda división meiótica cromátidas hermanas se separan a
polos opuestos (anafase II) Cada célula hija haploide de la
meiosis II tiene un miembro de cada par de cromosomas homólogos
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 51 Section 2.5: Development of Gametes
Gametos:
espermatogénesis y ovogénesis Por meiosis
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