A real-time MAC protocol for wireless: Virtual TDMA for Sensor (VTS)

(1)

,

!>(*+&'!&?@4>:A(+B

CEDFCHG@IKJ LNMPORQSIT@UVWDWXHJZY[I\]L_^EYa`RbW\]`SU^DScdDSefJZgihij[bFIkTkLNcFJZYlJFUmVWDSnJ@g okj[JZL_pqJZg `WUsrD

rtJvuRO@bLNefJZg w[xF`WUmJZbWy+eDFXzDW{|FIkbW`ZLN}EIYaGsJ@y`

~skN! kP@l%K2SiRsKm1K!qss$%Ks

d@ iRsRK N9'%N]mZW @sS¡

¢£Z¤k¥ £k¦Z§k¨ ©£Kªv£v§d«¬K§K®@¯k£K°P©±® §v²K£Z¤S«³§ ²K£v¬K§k¨Z´v° µ ¤.©l¶s§°v¥@¯$¨@£·¸«5¬vµ§k¨ZªP©º¹Z§K°Zµ.«

»

§k¦R²vµd©

»

§K®Zµ%¨P«z¶@®@¯v¼k¥Zµk°@¯§¸©º¦K½@£k¨Rµv¾¿k½

»

¼k¥¸©£Z¤

À9ÁdÂÃÄ%ÅmÆÃKÇqÈ N1 ZsNk¸ÉiÊkËZÌÈ @ÉÍW%tR Ns$lk's%]ÎKkRÏ

Rzkm2@ NNs@WÊH³m%NskÐ$Ñ s! Îs2KR_N] ÒF%Ê

sk]@Êk5 K!s Ó@ 1%ÊÔ s kKRNs!@StN N]kÕ!8m%N

NRsN$WN$kÖs .sNK!×NS$Ïº!×Ki]kKW¡.±³RmkÏ

!Ê12R N !sØÐNmÎ~ÚÙ2ÛÜlk2 ZsNkÌÝØH RÍÙ2ÛÎÞR KÝ

ÊHR]2 m@NsRNtRRZKRl$%RRl RNR!m%N sk2

$kÏß!ÎK ]%KS¡@ØH skRv! ktE~ÚÙ2Û;kN]ksK ! ÊH

+ZR×Ö ×!N$Ñ sH8s2 sÎ@R×Ö RZR!à]ksK¡

ZsPØH á]svâKRk1RsKRs@ N[R K!m%$+

~ÚÙ2ÛãR KEÊHäsÓ@$³Nå 9k[]k!K¡.s!~ÚÙ2Ûæ[]k!!ÚN ÚR

kmÚ ]s$ÚÖ EÐ@_NÖRR$ÚR $R@K%ÊHsi×$ÊH'N sN¸Ð_@RÏ

]RsKRNqçKmz%Ks[]k!K¡Ûè%çKR ]kKPØH zÎsk

2m%] fÖssR$à%s 1ÊHsiék$ÊHNk[Ïº!kss$%Ï

KR¡@ÛÐ Ó@R NN!l1sÎssi1k s ÖsmtkNq@kZRs

s $¡.ØH 8 N[ksq Kksk$8ÖZN×RkKW¡dêÎNsENs$ÊÞN

$ÊisNR!RKmkR ÎRKÐ9säsW¡ È ÚkN! NZRR

s%v ×RÏßs+ ]kKâÖ 5 k]Rm%$áNëkÊtËK @×!KR

R_ ¡

ì ísîÎïðFñòqóEô.ïFõñÎî

ö÷wag IkY[I\ \cmIkbW\i`@gøEI%hù`@g úm\+ûºöücFøE\ýzJ@giI5JþbFIkùÿQWJZgJ@yw[G `EhiIYaIKo%`z|FbFwlokJZhiw[`@b

bFI%hù`@g ú\kD.öücøE\9JZg IyIK\]w[G@bWIyáh `5QSIgº`Rg6IokwaIbsh!yWJ h J5ok`@Y[YaIKo$hiw[`@bàJZbWyþIkbmumw[gi`RbL

Ibsh 2`RbFwh `@g wabWGWUtJ2`@bWGâ`ZhFIkgJ@QFQFY[w[oJ hiw[`@bS\kDöücøq\\WJ@giI+ú@I QFg `@Q.Ikgihiw[I\ùwh

eá`Fw[Y[I^yLF`o×øÚC ù`@g úm\û±ef^EøEC \ýSyIokIkbshigJZY[waTIy8o%`@bsh gi`RY±Usùwag IkY[I\ \Fg `RJ@yWokJ@\]h

bWJ h |FgiIRUK\iIkYÝLNo%`@bWG@|Fg w[bFGÚokJ@QWJFw[Y[wh waIK\kU9|FYahiwaLF`@Qg `@|Fhiw[bFGqJ@bWy!IkQFI2IkgJZY@hi`RQS`RYa`RG@w[I\D

pÚ` ùIku@IgUÎ|FbFY[waúRIþef^qøÚC1\kUöücøq\z|W\]h+\i|FQFQ.`@gihqû±JRý\]Q.IokwSofhigJ³oáQWJZh]h Ikg bW\kU

oWJZgJ@o%hiIkg w[TkIy 2u@Ig 2Y[`@bFGzw[yFYaIQ.Ikg wa`yF\JZbWy8\]|SyFyIkb8QSIKJZú2h g J@bW\2wl\i\iw[`@bW\USû!SýÐYa`RbFG

gi|Fb"WJ hihiIkg sLQ.` ùIkg Iy5yIkQWYa` 2IkbshU.ù#Fwlo$ mwaIY[yW\Eh `³h waGRh×IkbFIgiG +ok`@bW\]higJZw[bsh \USJ@bWy

ûßoýÐyIuswlo%Izû%WJ@g yùJZg IÚJZbSy³\]`ÝhùJ@giIvýt\iw2QFY[w[okwh& RD'(WIkg I)º`@g I@UZhùÐ`*º|FbWyFJIbsh JZY.G@`sJZYl\

`Höücø QFg `Zhi`ok`@Yl\ÚJZg IIkbWIkg G 8\ JvumwabWGJZbWyáhigJ³o+ Ikbmumwag `@b2IbRhÚJRyFJZQh waumwah& @D-,NbâJ@yL

ywh wa`RbPURhFIgiIEJ@giIbWIkù wabSo%`2w[bFGQFg `@Q.`R\ JZYl\`'ok`.FwabWIy\iIkbW\i`@gHJ@bWyJ@o%hi`@g\Úû±yIkumwlo%I\

(2)

ù#FIkg IEhFI×giIKJ@o$h wa`Rbhiw2Iûºg `Ô\iIkbW\i`@gyI%h Io%hiw[`@b³h `JRo$h `@gJ@o$h wa`RbSý9|W\]h|S\]|WJ@YaY .I

S`R|FbWyIKy¸D(m|W\kU öücF^Eø QFg `@Q.`R\ JZYl\ z|W\hHJRyFyg IJ@YLhiw2IÐ`RQSIg JZhiw[`@bzJR\JEg I

|Fw[giI2Ikbsh

º`@ghWIkw[gEJ@\ \]`okw[JZhiIyQFg `Zhi`ok`@Yl\kD

öücøE\(J`Rg\]`R|Fg okI\Ð`1IkbFIgiG ùJR\h I×J@giI×giIY[JZhiIKy³h `gJ@yFwa`o%` z|FbFwlokJ h wa`Rbwl\L

\]|FIK\/1DvøEJIY RU U ZU "!9QSJ@oú@Ikh \ J@yFyg I\ \iIyh `q`@hFIg

bF`yI\U J@bWy$#!%"&%'( "!%æû±\]IbWyw[bFGþJ@bWy g Io%IumwabFG5h `m`"JZb o%`@bsh gi`RYHQWJ@oúRI%h\ ý%D

cmwabSo%IbF`yIK\!y`ábF`ZhúmbF` ù ù#FIkbþhWI âùw[Y[YHgiIKo%IwauRIQSJ@oú@Ikh \ ºg `>hFIkw[g!bFIwaG'.`@g\U

hFI éJZg IJZY[ùJ \!Y[wl\h IkbFw[bFGþhi`fhFI5oWJZbFbWIkYqûßw[yFYaI+Yawl\]hiIkbWwabFGmý9J@bWy hFI8gJ@yFwa`fwl\zú@IkQFh

wabàgiIKo%Iwaumw[bFG 2`yI@UPok`@bW\i|2w[bFG8IbFIkg G RD*)ÚI)ºIkg IkbSo%I /+1H\hJ hiIK\qhWJZhwlyY[I2Yawl\h IkbFw[bFG+w[\

hFI!y`w[bWJ@bRhßJ@o%hi`RgD (m|W\UsgJ@yFwa`s\z|W\h#.I,.-/0132>y|Fg w[bFGzQ.Ikg w[`myW\Ð` w[bWJ@o%hiw[usL

wh& hi`\iJvuRIqIbFIkg G RDF{I\iw[yIK\kUF\i|WyFyFIkb+higJ4-SoQ.IJZú\J@giIY[waúRIkY hi` WJ@QFQSIb5wab5öücøq\kD

pÚw[GY[`RJRyF\ J ×ok`@Y[Y[J@QW\iIhFIÐbFI%hù`@g údUkyIkGRg JRyw[bFGwh\PQ.Ikgº`@gJZbWokIEûÝhFgi`R|FGWQF|h J@bWy

Y[JZhiIkbSo) Fý×JZbWyþg J@w[\iw[bFG8Q.` ùIkg!o%`RbW\]|QFhiw[`@bPD65Ð`RbW\]I

|FIkbshiY @U¸JRyFJZQhJ h wa`Rbfhi`5I7sh giI2I

\]wahi|WJZhiw[`@bW\Ew[\ JZbWyWJ hi`Rg º`@gqöücø QFgi`@hi`o%`RY[\DW}qIkumwlo%I9Y[wwah JZhiw[`@bW\û%.`Zh$WJ@g yùJZg I

JZbWy+\]`ÝhùJ@giIvý$UFJRyFywahiw[`@bWJ@YaY w2Q.`R\iIhWJZhEJZY[G@`Rgiwah\JZbSyQFg `Zh `o%`@Yl\SI\iwQWYaIRD

,Nb³hWw[\QWJ@QSIgÐùIqQWgi`RQS`s\]IhFI×X ÚcþûºXEw[gihi|WJ@Y }×ef^ º`@gÚcmIbW\]`Rg \ýtef^5 QFgi`@hi`@L

o%`@YDZX Úc2QFg ` uswlyIK\tJ }qef^ÚLY[w[ú@IEJRoko%IK\i\Î\ioFI2I@UZw[bù#Fwlo2hFIÚbm|.SIgÎ`dJvu JZw[YlJFY[I

bF`yI\Dscm|So2J IKoWJZbWw[\5U@JÝh IkgÎJ×h g J@bW\]w[IkbshÎJRy<|W\]h2IkbshÎQSJ@\iI@UZY[IJRyF\th `J=("! !%>

JZbWy o%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bLºgiII+eâ^5 QFg `Zh `o%`@YhWJ hok`@bW\i|2I\?"% !%> 9@ ("A*.%9 hWJ@b

o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bLWJR\]IKy9QFg `Zh `o%`@Yl\HJ@bWy WJ@\ÎJB>"-/*C"D#!%"&C(E !*98ûßQFg ` uswlyw[bFG\i|FQFQ.`@gih

º`@gE\i`ÝhÚg IJ@YLhiw2I\iIkg umw[okI\ý$DX Úc5JZYl\]`J@yWygiIK\i\iI\bFIkhùÐ`Rgiú8\]Ikhi|FQáJZbSy+\ mbWoFg `@bFw[TJZL

hiw[`@b w[\ \]|WI\D (FI+higJ@yIkL`%4 wl\2hFIáJvu@IkgJZGRI³YlJ hiIbWo) RUtù#Fwlo wl\\iYaw[GshiY ù`@g\]I8hWJ@b

o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@b+QFg `Zhi`ok`@Yl\Ð|WbWyIkgY[` ù + 2IKywa|ÔYa`sJ@yF\D

^E\ 2`R\]h1`FhFI\iIkbW\i`@g1bFI%hù`@g ú×QFgi`RQS`s\iJ@Y[\/FUFFU G1_UKX Úc9QSIgiw[`yw[oJZY[Y QF|Fh \1bF`yI\

hi`\iYaIIkQ5h `³giIKy|WokIQS` ùIkgqo%`@bS\]|2Qh wa`RbPUFù#Fwlofg I\i|FYah \w[b@ H(%I "#o) o%Y[I\D0Jq|Wg

QFgi`@hi`o%`RYSI2QFYa` \Jz\ mbWoFg `@bFw[TJZhiw[`@bQFg `o%IKy|Fg Iq\iw2w[Y[J@gÎh `2csLNef^5 /K 1dh `9I\]h JFY[w[\

hFIL IM "#;\ oFIy|WYaIRD.pE` ùÐIu@IkgKUF|FbWYaw[ú@I2csL_eâ^5qU.`RbFY +`RbFI9bW`myFIzokJ@báhigJZbS\2wah

wab8Iku@Ig N H(%I "H#fo o%Y[I@D (m|W\kUmIu@Ikg o) o%Y[I .Iok`2I\ù#WJZhw[b8J}×ef^ãok`@bshiI7mh

w[\okJ@YaY[IyJ1O:1 P Ds{ .º`@Y[Ya` ùw[bFG9J@bI(7mhig I2IkY 2\]w2QFYaIqQFg `mokIy|WgiIRU hFIqbF`yI\Ðw[b³J

o%Y[|W\h IkgÚùw[Y[YPhigJZbS\2wahÚwabfyw4dIkg Ikbshhiw2I\iYa`@h \D (FIgiIº`@g I@Uù#FIbáIJ@o+bF`yIwl\(WbSJZY[Y

higJZbW\2whihiw[bFG wab÷Jyw4.IgiIbshhiwIK\]Y[`ZhKUHJAQ" !:1á`qh w2IK\]Y[`Zh\ WJ@\ .IkIb F|Fw[Yh³w[b÷J

.>-/H@RS!9 DÐX Úc JZY[Ya` ùÚ\ºgJ2IfJRy<|W\]h2IkbshUHhWJZhw[\Uth `wabWokgiIKJ@\iI8`Rg³g Iy|WokI

hFIàbm|*.Ikg5`9hiwIK\]Y[`Zh\kUù#Fwloüw2QFgi` uRI\³hFg `@|FGFQF|háo%`2QWJZg Iy h ` J }qef^

ºg JIqùwh8J 7Iybm|.SIg`¸hiw2I\iYa`@h \DRö÷wahhFwl\(}qef^ÚLY[w[ú@IJ@okokI\ \thFIkg IEwl\ÎbW`

o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bº`@gÚyFJZh JzhigJZbS\2wl\i\iwa`Rb8J@bWyYlJ h IkbWo wl\G@|WJ@g J@bshiIkIKy¸D

{ÐIK\]wlyIK\kUÐwabüJ 9|FYahiwaLW`@QæbFIkhùÐ`RgiúèX ÚcüJ@oFw[IkuRI\GR`s`y Q.Ikgº`@gJZbWokI@DÐ{`Rg yIg

bF`yI\ JZw[bRhJZw[báhiw2I%LN\WwÝh Iy"}×ef^AJZg g J@bFG@I2Ikbsh \(º`RgEIKJ@oâokIkY[Y'hFI .IkY[`@bFGhi`WD

(Fw[\ÐJ@\ \]|QFhiw[`@bwQWYaw[I\HhWJZhÐ\]IQWJZgJ h IÚo%Y[|W\]hiIkg\t`dbW`myFI\Hw[bWyIQSIbWyIbRh Y \iIkY[Io%hHYawl\L

hiIkbzQSIgiw[`yF\ ù#Fw[oy`EbW`Zh ` uRIkg Y[J@QPD,_hwl\ JEgiIKJ@\i`@bWJFYaIÐJ@\ \]|2Qh wa`Rb SIKokJ@|W\]IÐhWIÎ|W\i|WJZY

Yawl\h Ikb w[bRh Ikg u JZYH`RbFY âY[JR\h\JZg `@|FbSy 0UTWV`ÐhFIo) okYaIhiw2I@D öþI³oJZY[YthFwl\!`RQSIg JZhiw[`@b

`yI^ùJZúRI w2I}Ew[umw[\iw[`@b5eá|FYahiw[QFYaIz^oko%IK\i\û±^ }qef^×ý$D

X

9stmk $RÊ1 liÎ×_ ëkN @t!N$R @H[]k!KsRsRs

(3)

`@b÷ef^5ÔQFgi`@hi`o%`RY[\º`Rg³öücøq\kD ,NbücIo$h wa`Rb +àhFI WJR\]wl\`qhFIâcsLNef^5 QWgi`@hi`o%`RY

w[\×g IkumwaIùÐIKy5hi`+w[bRh gi`y|So%IX Úcf\ mbWoFg `@bFw[TJZhiw[`@báQFg `o%IKy|Fg I@DPcmIo%hiw[`@b

hW`@g `@|FGFY

yI\ o%g w.I\hWIàX Úc÷QFg `Zh `o%`@YD^ Q.Ikgº`@gJZbWokIþJZbSJZY m\iwl\`9X Úcæw[\+QFg I\iIkbshiIKyæw[b

\]IKo$hiw[`@bAFD1w[bWJZY[Y @UW\iIo%hiw[`@bok`@bWokYa|SyI\J@bWy5\]|FGRG@IK\h\º|Fhi|Fg I!ùÐ`RgiúdD

ï'ò ñHð

^Üo%`RbW\]wlyIg JFYaI!g I\iIJ@g o8I(4d`@gih WJR\#SIIkbfyIu@`@hiIy+h `öücøE\qw[b5hFIYlJ@\]h ºIù RIJ@g \D

efJZb +bFIkù=QFg `Zh `o%`@Yl\EJ@bWyfJ@QFQFY[w[oJ hiw[`@bS\EJZg I9ok|Fgig Ikbsh Y SIwabWGQFg `@Q.`R\iIyáJ@bWy5hiIK\h Iy¸D

öücø ef^5ÿQFg `Zhi`ok`@Yl\ º`o%|S\J@wabFY `@bãIkbFIgiG èIokwaIbWo) RDM'J h IkbWo wab IK\i\ JZGRI

yIkY[wauRIkg 5w[\bF`@h×|S\]|WJ@YaY fJIkhig w[ozh `.I2`@Qh w2w[TkIyPDdef`R\]h`HhWIQWgi`RQS`s\iJ@Y[\×okJ@b".I

o%YlJ@\ \]wWIy8w[b+`RbFI` hFIokY[JR\i\iw[oJZY¸okJZhiIG@`@g w[I\mok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b+`@g#}qeâ^LWJ@\iIy¸D

ef^56ok`@bshiIbRh wa`RbüQFg `Zh `o%`@Yl\5JZg Ià\iwQWYaIRUÚ\ioJZYlJFY[IàJ@bWyWI(7wFYaIRD (FIwag J`Rg

yg Jvù#SJ@oúâwl\2J$Fw[G;w[yY[I+Yawl\h IkbFw[bFGâhiwI ûÝhFI5y`2w[bWJZbsh*ßJRo$h `@g`ÚIkbWIkg G ùJR\h IKý%D

öücø)o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bLWJR\]IKy QFgi`RQS`s\iJ@Y[\9QFg I\iIkbshiY I(7mhiIbWyhFI?5JZg giw[Ikg2cmIkbW\iI5eá|FYahiw[QFYaI

^oko%IK\i\+%5Ð`RYaY[wl\]w[`@b5^'uR`@wlyFJZbSo%I³ûO5cFef^ +C5^qý(2IoSJZbFwl\5U.JZQFQFY mwabWG³J@yFywahiw[`@bSJZY \ oFIkL

IK\hi`2g Iy|WokIq` uRIkgFIJ@giw[bFG9J@bWy8w[yY[IYawl\]hiIkbWwabFG Pû&0vý Jq|h]L_`ÝLWJZbSy\iwaGRbWJZY[wabWG9g I

|Fw[giIK\

J@yFywahiw[`@bSJZY¸gJ@yw[`oSJZbFbFIY[\ /

1_UFJZbSySJZgyùJ@giIqw[\ `RgiIo%`2QFYaI78JZbSy8I7QSIbW\]w[u@IRDPû.Rý

5Ð`s`Rg yFwabWJZhiIKyá\ioFIKy|FY[wabWG`HY[wl\h Ikbáh w2I@Udù#FwlofùJ@\ Wg \]hqQWgi`RQS`s\]IKy ' +hFIcmIbW\i`@giL

ef^5 û±csLNef^5ýPQFgi`@hi`o%`RY/K 1_DvcmL_ef^5þw[bshig `y|Wo%IK\'JQWgi`o%IKy|Fg Ithi`×\ mbWoWgi`RbFwaTItbF`yI\

`@bfJo%` `Rbf\h gi|So$hi|WgiIRUhWJZh mwaIY[yW\EJ\WJZg Iy+Y[w[\]hiIb-+ \iYaIIkQfo mokYaIJ2`@bFGbFIwaG S`Rg

bF`yI\D (Fwl\E\ oFIKy|FY[IgiIKy|WokI\wlyY[I9Y[w[\]hiIbFwabWGJZbWyPUFhWIkg I)º`@g I@UWIkbFIgiG 8o%`RbW\i|2Qhiw[`@bPD

(FIw2Ik`R|h]LNef^5 ûL_ef^5ý./KF 1tQFg `Zh `mok`@Y1w2QFg ` u@IK\×cmL_ef^5 ' á|S\]w[bFG5JZbþJRyFJZQFL

hiw[u@IÚo) okYaIY[IkbFG@hPD'(FIY[w[\]hiIb-+ \iYaIIkQ2w[bRh Ikg u JZYWy|Wg JZhiw[`@b2J@yFJ@Qh \h `higJ³oW|Wo%hi|WJZhiw[`@bW\

JZbWyá`h J@wabS\qJ SIkh]hiIgIkbFIgiG 8QFg `SYaIRD-(Fwl\ ßJ2waY 5`Ðeâ^5ãQFgi`@hi`o%`RY[\Ew[\qg IkYlJ hiw[u@IY

\]w2QFYaI W|hzy`mI\bF`ZhGR|WJZgJZbshiIIzYlJ h IkbWo @D2,Nbéok`@bshigJ@\]hU¸ùwahJá\iw2w[Y[J@g9o%`2QFYaI7wh& RU

-/ #*H " 0&%"H#M !*9B>"-/*C"þû±\]II!\]IKo$hiw[`@b ý%D

}qef^ QWgi`@hi`o%`RY[\J@\ \iwaGRbfhiw2I\iYa`@h \h `5bF`yI\UPJvu@`Rw[yw[bFG5o%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bW\JZbSyþwlyY[I2Yawl\L

hiIkbWwabFGSDpÚ` ùIku@IgUsw[b$!%.U!JZbSy\iIkbW\i`@gbFI%hù`@g ú\kURI\]h JFYawl\FwabWGJ@bWy JZw[bsh J@wabFw[bFGJ

\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2Iz`Hhiw2I\iYa`@h \wl\J8ok`2QFY[I(7áh JR\]údD ,Nb J@yFywahiw[`@b'U¸wÐhFI2bm|*.Ikg`ÎbF`yI\

y mbWJ2wlokJZY[Y æoWJZbFGRI\UÐù#Ww[oãw[\+Y[waúRIkY hi` `moo%|Fg5w[büöücøq\kUÚ\ oFIKy|FY[wabFG 9|S\h .I

giIKJ@yFJ@QhiIKy¸D }×ef^ÿQFgi`RQS`s\iJ@Y[\ º`@g9öücFøE\5ûßJ@bWyéef^qøÚC1\ ý9|h waY[waTI+ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b

\hJZG@IK\!h `þ\iI%hi|WQ;JZbWy J@wabsh J@wabèJfQFg `@Q.Ikg Y þ`@g GRJ@bFwaTIy }×ef^DSJq|FgzQFgi`@hi`o%`RYÐJ@Y[\i`

SIYa`RbFGR\2h ` hFwl\oJ h IkG@`Rg RD (FIkg Iáw[\8J bm|*.Ikg³`qhFI\iIfQFg `@Q.`R\ JZYl\.º`@geâ^EøÚC \

JZbWyöücFøE\û0Ký.(FI1w[u@I8r WJ@\iI )ÚI\iIkg uvJZhiw[`@brHg `Zh `o%`@Yû1rS)ý/1_U ù#Ww[oéQWgi`@L

uswlyIK\HJ!ywl\h giwF|h Iy2JZY[G@`RgiwahÜhi`\i`@Y[u@IhFIQWgi`FYaI/`d\iYa`@hÎJZY[Ya`oJ hiw[`@bw[bz|FYahiwaLF`RQ

bFI%hù`@g ú\kD1rS)ÞJ@YaY[`okJZhiw[`@b QFg `mokIy|WgiIQ.Ikgº`@g\ùIkY[YÎJ hzhFI³I7QSIbW\]I`ÚJáG@g IJZh

o%`2QFY[I(7wah& @UWJ@bWy5y`mI\bW`ZhÚwQWYaIIbshqJZb IbFIkg G 8\iJvumw[bFG IKoWJZbWw[\5DPû.@ý#,Nb+C @I\

ef^5=ûßCÎef^5ý /1'JbF`yI!okJ@b .IJ@o$h wauRIq`RgQWJ@\ \]w[u@IRD^o$hiw[u@I×bF`yIK\` ùb8Jzhiw2I\iYa`@h

JZbWy º`Rg JábWI%hù`@g ú WJRoú S`RbFIhSJ hzQ.Ikgº`@g\g `@|h wabWGáh JR\]ú\D rtJ@\ \iwauRIbF`yI\z|W\iI

o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bàQSIgiw[`yF\h `f\]IbWy yFJ hJFDPCÎeâ^5Üwl\ º`o%|S\]IKyþ`RbàhFI³w[bWokgiIKJ@\iIz`bFIkhùÐ`Rgiú

YawºI%h w2I@USù#FIkg IJR\Y[JZhiIkbSo) ³`RghFg `@|FGFQF|hÚJ@giIbF`@hEJ@yFyg I\ \iIy¸D¸û+sý((FIMPw[GshùIkw[Gsh

eáIyw[| ^oo%IK\i\2rHg `Zh `o%`@Y!û±M'ef^5ýzQFg `Zh `mok`@Y /G1w[\J 2`ywSokJZhiw[`@b;`qCÎeâ^5 w[b

(4)

w[\ 7IyæJ@bWy hWIþbF`yIK\³Y[w[\]hiIb÷hi`è|Fbm|W\iIyæ\iYa`@h \D (FIgiIº`@g I@UM'ef^5ÿYlJ h IkbWo J@bWy

hFg `@|FGFQF|hÚyIG@gJ@yIK\J hYa` ùüYa`sJ@yF\ /1_D ,Nb5ok`2QWJ@giwl\]`Rb³ùwah+hFIK\]IQFg `@Q.`R\ JZYl\UsX Úc

:#* -/:1>"( 3Q .:1 $U hFIkg I)º`RgiIRUvwhÎJRoFwaIu@IK\1J .I%hihiIkg

QSIgº`RgJZbSo%I@D

'ðÚõ

csL_eâ^5 /1tw[\J+o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bLWJR\]IKy5QFgi`@hi`o%`RY'hWJ h!g Iy|So%I\qIkbWIkg G áo%`RbW\]|QFhiw[`@b"

IKJZbW\`\iIkuRIkgJZY-2IoWJ@bFw[\\kD

D(U$ "H !*@" H# º`Rg okI\bF`yI\³hi`;JRo$hiw[u J h IfQSIgiw[`ywlokJZY[Y º`RgJé\2J@YaY

hiwI8wabsh Ikg uvJ@Y×ûºhFI8Yawl\]hiIkb;QSIgiw[`yWý hFI8giIK\hz`hWI³hiw2IhFIbW`myFI\!h |Fg bé`4 hFIwag

g JRywa` JZbSy;\iYaIIkQûÝhWI5\iY[IkIkQèQSIgiw[`yWý$DH^Y[w[\]hiIb-+ \iY[IkIkQ o) o%Y[I5w[\2J@Y[\i`àoJZY[YaIKy;J"ºg J2I

ûß\iIkI 1waGSD 0vý$D(FIâg JZhiw[`à`hFIfY[wl\h Ikb wabsh Ikg uvJ@Yhi`éhFIâ\iY[IkIkQ w[bshiIkg u JZYÚwl\2hFI -/O9

"H#*hiw2I@UZ\ mbWoFg `@bFw[Tkw[bFG

hFIwag³Y[wl\h Ikb-+Z\]Y[IkIQ \ oFIKy|FY[I\ 2IKJZbW\`hFIf\F`@gih8cø 5 Fg `@bFw[TJZhiw[`@b=û±c×ø 5ý

QWJ@oúRI%hDKc×ø 5fQSJ@oú@Ikh \¸ok`@g giIKo$hPo%Y[`oúqyg wÝh\'J@bWyJZg It|W\]IKy×hi`Úywl\ o%` u@Ig¸bFIkùàbFIwaG'.`@g\D

,Nb J \]h JZhiw[`@bWJ@g é\iwh |WJ h wa`RbPUtIJRoèbW`myFI Wgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]h \2Jc×ø 5 QWJRoú@IkhJÝhiIg³J"7mIKy

bs|*.Ikg` ºg JIK\û

N _C

ýHh `.J@wabsh J@wab5\ sbSoFgi`RbFw[TJ h wa`RbPD@ö÷wahWwabáJ*ºg JIRUmhFIY[w[\]hiIb wabshiIgiu J@Ytw[\!\i|dywaumwlyIyàw[bshi`fc×ø 5=Q.Ikg w[`my ûº`Rg9c×ø 5=QSJ@oú@Ikh \ýEJ@bWyà}qJZh J+QSIgiw[`y

ûº`@g³yWJ h JàQWJRoú@Ikh \ý$UHJ@\2\F` ùb wab 1waGSD#0@DHøE`myFI\2Q.Ikgº`@g okJ@gig waIg\]IbW\]Iáy|Wgiw[bFG J

g J@bWy` bm|*.Ikgz`Ú\]Y[`Zh\³ûßok`@bshiIbshiw[`@bSý .I)º`RgiI2h g J@bW\wah]h wabWGþc×ø 5qD ,hù`ábF`yI\

o%`@bsh IkbWy º`Rgh g J@bW\2wah]h wabFGàJâcø 5Aw[bhWI8\ J2Io) okYaIRU wah.J WJZQFQ.Ikb;hWJZhû&0vý

øÚ`yI\oW`s`s\]I5J yw4.IgiIbRhbm|.SIg`×oJZg giw[Ikg2\iIkbW\iI+\iY[`Zh \DH^E\Jàg I\i|FYahUhWI+bW`myFI

ùwhæJ Fw[GFIg³bm|*.IkgyFI)ºIkg\wah \+c×ø 5#higJZbW\2w[\ \]w[`@bûºY[`R\iw[bFGéo%`RbRh Ikbshiw[`@b.ý$UÎJ@bWy

2J@ú@IK\ÐJ@bF`ZhFIkgJ hihiIQFhw[b³hFIbFI(7mhÚ\ sbSoFgi`RbFw[TJ h wa`Rb³o) o%Y[I@D¸ûO@ý{`Zh8bF`yI\\iIkY[Io%h

hFI+\iJI³\iY[`ZhD1^#ok`@Y[Yawl\]w[`@b `okok|Fg\ù#Fwlow[\9bF`ZhyI%h Io$h Iy JZb à`hFI5D1^ ÝhiIkg

N _C

o) o%Y[I\U S`@h bF`yIK\o%`RbRh IkbWyàJZGsJZw[b$º`Rgzc×ø 5h g J@bW\wl\ \]w[`@bPD g J@bW\wl\ \]w[`@bþ`

JZbáw[b º`@gJ hiw[`@báQSJ@oú@IkhUS`moo%|Fg\Úw[báhFIz}×J hJQSIgiw[`yáw[bW\]wlyI9hFI*ºg JI8ûß\iIkI 1w[GWD 0Ký$D

øÚ`yI\okJ@b JZúRIE|W\iIE`PhFI}×J h J9QSIgiw[`yw[b8JZb ºgJ2Im\ mbWoWgi`RbFwaTKJ h wa`Rb2J@bWy³}×J hJ

QSIgiw[`yF\`@Q.IkgJ h I×w[bWyIQSIbWyIbRh Y RD

+%5^D,_h'|W\iI\ J ) Úcû)ÚI

|FI\]h `qcmIbWyWý_L

+%5ÚcûO5ÐY[IJ@g `ècmIkbSyWý+Z}qJZh J'+Z^5 \iI

|FIbWo%IRUHùwahüJ 7mIKy WJ@oúR`4ãok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b

ùwabWyF` ù!DvøE`Zh w[okIÐhWJ hÎcsLNef^5|W\]IK\ hùÐ`×wabSyIkQ.IkbWyFIkbshtQSIgiw[`yF\`Sok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b9w[bIku@Ig

o) o%Y[I@U`RbFI º`@gqcø 5üJZbWy8`@bWI º`RgÚ}qJZh Jh g J@bW\2wl\i\iw[`@bPD

LISTEN PERIOD LISTEN PERIOD

FRAME Contention Periods

...

DATA SLEEP PERIOD DATA SLEEP PERIOD

SYNC SYNC SYNC

LISTEN PERIOD

Ç#mÇ

(5)

QSIgiw[`yþ`Rg!wabIKywlJ hiIY àJÝh Ikgg IokIkw[usw[bFG5JA) Úcâ`RgJ 5ÚcþbF`Zh9JRyFyg I\ \]IKyfh `8hFI5U

JZbWyhFI ³ùJZú@I×|FQ5ù#FIbhFIbFI(7mh#ºgJ2I×\]h J@g]h\kD(Ww[\\ oFI2IûºQ.Ikg w[`myFw[o×Y[w[\]hiIb+J@bWy

\]Y[IkIQSýH\iwaGRbFwSokJ@bRh Y 2g Iy|So%I\Îw[yFYaI×Yawl\]hiIkbWwabFGSDspE` ùÐIu@IgU@hFIgiIqw[\JZb³|WbWyI\iw[g JFYaIqI(4dIo%h

`@b QWJ@oúRI%h!YlJ hiIbWo) RU2.IokJ@|W\iIbF`yI\ z|W\]hùJ@wh º`Rg!hFIbWI(7mhYawl\]hiIkbQ.Ikg w[`myþh `f\]IbWy

hFIwagyFJZh JFD `` u@Ikgo%`2IhFwl\wl\i\i|FI@UFcsLNef^5 QWgi`RQS`s\]IK\ÐJ9hiIKoFbFw

|WIoJZY[YaIKy !C%!#0.

-sbW`myFI\Ðù#Fw[o` u@IkgFIKJZgÎJ;) Úc`@g 5Úc2QWJ@oúRI%hÎùJZúRIÚ|FQ+J hÎhFI×IkbWy`PhWI

higJZbW\2w[\ \]w[`@b'URw[bW\]hiIJRy`'ùJZwahiw[bFG*º`RghFIwagbFI7mh\ oFIyF|FYaIKyY[wl\h Ikb8hiwIRD(FIkg I RUsw

JbF`yIwl\hFI9bFI7mh]LF`@QfyIK\h wabSJ hiw[`@b'UWwah \ÚbWIkw[G S`RgEwl\EJFYaIhi`³w[b2IywlJ h IkY 8QSJ@\ \hWI

yFJ hJ9h `whKD

cm| JZg waTwabFGSU.csLNef^5ãg Iy|So%I\Ew[yFYaIYawl\]hiIkbWwabFG+JZbWyfQFgi` umwlyI\EJZbfIokwaIbsh 2IoFL

JZbFwl\Ôhi`\ mbWoWgi`RbFwaTIEbF`yIK\kDFøEIkuRIkgihFIYaIK\i\UmwhEy`mIK\ÐbW`ZhÚJ@o%h|WQS`RbhFI!`ZhFIkg(J`Rg

\]`R|Fg okI\`1IbFIkg G ùJ@\]hiIWo%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bW\JZbSy8QSJ@oú@Ikh` u@IkgFIKJ@y¸D ,_hÚIkuRIkb5w[bWo%g IJR\]IK\ÎhFI

hFIgiIfJ@giI+hù` ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b wabshiIgiu J@Y[\áûc×ø 5#J@bWy }qJZh JsýIku@Ig éo o%Y[I@UÎJ@bWyèJ bWIkù

o%`@bsh gi`RY.QSJ@oú@Ikhû±cø 5ý$D.eá`@g Ik` uRIkgKUscsLNef^5üokJ@bFbF`ZhGR|WJZgJZbshiIIqQSJ@oú@IkhYlJ h IkbWo @D

!

hiwIRD ,HwhgiIKo%IwauRI\ÚJ+c×ø 5ÞQWJ@oúRI%hKUWwahJRy`@Qh\Úwah \qYawl\]hiIkb + \iYaIIkQâ\ oFIyF|FYaIJZbWy+h giw[I\

hi`9\iIkbWy2wah \Ð` ùb³c×ø 5èwab2hFIEbWI(7mhÐJvu JZw[Y[JFY[IÚoWJZbWokI@D/JEhFIgiùwl\]IRU hWIÚbF`yIqoW`s`s\]IK\

wh\` ùb+\ oFIKy|FY[IJ@bWyFgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]h \wahÚ|W\]w[bFGJc×ø 5üQWJ@oúRI%hD^ ÝhiIkg

N _C

Yawl\]hiIkb + \iYaIIkQ o) o%Y[I\UbF`yI\(Wgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]hJbFIùcø 5æQWJ@oúRI%hhi` JZw[bsh J@wab5\ mbWoWgi`RbFwaTKJ h wa`RbPD

w[G@|WgiI1³w[Y[Ya|W\]higJ h I\qhWw[\I4.IKo$h º`@g!J8bFI%hù`@g ú5ùwh

M

bFIkw[G .`@g×bF`yI\U SIwabWG bF`yI

A ₁

hFI#Sg \]hHbF`yIE\iIkbWyFwabFGJc×ø 5qDs^Úb `ZhWIkgHbF`yIEùwaY[Y º`@Y[Y[` ù

A ₁

\ioWIy|FY[I@D

(FI³g I\]h9`hFI³bF`yIK\9o%`2QSIkhiI³h `â\iIkbWyJâc×ø 5 QSJ@oú@Ikh9w[b hFI8bFI(7mhz\ oFIyF|FYaIKy

c×ø 5áh w2IRDKøE`myFI\dhWJ h1Ya`s\]IHok`@bshiIbRh wa`Rb!o%`2Q.I%h IHJZGRJ@wabIu@Ikg qo o%Y[It|Fbshiw[YZhWI \]IbWy

Jzcø 5qDFMPIkhÎhFIqwaL

th

Y[wl\h Ikb-+Z\]Y[IkIQo) o%Y[I .IokJZY[Y[IyAO:,(

i

^û

t _i

ý$UshFI×IkuR`@Y[|hiw[`@b`

hFI!bFIkhùÐ`Rgiúwl\ÚJR\º`RYaY[` ùÚ\

"

^h

t ₁

^U¸bF`yI

A ₁

\]IbWyF\qhFI Sg \]h9c×ø 5qDP^ o) o%Y[Iok`@|Fbsh Ikgw[\!\iI%hh `

N _C

U¸ù#Fwlo

yIokgiIKJ@\iI\ 9`RbFIÚIu@Ikg 9o mokYaIRDZö FIb2hFIEo o%Y[IEo%`R|FbshiIkgtg IJRoFI\

0

JbFIkù÷c×ø 5 w[\EyIkY[wauRIkg Iy¸D

"

^h

t ₂

U.hFI2g I\]h×`HhWIbW`myFI\qhig 5hi`5\]IbWyâJ5cø 5QSJ@oú@IkhU-F|h!`@bWY 5hFIo%`@bFL hiIbRh wa`Rb8ùw[bFbFIgE\iIkbWyF\wahDFM'I%hÚ|W\JR\i\i|2I×hWJZhÚJZb5JZgFwh g J@g 2bF`yI

A ₂

ùwabS\o%`@bFL hiIbRh wa`Rb J@bWy \]`àwh\iI%h\wh\o) o%Y[Iáo%`@|WbRh Ikghi`

N _C

^DtöþIá\ J hWJZhbF`yI

A ₂

^WJR\

"!#*O-/ "³hFwl\hiw2I\iYa`@hD

"

^h

t ₃

UWhFIgiI2J@wabWwabFGbF`yI\Ehig +hi`³h g J@bW\wahEhFIkw[g!c×ø 5ÞQWJ@oúRI%hKUF|hKU¸JZGRJ@wab'U

`@bFY 5hWIok`@bshiIbRh wa`Rbâùw[bFbFIg×JRo$hi|SJZY[Y f\iIkbWyW\qwahD¸øE`myFI

A ₃

ùw[bW\qhWI2ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b ûßoJZQh |FgiIK\hiw2I\iYa`@hýJZbSy8\iI%h\wh\Úo) okYaI!o%`R|FbshiIgÐh `

N _C

^D

"

^h

t _M

UKhWIÐYlJ@\]h1QWgiIK\]IbRh1bF`yI\]IbWyF\ wh\c×ø 5QWJ@oúRI%h J@bWy9\iI%h\1wh\ o mokYaIo%`R|FbshiIg hi`

N _C

^D

"

Fg `

t _{M +1}

^hi`

t _N _C

UhWIkg IJ@giI×h w2I\iY[`Zh \ùwahW`@|hqcø 5÷higJZbW\2w[\ \iwa`RbW\kD

"

^h

t _N _C

^U

A ₁

\iIkbSyF\Jc×ø 5üJ@GRJ@wabPD

"

^h

t _N _C ₊₁

^U

A ₂

\iIkbWyW\J2c×ø 5ãJ@GRJZw[bPD

^ÚbWy5\i`2`@bPD

(6)

.. .

SYNC/Data/Sleep cycle Empty SYNC/Data/Sleep cycle

.. . .. .

.. .

A1

A3 A2

A1 A2

Nc+1 Nc Nc−1 M+1

M Node/Cycle

1 2

"!

ÇWÇ

Ï_Ù2ÛÎ kmzØH zN RvRK

MPI%h|W\ bF`Zh w[okIÎhWJ hHcsLNef^5àw2QFYawlo%wahiY 9yIWbFIK\ J }qeâ^L_Yaw[ú@IJZg g J@bFG@I2Ikbsh'`

N _C

hiwIK\]Y[`Zh\kUSIkuRIkb5hW`@|FGPUWw[b ßJ@o%hU.whEwl\ÚbW`Zhq|S\]IKy¸U.IoJZ|W\iI9csLNef^5ÞJZY[Ya` ùÚ\ ! tbF`yI\

hi`o%`RbRh IkbWy º`@g³\iIkbSywabWG yWJ h J <9éY[w[\]hiIbèQ.Ikg w[`myPD Jqb;hFIfo%`RbshigJZg @U H! &C

!%!M! C,3Q / #* "#.91H,.-U# !*B:1!H! ! !%%!"#*O< Q" !:1kD

môdðWõEïFõñÎî

^E\\hJ h Iy!w[bz\iIo%hiw[`@b;FU}×ef^ J@okokI\ \'\ oFI2IK\ J@giIthFIbWJ h |Fg J@YRùJ qhi`EúRIkIQY[JZhiIbWo)

S`R|FbWyIKyâJZbSy+hi`g IyF|Wo%IzIkbFIgiG +ok`@bW\i|2Qhiw[`@b'U.\iwabSo%IhFIkg IzJ@giI9bFIkwahFIg×ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b

bF`@g5o%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bW\DÎX Úcæo%`RbW\]hig |Wo$h\8J }qef^ \]hig |Wo$h |Fg IâùwahæhFI !%,-/:1>"( 3Q

.:1 D0"CZUvhWJZhHw[\UvX Úcy mbWJwlokJ@YaY J@y|W\h\1hFIbm|.SIgt`Wh w2IK\]Y[`Zh\û

N _C

^ý

wabþhFI }×ef^ ,Nb J+\]h JZhiw[`@bWJ@g á\]h JZhiI@U

hFI×QFg `Zhi`ok`@Y.IkbW\i|Fg I\ÎhWJZhIKJ@o³bF`yI×` ùbW\J9\iwabWG@Y[IEh w2I\iY[`ZhUmbF`@h\WJ@giIKy2ùwh+J@b'

`ZhWIkg!bF`yIRD2,NbâhFwl\\]wahi|SJ hiw[`@b'UPJ O-! -U#(Q" !:,LQ,O:1 wl\!o%g IJ h Iy¸D2(WI

ùÐ`Rg y1UO-! 2IJ@bW\'hWJZh1bF`yIK\y`qbW`ZhúsbW` ù hFI\]|WQSIgºgJ2IÐJ@gigJZbWG@I2IbRhkbFIwhFIkg

wh\Yaw2wh\kUbF`RghFIwagg IkYlJ h wauRIEQ.`R\iwh wa`Rb8w[bhFI!\]|WQSIgºgJ2I@D (FI |W\]h *%H#(0%O 9

ú@IkIQJEok`@|FbshiIg'ùwah!hFI\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2IHY[IkbFG@hû

N _C

^ý%DX Úc!\ mbWoWgi`RbFwaTKJ h wa`Rb×QWgi`o%IKy|Fg I ùÐ`Rgiú\J@\9cmL_ef^5Ôû±cmIKo$hKD6+FD0Ký%U2F|hKUP|FbFY[w[ú@IcsLNef^5qUPX ÚcâbW`myFI\J@giI2`@bWY âJ@YaY[` ùIy

hi`5\]IbWyþyWJ h J8w[bâhFIkw[g!okJZQFhi|Fg Iyþo) o%Y[I@U¸wDIRDaU 0 C8M 9L(*=#!C&C(.!9B&*?3Q

#!C&C((9

N _C

(9% (1!3Q"; "O 9B #!C&C±D ,_h!okJ@b".I2\iIkIbâw[b

w[GWD*hWJ hEJ2\i|FQ.Ikgºg JI×`Y[IkbFG@h

N _C

w[\umw[g]h |WJZY[Y ³I\]h JFYawl\FIy¸D

{Ðg w[I RU.J8X ÚcâbF`yI2o%`@bsh IkbWyF\×Iu@Ikg áo) o%Y[I|Fbshiw[Y1wahokJ@Qhi|Fg I\J³hiwIK\]Y[`Zh³ûßùwabW\

hFIfok`@bshiIbRh wa`RbSý$D Wgi` hWIkb÷`@b'UhFIábF`yIá`RbFY ;\]IbWyF\2QWJRoú@Ikh \2IkuRIkg

N _C

o) o%Y[I@D

^#ÝhiIg9J+bm|*.Ikg!`ÐbFIkhùÐ`Rgiúf\iI%h |FQ ûßwabWwh w[J@Yaw[TJZhiw[`@bSýo mokYaIK\kUdhFI2bF`yI\9J@y<|W\]hhFIwag

(7)

hi` `RwabfhFI2\]|WQSIgºgJ2I@UWhFIgiIzw[\×JZY[ùJ m\qJ³\F`@gih×ok`@bshiIbRh wa`RbáQSIgiw[`y .I)º`@g I9QSJ@oú@Ikh

higJZbW\2w[\ \]w[`@b'Usù#WIkg I×bWIkùÞbF`yI\oJZb5o%`@bsh IkbWy+ùwah+hFI!` ùbWIkg`1hFI×h w2I\iY[`ZhD

,Nb2hFI#º`RYaY[` ùw[bFG\]IKo$h wa`RbW\HJyIkh J@waY[IyyIK\iokgiw[Qh wa`Rb`¸X Úc`@Q.IkgJ h wa`Rb2w[\ÎQFgi` umwlyIyPU

\hJZgihiw[bFG³ùwahfhFI2\]w[bFG@Y[I%LF`RQábFI%hù`@g ú+yFI\ o%g waQh wa`RbâJZbSy º`@Y[Ya` ùIy +hWIzI7sh IkbW\iw[`@b

`X Úc º`@g#z|FYh wLF`RQh `@Q.`@Y[`@G@w[I\D

(FIEbFIkhùÐ`Rgiú2\iI%hi|WQQWJR\]IqY[JR\h\ ºg ` bF`yIK\ÐJRo$h wau J h wa`RbPURhi`hFIqyFI)WbFwahiw[`@b8` Jûß\]hiw[YaY

,Nb X ÚcþùIQWgiIºIkghWIbWJ2IB5Ð`@b g `RMûO5M1ý

QWJ@oúRI%h1hi`c×ø 5QSJ@oú@IkhU .IokJ@|W\iIÐhFIQWJ@oúRI%hw[\H|W\]IKyzJ@Y[\i` º`@g`ZhFIkgtQF|WgiQ.`R\iI\1ù#Fwlo

JZg I9ywl\iok|W\i\iIy5w[bfbFI7mh×\iIo$h wa`RbW\DWX Úcf\]Ikhi|FQâ\]h J@G@I .ISJvu@I\ÚI(7FJ@o%hiY +JR\hWIcsLNef^5

\ mbWoFg `@bWwaTKJ hiw[`@b.2IoWJ@bFw[\/QWgiIK\]IbRh Iyw[b³\]IKo$hiw[`@b1+WD0RD(WJ hHwl\URJbF`yIÚok`@bshiIbWyF\h `

\]IbWyfJL5M;QWJ@oúRI%h×Iku@Ig +Y[w[\]hiIbâo) o%Y[I9|WbRh waYwah×JRo$hi|SJZY[Y á\iIkbWyF\qwahD (FIkb'UWhFIzbW`myFI

`@bFY okJZb8\]IbWyJ9bFIkù 5MþQWJ@oúRI%hÐJÝhiIg

N _C

o) o%Y[I\UmJZbWywah :;-Î\iIkbWy³whJ@\JúRIkIkQFL JZY[wauRI..IJRo%`@b'DSö FIbàJ@YaY1hFI2bF`yI\ WJvuRI\iIkbsh×hFIwag Wg\h'5MèQWJ@oúRI%hU.hFI2usw[gihi|WJ@Y

N _C

h w2IK\]Y[`Zh\w[\ º`Rg2IKy¸DPMPIkh|W\bF`Zh w[okIhWJZhbF`yI\!J@giI2bF`@h!JvùJZg I

`¸hWIEwQWYawlo%wahÐh w2IK\]Y[`ZhJZY[Ya`okJZhiw[`@bPD'(FI |W\]hÐúmbF` ù hWJ hÐhFI JZg IÚ`@bFY JZY[Ya` ùIyzh `

higJZbW\2whQWJ@oúRI%h\EIu@Ikg

N _C

ù#FIkb5hFI +giIKo%IwauRI;5M QWJ@oúRI%h \D,Nb5hFII(7FJQWYaI!` 1w[GWD0whEwl\EJR\i\i|2Iy8hWJ hqJ@YaY

hFI!bF`yIK\ÚJZg IwabWwh w[J@Yaw[TkIKy+\iw9|FYah J@bFIk`R|W\]Y J@bWy8hWJZhhFI 8JZY[ùJ m\oJZQh |FgiI×h w2I\iY[`Zh \

o%`@bS\]IKo%|h wauRIkY @DMPIkhÚ|W\\]IIù#WJ hÚù`@|FYly SJZQFQ.Ikb5w hFI\iI!J@\ \]|2Qh wa`RbW\ywly+bF`Zh#F`RY[y

0@D Q!'*U% O! ",!Q"H D-U#(Q"!:1 !< >""( Q(:1" D,_hHùw[Y[YFùJ@wh º`RgHJ

5MâQSJ@oú@IkhÐh ``RwabhFIY[w[\]hiIb-+ \iY[IkIkQ+\ioWIy|FY[I@DJqbWokIqwah#WJ@\.IkIkb8giIKo%IwauRIy¸UshWI

bFIkù=bW`myFIhig w[I\h `8\iIkbWy5wah \q` ùb 5MéQSJ@oú@IkhÚwabfhFIbFI(7mhq\ oFIKy|FY[Iy5h w2I\iY[`ZhD

,hFwl\2hiw2I\iYa`@hwl\` ùbFIy èJ@bF`ZhFIkgbF`yIRU.`Zh `qhFIo%`RbshiIkbSy º`RghWI

hiw2I\iYa`@hD (WIâo%`RbRh Ikbshiw[`@b ùw[bFbFIg .Io%`2I\2hFIf` ùbFIg³`hWIáhiw2I\iYa`@hD (WI

Ya`m`s\]Igg I%h giw[I\Ðh `2\iIkbSywah \5MàQWJRoú@I%hw[b8hFIbFI(7mhh w2I\iY[`ZhD ,1hWw[\h w2I\iY[`Zhw[\

JZYl\]`` ùbWIy +J³bF`yI@UWhFI9ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@báùw[bFbFIkgqùwaY[Y'` ùb5hFI!h w2I\iY[`Zh×J@bWy+hWI

Ya`m`s\]IgHùwaY[YWúRIkIQ2hig sw[bFGSDZCHu@Ibshi|WJ@YaY @UsJZbI2Qh& zhiw2I\iYa`@hÎùw[YaY-SIEgiIKJ@oFIKy¸UZù#Fwlo

w[\oJZQh |FgiIKy hFI×`@bFY 2giIJZw[bFwabWG9bF`yIEhig sw[bFG9hi`2J@okokI\ \thFI 2IKywa|ÔJ hhWJZh

2`2IkbshD , 2`@g I2hWJ@bé`@bFIbWIkù bF`yI³w[bFwahiwlJZY[waTIy¸U'hFI8`@bFY þyFw4dIkg IkbWokIù`@|FYly

SIfhWJZh³hFIâbs|*.Ikg`ok`@bshiIbWyw[bFGébF`yIK\ º`@g8J hiw2I\iYa`@h³ùÐ`R|FY[y .I$Fw[GWIkgKD

CHu@Ibshi|WJ@YaY @UPIu@Ig þbF`yIùÐ`R|FYly .IJR\i\iwaGRbFIyàJZbI2Qh& fh w2I\iY[`ZhD öþI8okJZY[YthFw[\

QFg `mokI\ \` 9|FYahiw[QFY[IyIJ@YaY[`okJ h wa`Rb+J@bWy8giIKJ@\ \]w[G@b2IbRhiJZY[Ya`okJZhiw[`@b8Ya`m`@QD

D Q :, $! 0$*U% "(. !:1 !%""" "H!M8-/W

(''!L" SD ,Nb+hFw[\qokJR\]IRUmhùÐ``Rg#`RgiIbF`yIK\Ú\iIkbWy8hWIkw[g 5M QWJ@oúRI%h\

\]w9|WYhJZbFI`@|W\iY RD.pE` ùÐIu@IgUShFI2o%`RbshiIkbSyIkg\qJ@giIzbF`Zh!JvùJZg I`HhFIo%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bâJ@bWy

IJRo`@bFIo%`RbW\iw[yIg \'hSJ hwh\` ùb=5M SJ@\ SIIkb2o%`@g g Io$h Y \iIkbshD ^#Ýh Ikg

N _C

o) okYaIK\

ûÝhFIÐ\i|FQ.Ikgºg JItY[IkbWGZh.ýdhWI ×ùwaY[YZh g qhi`E\iIkbSy×hFIwagE5MQWJ@oúRI%h'J@GRJZw[bPUk\i`hWIkg I

ùwaY[Y2.I!JzbWIkùo%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bPD (FI!ok`@bshiIbRh wa`Rb8ùw[bFbFIgùwaY[Y¸` ùb8hFIh w2I\iY[`ZhD(WI

Ya`m`s\]IgÐùw[YaY¸úRIkIQ³hig mwabWG9h `2\iIkbSy³hFIQWJ@oúRI%hUmJ@\ywl\ o%|W\ \]IKy³w[bhFIQFg Ikumwa`R|W\okJR\]IRD

,Nb+hFI!|FbWYaw[ú@IY ³Iu@IbRh`JbFIùão%`RYaY[wl\]w[`@b8hFwl\Ú\iI |FIbWo%Iwl\giIQSIKJ hiIKy¸D

(8)

N _C

^w[\

o%g IJ h Iy¸D,

N _C

ùÐIgiIúRIkQh7¸U@QFg `Zh `mok`@YQ.Ikgº`@gJZbWokIùÐ`R|FY[y.IEQ.`m`@gKDWJqb`@bFI#SJZbWy¸U w

N _C

wl\Y[I\ \hWJ@b+hFI J7w9|ÿbm|*.IkgÚ`tbFIkw[G .`@g\kUmbF`yIK\ÚokJ@bFbF`ZhÚI7Fo%Y[|W\]w[u@IY

` ùb+Jh w2I\iY[`ZhD,Nb5hFwl\ÚokJR\]IRUmhFIgiI!ù`@|WY[y5JZY[ùJ m\.Io%`RbRh Ikbshiw[`@b .I%hùIkIb5JZhYaIKJ@\]h

hùÐ`þbF`yI\zwab;Iku@Ig \iYa`@hDSJqbhWI`ZhFIkgWJ@bWy¸Uw

N _C

wl\9GRgiIKJ h Ikg!hWJZb;hFI5J@o%hi|WJ@Y bs|*.IkgÎ`¸bFIkw[G .`@g\kUZX ÚcY[JZhiIbWo) 2JZbWyhFg `@|FGFQF|hÐJ@giIbWIkGRJZhiw[u@IY J4dIo$h Iy¸Us\]w[bWokI

hFI 8JZg I×QFgi`RQS`Rg]h wa`RbWJZY.h `³\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2IqY[IkbWGZh'D

'`2` u@Ig ok`2IÚhFI\iI!\]wahi|SJ hiw[`@bS\kUmhFI!bm|*.Ikg` h w2I\iY[`Zh \\F`R|FY[y.IJ@yFJ@QhiIKy³h `

hFIJ@o%hi|WJ@Ybs|*.Ikg`bF`yI\D (FIkg I)º`RgiI2JbW`myFIJRy<|W\]h \×hWIw[bFwahiwlJZYHo mokYaI2o%`R|FbshiIg

ûß\iI%hhi`

N _C

ýEhi`8hWIg IJ@Y bm|.SIg`ÎbFIwaG S`Rg \qwabþhWIokIkY[Y±UdhWJ hw[\U L8-/:1>"(

Q; " @#!C&C Q": O*D*U%('-U#@ ! :1:1D-(Fwl\Úwl\×y`@bFIzJ

bs|*.Ikg`h w2I\iY[`Zh \ûßYaIkhwah SI

N _S

Fg `)hWIkbà`@bPU.hWIbW`myFIy mbWJ2w[oJZY[Y áJ@yWJZQh\Eh `hFI2QS`s\i\iwFwaY[wah& á`ÎbF`yIK\ `@w[bFwabWG

JZbWy8YaIKJvumwabFGhFIo%IYaY

0@D 'R *U%( $"( JZb shiw2I5J bW`myFIfgiIKo%IwauRI\2J 5MQWJ@oúRI%h ºg ` J@b

|FbFúmbF` ùb+bFIkw[G .`@gKUmhFI\i|FQ.Ikgºg J2IqY[IkbFG@h5wl\|FQdyFJ h Iy û

N _C = N C + 1

^ý$D

D 'U%(; "!<=8" SùwahWwabàJ³\]|WQSIgºgJ2IhFI*J@bWyFJ h `@g A5MéQWJ@oúRI%h ºg `

hFIhiwIK\]Y[`Zhq` ùbFIkg#z|W\h .Ig IokIkw[u@IyPD(FIkg I)º`RgiIRUM5M\]IgiuRI\JR\ÚJ2ú@IIkQáJZY[wauRI

SIKJ@ok`@bPUtù#Fwlo JZY[Ya` ùÚ\9hi`\iwaGRbWJZY(2w[\ \iwabFGàbFIwaG'.`@g\DpE` ùÐIu@IgUJ \]w[bFG@Y[I?5M

QWJ@oúRI%h 2w[\ \]IKyây`mIK\qbW`Zh 2IJZbâhWJZh!wh\!o%`@g g I\iQS`RbWyw[bFGbF`yIWJR\×JRo$h |WJZY[Y áY[I)Ýh

hFI9bFI%hù`@g ú wh\ 5M QWJRoú@I%h J WJvu@I .IkIkbfok`@g gi|WQhiIKy8`Rgwh 2J WJvu@I .IkIb

Jo%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@b ùwh JàbFIùÿbW`myFI,`@w[bFwabWG hFIfokIkY[Y±DÎpEIkbWokI@UÎJàbF`yIáwl\³ok`@bW\iw[yFIkg Iy

2w[\ \]IKy `@bFY ;JÝh Ikg³J o%Ig]hJZw[bèbm|.SIg`wabSJ@o$h waumwah& hiw2I\iYa`@h \fûßYaIkh³wh .I

N _I

^ý$D

Jqb \i|WoèIku@IbshU1hFI ºgJ2I+YaIbFGZh J@bWyébm|.SIg`qúmbF` ùbèbF`yI\wl\2|FQ.yWJ hiIKy

û

N _C = N C − 1

^ý$D

MPI%h|W\zbF`Zh I³hSJ hzw[b .`Zh;okJR\]IK\!hWIkg Iwl\zJfhigJZbW\iwaIbsh9QSIgiw[`y .I)º`@g I\]h JFwaY[wah& -

wabàhWI Wg\hokJR\]I2hFIw[bWo%`w[bFGábF`yI i\]hiIJ@Y[\ Já\iYa`@hUPJ@bWyàwhzoJZ|W\iI\!J+bFIùAJ@YaY[`okJZL

hiw[`@béY[`m`@QPD ,NbéhFI+\iIok`@bWyoJ@\iI@U1bF`yI\JZg IbW`ZhJvùJZg I`hFI+QS`s\]wahiw[`@bé`ÚhWIY[`R\]h

bF`yI9w[báhWIz\i|FQSIgºgJ2IRUW\]`³hFI 5oJZbFbW`ZhEQFg `@Q.Ikg Y +JRy<|W\]hEhWIkw[gqo) okYaIo%`@|WbRh IkgKD `

` u@Ikgo%`2IwahÎbF`yIK\tgJZbWy`2Y \]IYaIKo$hÐJu JZY[|FIÚùwahWwab³TIkg `!JZbWyhFIÚbm|*.IkgÐ`¸úmbF` ùb

bFIkw[G .`@g\kD(Fwl\'\i`@Y[|hiw[`@b!g I

|Fw[giIK\PJ#º|WYaYmg IJZY[Y[`moJ h wa`Rb×`FQS`s\]wahiw[`@bS\Pw[b!hFI\i|FQSIgºgJ2IRD

cmwabSo%IÐhFIK\]IIkuRIkbsh \1JZg IÐ\i|FQFQ.`R\iIyhi` SI|FbWYaw[ú@IY RUhFwl\1\ oFIIùJ@\ QFgiIºIkg giIKy .IokJ@|W\iI

whú@IIkQW\ÚhFIzQFgi`@hi`o%`RY'I7sh giI2IkY 5\iwQWYaIRD ,_h!\W`@|FYly .I9g IJZg ú@IKyWIkg IhSJ h×\iIkbS\]`Rg

bF`yI\zy`fbF`@h9|W\i|WJZY[Y 2` u@I@UPhWJZh9w[\U'bWI%hù`@g úm\9JZg I³J@\ \]|2IKyâh `$.I8\]h J h w[o@U J@bWy J

bF`yI!YaIKJvu@IK\ÎhFIo%IYaY¸`RbFY ³ù#FIkb5wah WJ@\yFIkQFY[I%h Iy+wh\#WJZh]hiIg RD

!

^hhFI .IkGRwabWbFwabWG`IJ@o8hiw2I\iYa`@hUWJ@YaYPhFIbW`myFI\ùJZúRIq|FQfJ@bWy+Yawl\]hiIkb'D(FI!` ùbFIg

`hWI³hiw2I\iYa`@hzQ.Ikgº`@g\9JfoJZg giw[Ikg9\iIkbS\]IàûßoF`m`R\iw[bFGfJfgJZbWyF` \]Y[`Zh ºg ` J 7mIKy

o%`@bsh Ikbshiw[`@bùw[bWy` ùEý%U1J@bWy Fg `RJ@yWokJ@\]h \9Jf\]w[bFGRYaI+JZbWy\F`@gihzok`@bshig `@YÐQWJ@oúRI%h8û5M ý$U

(9)

Sq#:

SLEEP:

CRC:

1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes

CRC T DEST SRC S Sq# SLEEP

DEST:

SRC:

S:

T:

Source address State (used as schedule identity)

Time to sleep period (ms) Cyclic Redundancy Code Sequence number Destination address

Packet type{RTS,BCAST,SYNC}

"! ÇWÇ 5s]Ëv t[k

"

c mbWoFg `@bFw[TJZhiw[`@b+JZbWy+\ioWIy|FY[Iywl\iok` u@Ig áûßJR\ÚcsLNef^5üc×ø 5æQWJRoú@I%h$ý$D

"

IkIQL_J@Yaw[u@I*SIKJ@o%`RbPD,_hwl\ JZbSyFJ h `@g º`@gJ³bW`myFIhi`+\]IbWyfJ 5M;QWJ@oúRI%hEw[bâwah \

` ùbFIy+\iYa`@hUF\iwabWokI!wh\bFIkw[G .`@g\(9|W\]húmbF` ùæhWJ hhFI!bF`yIw[\EJ@o$h wauRI@D

"

øÚIùÞbW`myFIzywl\iok` u@Ig RDM5M QWJ@oúRI%h \ÚwabWokYa|SyIz\i`@|Fgo%I!JRyFyg I\ \kD(m|W\UWbWIkùbF`yI\

JZg I!J@yFyIKy³h `2hFI!Y[wl\h`úmbF` ùb+bFIkw[G .`@g\JR\5MàQWJ@oúRI%h \J@gig w[u@I@D

" 5 WJZbWbFIkYFg I\iIkg u J h wa`Rb2) Úc9w[b º`RgJ h wa`Rbzwl\tw[bWo%Y[|WyIKy2wabB5M5QWJRoú@Ikh \D(Fw[\HùJ RU

bF`@bFL_JRyFyg I\ \]IKy³bF`yIK\(2J G@`hi`\iYaIIkQ;|W\h×JÝhiIg 5MàQWJ@oúRI%hgiIKo%IQhiw[`@b

X Úc5|W\iI\ÚhFI85cef^ +%5^ IKoWJZbWw[\ º`RgqyFJZh J8yIkY[wauRIkg @D(WI º`@Y[Y[` ùwabFG³h& sQ.I\

`1higJZbW\2w[\ \]w[`@bS\ÎI7mwl\]h

0@DÚbFwlokJR\hQWJ@oúRI%hh g J@bW\wl\ \]w[`@bPD ^ 5M

{

ê'H

}

QSJ@oú@Ikh9wl\9\iIkbsh. þhFI+` ùbFIkg9`

hFI5h w2IK\]Y[`ZhKDÎøÚ`Rb JRyFyg I\ \]IKy;bW`myFI\oWJ@bFG@I+hi`àhFIâ\iYaIIkQ \hJ hiIáw[b2IyFw[JZhiIkY @U

Jvu@`Rw[yw[bFG!` uRIkgFIJ@giw[bFGWDZ}qI\]hiw[bWJZhiw[`@b³bF`yIqgiIQFY[waIK\H|W\iwabWG9J=5ÚcdD g J@bW\2wl\i\iw[`@b2w[\

WbFwl\WIy5JÝh IkgÚJ2}qJZh J + ^5/\iI

|FIbWo%I!J@bWy .`Zh5bF`yI\GR`zh `\]Y[IkIQPD

D{gi`sJ@yFoJ@\]hQSJ@oú@IkhHhigJZbS\2wl\i\iwa`RbPD@^ 5M

{

Û R

}

QWJRoú@IkhHw[\\]Ibsh 9hFIÚ` ùbFIg

`.hFIh w2IK\]Y[`ZhKD@}EIK\h wabSJ hiw[`@bwl\HJ Fgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]hJRyFyg I\ \kD ^EYaYWhFIbF`yIK\ú@IIkQYawl\h IkbL

wabWGWD,NbIKywlJ hiIY RU@\iIkbWyIgÎ\iIkbWyF\thFI Wgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]hQSJ@oú@IkhU hWJ hHwl\U@ùwahF`R|hÎùJZwahiw[bFG

º`@gÚJ@b' N5Úc³g IkQFY @DF^ ÝhiIgÚgiIKo%Iwaumw[bFG9hFI!QWJRoú@I%hbF`yIK\G@`hi`\iYaIIkQPDFøE`2^5/w[\

\]IbshD

+FDøÚ`yFJ hJ!higJZbS\2wl\i\iwa`RbPDR^ 5M

{

É

}

QSJ@oú@IkhÎwl\Ð\iIkbshDøE`myFI\J@y<|W\]hÎhFIo%Y[`moú

giIºIkg IkbWokI@UFokYaIKJZg\]IbWyIgwabWJRo$h waumwah& o%`R|FbshiIkgÚJ@bWy+G@`zhi`³\iYaIIkQPD

5Ð`@bshig `@YZQSJ@oú@IkhP` u@IgFIKJZg wabWGÐwl\'g IyF|Wo%IKy×hFwl\PùJ @DK^é\]w[bFGRYaI 5M³QWJ@oúRI%h'Q.Ikgº`@g\

\ mbWoFg `@bWwaTKJ hiw[`@b+JZbWy+ywl\iok` u@Ig RURg I\iIkg u J hiw[`@b+JZbWy+úRIkIkQFL_J@Yaw[u@I º|FbWo$h wa`RbW\D

!

MPI%h

T _C

SIh w2I\iY[`ZhÚy|FgJ h wa`RbPD ,Nb+J2\iwabWG@Y[I%LF`@Q+o%Y[|W\h Ikgw[b+\]hiIKJ@y sLN\hJ h Iûßw±DI@D[UWJZY[YdhWI bF`yI\J@giIhFI³` ùbFIg \×`ÚJ8hiw2I\iYa`@hý!J@b âyFJ hJ+higJZbW\2w[\ \iwa`Rb .I%hùIkIbþhù`5bF`yI\

WJ@\JJ7w9|ÿY[JZhiIkbSo) âû

L

ýÐG@w[u@Ib

L ≤ N C T _C

^û&0vý

(Fw[\Ðwl\HhFI J7mw9|AI7QSIKo$hiIKyYlJ hiIbWo) ok`@bW\iw[yFIkg wabFGhWJZhef^5 YlJ @IgÎy`mI\ÐbF`@h

Ikb

bF`yI

A ₁

GRIkbFIg JZhiI\EJ³QWJRoú@I%h º`@gJZb 8`@hFIgqbW`myFI9w[bâo%Y[|W\]hiIkg

A

D-,NbfhFI9ù`@g\]hqokJR\]IRU hFwl\QWJ@oúRI%hJZg giw[u@IK\E|W\]hJ h×hFI2IkbSyâ`HhFIJRo$hiw[umwh& áQ.Ikg w[`myèûºYlJ.IkY

T ₀

wab"WG@|Fg I ý$U

\]`âJâ\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2Ifûº`ÚYaIbFGZh

N _C T _C

^ý z|W\]h9QWJ@\ \ .I)º`RgiIQWJ@oúRI%h!higJZbS\2wl\i\iwa`Rb IkbWyF\

ûºYlJ.IkY

T ₁

^wab+hFI WG@|WgiIvý$D

(10)

M'JZg G@I\iIkbW\i`@g!bWI%hù`@g úm\!J@giI|S\]|WJ@YaY â`RgiGsJZbFw[TkIKyâw[b -" /0UT1EU ùwh hFI .`@gyIg

bF`yI\ \WJ@giw[bFGo%` uRIkgJZGRI1J@giIKJ@\ .I%hùIkIkbJRy<]J@okIkbsh okYa|W\]hiIg \D),Nb º`RgJZhiw[`@b!o%`w[bFG(ºg `

`@bFIo%Y[|W\]hiIghi`áJZbF`@hFIg 9|W\]h F`@Q J2`RbFGhFI5DPX ÚcþQFgi`RQS`s\]IK\qhFI³^ùJZúRIw2I

}Ew[umw[\iwa`Rbæeá|FYahiw[QFY[Iâ^okokI\ \fûß^ }×ef^qý\ioWI2I º`@g 9|FYahiwaLW`@Q bFI%hù`@g ú\kD (SJ hwl\kU

bF`yI\o%`m`Rg yw[bWJZhiIzJvùJZúRIkbFw[bFGJ2`@bFG+o%Y[|W\h Ikg\Ew[bà`@gyIkgqhi` WJvu@Iz`@bFIkLW`@QfbFIwaG S`Rg

o%Y[|W\h Ikg\2bFIkuRIkg2ùJZú@I+|FQ÷J hhFIf\ J2Ih w2IRUthi`éJvuR`@wlyéw[bRh IkgiL_okYa|S\h Ikg2wabsh IkgºIkg IkbWokI\D

,Nbf`ZhFIkgqùÐ`Rg yF\USJ@YaY hWIzo%Y[|W\]hiIg \EI(7Fo%IQhq`RbFIzJ@giIw[báhFIkw[g×\iY[IkIkQáQ.Ikg w[`myPDSö FIbfhFw[\

J@o$h wauRIfo%Y[|W\]hiIkgG@`mI\h `;\]Y[IkIQPUÎJ@bF`ZhFIkg³`RbFIáùJZú@IK\2|FQPUJZbWy \i``@bPD(m|W\UÎJX Úc

S`Rg yIgbF`yI º`@g\yw4dIkg IkbshE\i|FQ.Ikgºg JIK\ùwh+wah \ÚbFIkw[G .`@g\Ðw[b5IJRo+okYa|W\]hiIgD(WI

YaIbFGZh+` .`Zh5\i|FQ.Ikgºg J2I\yIQSIbWyF\`RbhFI!bm|*.IkgÚ` bFIwaG S`Rg \w[b5IJ@o+o%Y[|W\]hiIkg

JZbWy5wah J .IzyFw4dIkg IkbshD JqbWo%Iz\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2I\ÚJ@giIokgiIKJ h Iy¸USQWJ@oúRI%h \EokJZb5h g JvuRIkY ºg `

`@bFIáo%Y[|W\]hiIg2hi``ZhFIkgy|Wgiw[bFG wh\³o%`Rgig I\iQ.`@bWyw[bFGàYawl\]hiIkb w[bRh Ikg u JZYDHpÚIkbSo%I@UÐ^ }qef^

\iJZhiwl\&WIK\'okYa|W\]hiIg `RQSIg JZhiw[`@b!ùwahF`R|hwabshiIgºIgiIbWo%IRD<5Ð`*Fw[bFw[bFGEX Úc!JZbWywabshiIg]LNo%Y[|W\]hiIg

^ }qef^ãhù`G@`sJZYl\ÎJ@giIEJRoFw[Iku@IKy dû&0KýÎ{`@|FbWyFIy z|FYh wLF`RQYlJ hiIbWo) J@bWyfû.RýÎcmQSJ hiwlJZY

giI|W\]I`1oWJ@bFbFIkYD

^ }qef^ wl\ WJR\]IKy9`RbhWIÚJ@\ \]|2Qh wa`Rb9hWJ hHokYa|W\]hiIg \tJRy`@QFhyw4dIkg IkbshHYawl\]hiIkb + \iYaIIkQ

\ioFIKy|FY[I\Ut\]w[bWo%I+hFI JZg I8w[bWyIQSIbWyIkbsh Y éw[bFwahiwlJZY[waTIy¸Dtö Ww[o 2IJ@bW\zhWJZh³usw[gihi|WJ@Y

\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2I\8wabãIkuRIkg okYa|W\]hiIg+J@giIâhiw2I%LN\FwÝhiIKy¸D(,NbæhFw[\5oJ@\iI@US`Rg yIg8bW`myFI\+\]II

\]Iu@IkgJZYq\ioFIKy|FY[I\8JZbWyæJRy`@QFh8JZY[Yq`hFI+D^ }×ef^ `@Q.IkgJ hiw[`@b wl\8J@Y[\i`;yIQFwlo$hiIKy

wabühFIàI(7FJ2QFY[Iâ` WG@|WgiI

Uù#FIkg Ifhù`ébFIwaG'.`@gF`m`yF\\WJ@giIáhFI IKywlJé|W\iwabWG

^ }qef^9DFøÚ`yIK\Ðw[b8hFI Wg\ho%Y[|W\]hiIkgJ@giI

A ₁

^U

A ₂

^U

A ₃

^J@bWy

A ₄

DøÚ`yIK\wabhFI!\iIo%`RbWy o%Y[|W\h IkgEJ@giI

B ₁

^J@bWy

B ₂

^D `³o%YlJZg w% 8w[yIKJ@\UFY[I%hE|W\qJ@\ \]|IhWJ h

A ₁

wl\ÚJ .`@gyIkgÚbW`myFI

SIkhùÐIIkb8hFI×hù`2okYa|S\h Ikg\

A

^J@bWy

B

UFJZbWyhFIgiIº`@g I@UmwahEJZYl\]`` ùbW\J2o) o%Y[Iqw[b5o%Y[|W\h Ikg

B

DPMPIkh!|W\bF`Zh IhWJZh!^ }×ef^ \iIJY[I\ \iY fJ@YaY[` ùÚ\qJ5yw4dIkg Ikbsh!bs|*.Ikg`bF`yI\w[b IJ@o5o%Y[|W\]hiIgD

T0 T1

T3

T4

A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 A1 A4 B1 A1 B2

time

A2 A1

T3

CTL/Data/Sleep cycle

1 2 3 4 1

2 B1

A1 B2 A1

A4 A3 A2 Cluster A/Cycle Tc

Cluster B/Cycle

SUPERFRAME ATDMA

"! Ç.Ç Û ~ÚÙ2ÛNR N[]k!!v@KáÊH5Ê³kç_ ×s_ 9Ì

A

^s

B

ÍÊH

kmqsZ@tN v Rssts!!K9Ö]@ ÎsZR

A 1

(11)

okJZbWbF`ZhúsbW` ù÷wab+ù#Fwlo\ioWIy|FY[I×IJ@o`'wah \bFIwaG'.`@g\Hwl\DsX Úc³\]hiw[YaYdù`@g ú\ .IokJ@|W\iI

hFIgiIHwl\'J@YaùJ \PJÚoWJ@bFbFIYR\iIkbW\iItQSIgiw[`y .I)º`@g Ith g J@bW\2wl\i\iw[`@bPU)W|h'hFIHYlJ hiIbWo) 1"!M*

> (FI(.`@gyIkg1bF`yIùwaY[YF\i|/4.Ig ºgi` FwlyFyIkbbF`yIo%`RYaY[wl\]w[`@bW\DvøÚ`yI\

wabfJRy<]J@okIkbshEo%IYaYl\ùw[YaYP` ùb+hFI9\ J2I\]Y[`ZhÚw[báQWJ@wag\kUFoJZ|W\iw[bFG³o%`RYaY[w[\iw[`@bW\JZhhFI .`yIkg

bF`yI@D

(FIkg I)º`RgiIRUkX Úc 9|W\]h IbW\i|FgiIÐbF`@b9` u@Ikg YlJZQFQFw[bFGÚ\ oFIyF|FYaIK\kD,NbzJ@b ×oJ@\iI@Uv^ }qef^

okJZb .IÚIJR\]w[Y 9J@oFw[IkuRIyJÝh IkgHg |FbFbFw[bFGJbFIkhùÐ`RgiúsL_Y[J RIkgo%Y[|W\]hiIkg w[bFG!QFg `Zhi`ok`@YY[waúRI /0UT1_U

hWJZhEokJZb+\WwÝhE\iYaIIkQ+hiw2I SIkhùÐIIkb5\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2I\DF^hhFI 2`2IbRhKUùÐI!JR\i\i|2I×hWJZh

S`Rg yIgHbF`yIK\ÎJZY[ùJ m\t\iIkIEbF`@bL_` u@IgiYlJZQWQFwabWG×\ oFIyF|FYaIK\kD,Nb³Jo%Y[|W\]hiIgiIKy2bFI%hù`@g údUZùwh

g J@bWy` wabWwh w[J@Yaw[TJZhiw[`@bPU@hFwl\Hwl\ÎJg IJR\]`RbWJFY[IJ@\ \]|QFhiw[`@bPDRö÷wh³J 0%L0 TVy|h& 2o) o%Y[I@U

yw4dIkg IkbshE\ oFIyF|FYaIK\JZg IqY[w[ú@IkY h ` SI!w[bhFI ZL CTWV g IJZw[bFw[bFGzhiwIRD

!

E\iwabFG^ }qeâ^Uw[bRh g JZL_okYa|S\h IkgHQWJRoú@Ikh \ SJvu@IqJ S`R|FbWyIKy³YlJ hiIbWo) 2`

L _intra ≤ N C T _C

ûÝhWI\iJI!JR\hFI\iwabWG@Y[I%LF`@Q8`@Q.IkgJ hiw[`@b.ý$D ,NbshiIg]LNo%Y[|W\]hiIkgYlJ h IkbWo ³wl\I(7QFg I\ \]IKy

L _inter ≤ X

i∈{

o%Y[|W\]hiIg \

}

L _i−intra

^û.Rý

L _i−intra

yIkbF`@hiIK\ÎhFIwabsh g JzY[JZhiIbWo) `PhFIwaL

th

YaIu@IkY1QFg `Zh `mok`@Yl\ ý%DSM'I%h

N _H

.IzhFIzbs|*.Ikg×` F`RQW\Ew[báhFIzQSJ hèû

N _H

wl\qJ@YaùJ \hWI bs|*.IkgÚ`1o%Y[|W\]hiIg \w[b+hFI!QSJ h 2w[bs|S\`@bFIvýJZbWy

N _C _i

^hFI ^{}×ef^}

hFI!waL

th

okYa|S\h IkgKUmhFIb2

L _inter ≤ (T C

X

i

N _C _i ) ≤ (N H + 1)T C max

i {N C i }

^û+sý

(Fw[\g IkYlJ h wa`RbW\FwaQ F`RY[yF\º`RgÚJZb âûßwabshiIg`@gw[bshigJ LNo%Y[|W\h Ikg$ýÎyWJ h JI7oSJZbFGRI@D

F`@gÎhFI\ JZú@IE` okY[J@giwah& @URYaIkh|W\J@\ \i|2IÚhSJ hÐbW`myFI

A ₄

ùJZbsh \Hhi`\]IbWyJ9QWJ@oúRI%hHh ` bF`yI

B ₂

wabþhFI2\ o%IkbSJZg wa`³` WGR|FgiI D (FIQWJ@oúRI%h 9|W\]h .I2yIkY[wauRIkg Iy5hFg `@|FGfhWI QWJ h

A ₄ → A 1 → B 2

D,NbshigJ LNo%Y[|W\]hiIkg

A

h g J@bW\2wl\i\iw[`@b8û

A ₄ → A 1

ý J7mw9|ÜY[JZhiIbWo)

w[\GRwauRIkb ' I

D 0@D ,Nb+hWI!ùÐ`Rg \]hoJ@\iI

A ₄

QWJRoú@I%hJZg g wauRI\J h

A ₁

|S\hEJÝhiIkg

A ₁

\]Y[`Zhw[b hFIo%Y[|W\h Ikg

B

ûßJR\E\F` ùbáw[bfY[JSIY D+w[báhFI9I7J2QFYaIvý$D (FIkb'USJ º|WYaYJ@yFyFwh wa`RbWJZY

B

\]|FQ.IkgºgJ2Iwl\Eg I

|Fw[giIKy+hi`+o%`2QFY[I%h IhFI

A ₁ → B 2

higJZbW\2w[\ \iwa`RbéûºYlJ.IkY w[bfhWI

WG@|Fg IKý%D'(WIkg I)º`@g I@U@wabhFwl\ÎI7FJ2QFY[I@U

L _inter ≤ L A−intra + L B−intra = (4 + 3)T C = 7T C

D

õÜó 1ïFõñÎî só Nï

,Nb5hFwl\q\iIo%hiw[`@báùI!Iku JZY[|WJZhiIX Úc+hFg `@|WGáo%`QSJZgJ hiw[u@I!\iwz|FYlJ hiw[`@bS\ÚùwahâcsLNef^5

ûºùwahfJZbSy8ùwahW`@|hEJRyFJZQh wauRI!Yawl\]hiIkbWwabFGmý$DScmL_ef^5æwl\ÚoF`R\iIkb5J@\ÚgiIºIkg IkbWokI .IoJZ|W\iI!wah

(12)

wabÞJ T;bF`yIþokIkY[Y º`Rg8X ÚcdUÚcsL_eâ^5JZbWyücmL_ef^5ÿùwahÞJ@yFJ@Qhiw[u@IâYawl\h IkbFw[bFGSD^EYaY

WG@|Fg I\\F` ù hFI 2IJR\]|WgiIKyQWJZgJ2IkhiIkgu@Ig \i|W\ÎhFI×QWJRoú@I%h(,NbshiIg^Egig wau J@YSh w2I2û

I At

^U

ù#FIkg I

I At = 0

2IJ@bW\hWJZhJZY[YhWIáQWJ@oúRI%h \2J@giI5G@IbFIkgJ h IyèJ hhWIf\iJI+h w2IKý%D

ÚbFwlokJR\hQWJ@oúRI%hÐyFI\]hiw[bWJ h wa`Rbwl\ÎgJZbWyF`2Y oF`s\]Ib³ùwahI

|WJZY.QFg `WJFwaY[wah& 2J2`@bFG9J@YaY

hFI!bFIwaG S`Rg \D

ÅmÁ #mÇ

ØH 9N×RkK2sk]k!

! "$#%'& ()!*+ ,-

.0/21 , 3'456%

PP 78%95-

1 -:%95";,<5=>8

P@?

)!A!-

BC$%D7;367$3E5 P

)F

. "%95"%9"G#" #

?P ->E@%9-6H

P

A!-9I->E@%

. " -9C A!,$%'";"J=>535, %9"K-:%9%95

PL8ML AN

. " -9C A!,$%'";";%9=9"->A!->->"J-:%'@%95

?O AN

. " -9C A!,$%'";"J->E55,;-:%9%95

P@P

µ

^N

QD" %9E

N ^C

3C "%'5= ()

QD" 36%9R$%7K3C"%95=+S

N ^I

^T ^P ->C,5=>U=>A!5-

V

56%'C ,;367$3E5-WS

N S

T

()!367$3E5-

T ^C

^PM^? ^-

WX !

DMJ×eføECYZY

(

wl\|W\iIy5J@\\iwz|FYlJ hiw[`@b+QFYlJ hº`@g+D

cmwz|FYlJ hiw[`@b QWJ@g J2I%hiIg \J@giI\iIkY[Io$h Iy ºg ` g I)ºIgiIbWo%I /K 1_UP|W\iwabWG5hFI³eáwlokJ 2`@hiI\[?

J@\t|FbSyIkg Y mw[bFG 0Ú\F` ùÚ\ JZw[b2\iw9|FYlJ h wa`RbQSJZgJ2I%h Ikg\kD ^ywahiw[`@bWJ@YaY @U

hFI º`RYaY[` ùwabWGz`RQhiw[`@bW\J@giI!\iI%h#º`RgÚJZY[YdhFI\iwz|FYlJ hiw[`@bS\

"

^/\iwz|FYlJ hiw[`@b SbFw[\FIK\Úù#FIbâJZY[YPhFIbF`yIK\ WJvuRI\]Ibsh*0 TCT%T2yFJ hJQWJRoú@I%h\ûTWV

|FbFwlokJR\hEJ@bWy +CTWV Wgi`sJ@yFoJ@\]hý$D}×J hJzQSJ@oú@Ikh \J@giI0 TCT* shiIK\Ya`RbFGWD

"

øÚIkhùÐ`Rgiú×QWJ@oúRI%h'GRIkbFIg JZhiw[`@b!\]h JZgih \ JÝh IkgJhigJZbW\iw[IkbshPhiw2I×û0 TCT\ ýPQFYa|S\1JÚg J@bWy`

bm|*.Ikg`Po) okYaIK\H|FbFwº`@g2Y ywl\]hig wF|FhiIy SIkhùÐIIkb8T9J@bWy8FTWD@rtJ@oúRI%hÎGRIkbFIg JZhiw[`@b

w[\hFIb5yFI%hiIg2w[bFwl\h w[oQWJ@oúRI%h \J@gig w[u@IqJÝhiIgEJ2\]IYaIKo$hiIKy

I At

^D

]\ D 1waGR|FgiIK\ FWûßJsýÚJZbSy FFû!Sýq\F` ùhFI2J7mL

wz|6JZbWy5hFI2Jvu@IkgJZGRIY[JZhiIkbSo) @U.g I\iQSIKo$hiw[u@IY RDS^ S`R|FbWyIKyáYlJ hiIbWo) 5wl\EI7QSIKo$hiIKy º`Rg

X ÚcJR\'ywl\ o%|W\ \]IKy!w[b9\]IKo$h wa`Rb D DKCE7QSIgiw2Ikbsh \1o%`Rb WgÞhWJZh w[bzJZY[YRhFIokJ@\iI\'Y[JZhiIbWo)

bFIkuRIkgI(7Fo%IIyF\×hFI³\i|FQSIgºgJ2IYaIbFGZh÷ûßJ@\`h J@wabWIy"ºgi`>I

D +Rý%D¸X ÚcþI(4dIo%hiw[u@IY

J@yFJ@Qh \hFI

csL_eâ^5 J7w9| QWJ@oúRI%hY[JZhiIbWo) èw[\okYaIKJZg Y ébW`Zh .`@|FbWyFIy¸UHIu@Ib ùwah÷JRyFJZQh wauRI

Yawl\h IkbFw[bFGSD

ÚbWyIg FwaGþY[`RJRyâok`@bWywahiw[`@bS\ûºY[` ù

I At

^ý$UPX ÚcfúRIkIkQS\×JvuRIkgJZGRIY[JZhiIbWo) fI

|WJZY1hi`

hFIE\i|FQ.Ikgºg J2IY[IkbWGZháûOT

T _C

^

\ý$D F`@gtY[` ù JZbWy2`yIkgJ h IY[`RJRyF\û%2IKywa|AJ@bWy

FwaG

I At

ý%UFhWIJvu@IkgJZGRIÚYlJ hiIbWo) 8yIkQ.IkbWyW\`@b8hFI!QSJ@oú@IkhG@IkbWIkgJ hiw[`@bhiw2I@UFù#Fwlo+w[\

|FbFwº`@gY zyFw[\]hig wW|hiIKy2wab2hFIhiw2I\iYa`@hU mw[IkYlyw[bFGJY[JZhiIbWo) zgiIKy|Wo$h wa`Rb2`d`@bFI#WJ@YD,Nb

csL_eâ^5qUYlJ h IkbWo yFIkQ.IkbWyF\ `@bhFIÐbs|*.Ikg1`FbF`yIK\ ok`@bshiIbWyw[bFG#º`@g hWI2Iyw[|5D F`Rg

_

NSÒëKë$ÊtÊtÊ¡!s RS¡

`

(13)

SIKokJZ|S\]IX Úc2bF`yI\ 9|W\]hÎùJZwah º`@gthFIkw[gHh w2IK\]Y[`Zh\hi`!h g J@bW\wahDs^yFJZQFhiw[u@IY[w[\]hiIbFwabWG

w[\JZbw2QFgi` uRI2Ikbsh`qcsL_eâ^5/hi`fg Iy|So%I³YlJ h IkbWo @D 5Ð`@bW\iI

|FIbRh Y RU'wahz`R|hiQ.Ikgº`@g\

S`@hX Úc2J@bWycsLNef^5qDR^EYhF`@|FG2hFwl\twl\ÎJ×h g JRyI%L_`4 .I%hùIkIbJvu@IkgJZGRIÐYlJ h IkbWo zJ@bWy

IkbFIgiG ³o%`@bS\]|2Qh wa`RbPUWJR\whÚùw[YaY .I\F` ùb8YlJ h IkgKD

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Maximum latency (s)

IAt (s)

VTS SMAC-adaptive SMAC

ÌºKÍtÙ2kÓ@×RkR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Average latency (s)

IAt (s)

VTS SMAC-adaptive SMAC

ÌÝÖÍÛ.vi]K%s

"! ÇWÇ ZsK ÏßRK KRäsK@]kK5Ìº$vi]K

±

Rä@s ZiKk[Í

D 1w[G@|Fg I WûßJsýE\F` ùÚ\EhFIJvuRIkgJZG@I!bWI%hù`@g ú+Q.` ùIkgo%`@bFL

\]|2Qh wa`RbPD1cmL_ef^5/o%`RbW\i|2I\J 0UGWV 2`@g I2hSJZbX ÚcàJZh*Fw[G Ya`sJ@yF\û±y|FIh `áhWI

y`@|WYaIáo%`RbshiIkbsh wa`Rbèw[bshiIkg u JZYQ.Ikg\iY[`Zh³JZbWy;hWIfo%`@Y[Y[w[\iwa`RbW\ý$DÎcsLNef^5 ùwah÷JRyFJZQh wauRI

Yawl\h IkbFw[bFGok`@bW\i|2I\hù`hiw2I\`RgiIQ.` ùÐIgthSJZb2X ÚcdD'(Fwl\Hwl\hFIqo%`R\]hH`¸g Iy|So%w[bFG

Y[JZhiIkbSo) @D ,NbâhFwl\okJ@\[email protected]`yIK\EùJZúRI9|FQ 2J@b 2`RgiI9hiwIK\JZbWy5h g 5h `+\iIkbSyáQWJ@oúRI%h\

y|Fg wabFG×hFIE\ oFIy|WYaIKyz\iYaIIkQhiw2I@Uso%`@bS\]|2w[bFG×hFIIbFIkg G 9`¸JZbJ@yFyFwh wa`RbWJZYY[w[\]hiIb2wabL

hiIkg u JZYDR^q\ÎY[`RJRyyIokgiIKJ@\iI\U hFI×J@yFJ@Qhiw[u@IEYawl\h IkbFw[bFG 2IKoWJZbFwl\ wl\ÎbW`ZhÎbFIKo%IK\i\ JZg zJ@bWy

hFI .ISJvusw[`@gtwl\Î\iww[YlJZgth `!bF`@gJZYScsLNef^5qD,NbzhFwl\ÎokJR\]IRUZbF`yIK\Î\iYaIIkQ2IJ@giY 9w[bX ÚcdU

ù#Fw[o8wabSo%g IJ@\iI\ÐQ.` ùÐIg\ JvumwabFG9|FQh ` %FCVD)Iy|So$hiw[`@b+` X ÚcQ.` ùIkgo%`@bS\]|2Qh wa`Rb

w[\ Fw[GFIgÚhSJZbþcsLNef^5ã`RbFIzJR\ÚY[`RJ@yâyIokgiIKJ@\iI\D ÚbWyFIkg×u@Ikg +Ya` ùY[`RJ@yW\9û%WwaG

I At

^ý$U

X Úc ùw[YaY\iwaGRbFw.okJZbsh Y àwabSo%g IJ@\iI2hWI8bFIkhùÐ`RgiúþYawºI%h w2I5o%`QSJZg Iyþhi` csL_eâ^5#ûºhFI

QSIKJZúfJ h ,^h

^

+CT³wl\y|FIhi`5J8\]hiIIkQ.IyàyIokgiIKJ@\iIw[bþYlJ h IkbWo FFû%.ý$U¸\]w[bWokI9h w2Ihi`5yI%L

Yaw[u@IgJ@YaYShFI×QWJRoú@I%h\Îwl\ÐgiIKy|Wo%IKy³JZbSy³Q.` ùÐIgÎwl\ 2IKJ@\i|FgiIKy³J@\Îhi`@h J@YSIbFIkg G 2o%`RbW\]|IKy

ywaumwlyIy. !hi`@h J@YmhiwIvý$D,Nb2o%`RbWo%Y[|W\iwa`RbPU w[bzX ÚchFIkg Iw[\HJEhigJ@yFI%L_`4 SIkhùÐIIkbY[JZhiIbWo)

JZbWyIkbFIgiG 2ok`@bW\i|2Qh wa`Rb8J hY[` ùæYa`sJ@yF\Usù#FwaY[I×whG@|SJZgJZbshiII\HYlJ h IkbWo ³J h(Fw[GY[`RJRyF\D

D 1w[G@|Fg I Sû%Sý×\F` ùÚ\ÚhWJ hJZh Fw[GàY[`RJ@yW\EX ÚcfQ.Ikgº`@g\×\iY[waGRh Y

SIkh]hiIghWJ@b cmL_ef^5qD¸X ÚcâoJZb WJZbWyFYaIhigJ³ozQSIKJZú\J@\QFg `@Q.Ikg Y 5JR\J+ok`@bshiIbshiw[`@b

QFgi`@hi`o%`RY±DWcmL_ef^5üùwahfJRyFJZQh wauRIYawl\h IkbFw[bFG³`R|hiQ.Ikgº`@g\X Úc F|Fh×J hhFI9ok`R\]hÚ`tJ

FwaGFIkgÚok`@bW\i|2Qh wa`RbPD

! !

DZ^Eb³I(7Q.Ikg w2IbRhHùJ@\Îo%`@bSy|Wo$h Iyh `Iku JZY[|WJZhiIhFIhiw2IEbFIIyIKy

hi`g Iok`@b SG@|Fg I!hWI9h w2I\iY[`Zh×J@gigJZbWG@I2IbRhqù#FIkbfbW`myFI\JZQFQ.IJ@gEw[bfhFIzbWI%hù`@g ú.D ,Nb

(14)

Jvu@IkgJZGRIh g J@bW\]w[Ikbshhiw2I³|Fbshiw[YÎ\i|FQ.Ikgºg JIwl\I\]h JFY[w[\FIy J@GRJZw[bàw[\ +CTFDT%G+\³ûß\iY[waGRh&

FwaGFIkghWJZbáJ2\iwabFGRYaI!\i|FQ.Ikgºg JI×h w2I@U

N _C T _C = 26

^\ý$D

0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Power (W)

IAt (s)

VTS SMAC-adaptive SMAC

ÌºvÍtÛ.v ]kK$ÊiÐ KsNR!RK

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Throughput (Bytes/s)

IAt (s)

VTS SMAC-adaptive SMAC

ÌÝÖÍÛ.vi]K@KRKsRRH HRZR

"!

ÇWÇ

d$Ê ÐKRNs!@2kmz@KssRRtlkNRKÚsK8Ìº$v ]

±

KRämRR

aÍ

! D cokIkbWJ@giw[`` 1w[GWD wl\'\iI%h º`Rg'hFIz|FYahiwaLF`RQ9o%`Rb WGR|Fg JZhiw[`@b

I(7QSIgiw2Ikbsh \D (WJ hwl\kUdhù`8okYa|W\]hiIg \2û

A

^J@bWy

B

^ýEùwah ++JZbWy$³bF`yIK\×giIK\]Q.Io%hiw[u@IkY @U QFYa|S\2`@bFIáo%` `Rb .`@gyIgbW`myFI û

A ₁

^ý$D

I At

ùJR\\iI%h2h ` T û±JZY[ùJ \z`@bFI5QWJRoú@I%hhi`

\]IbWyWý$U/JqbFIbF`yI`¸okYa|S\h Ikg

A

\iIkbSyF\tQWJRoú@I%h\1hi`9J@bF`ZhFIkgtbW`myFIÚ`¸o%Y[|W\]hiIkg

B

hFg `@|FG

hFI S`Rg yFIkgbF`yI@D (FI×g I\]hÐ`'hFIbF`yIK\\iIkbSy³QWJRoú@I%h\th `zgJZbWyF`2Y \iIkY[Io%hiIywabsh g JZL

o%Y[|W\h IkgbF`yIK\kD¸^E\×I7mQ.Io%hiIKy¸U ºgi` TFD0UFhi` 0\×`4¸\iI%h×hFIgiIw[\×bF`+` u@IgiYlJZQ .I%hùIkIb

S`R|FbWyz`hJZw[bFIyzwabI

D+û

T _C

w[b9hFw[\toJ@\iIKý%Dv^ u@Ig J@G@IÐY[JZhiIkbSo) 9yIQSIbWyF\`Rb9hFI`4¸\]Ikh

SIkhùÐIIkbþ\ oFIKy|FY[I\D-,ÎhFIgiIw[\×` uRIkg Y[J@QFQFw[bFGWUSX Úcf\]hiw[Y[YtùÐ`Rgiú\EJ@bWyâyFIkY[wauRIkg\qJ@YaY1hWI

QWJ@oúRI%h \F|FhÚY[JZhiIkbSo) wl\bF`@h S`R|FbWyIKy¸D

þñÐîEô ]ó mõñÎî

,Nb;hFw[\2QSJZQ.Ikg2ùÐI+QFg `@Q.`R\iIyX ÚcdUÎJþQFg `Zhi`ok`@Y º`@g2öücøE\2ùwah .`@|FbWyFIyèY[JZhiIkbSo) @D

X Úc8y mbWJ2wlokJZY[Y

bs|*.Ikg×`ÎJ@o%hi|WJ@Y bW`myFI\qwabàJ³o%IYaY º`@g×`@QFhiw9|)Q.Ikgº`@g2J@bWo%IRDWX ÚcáwQWYaIIbsh \×J

u@Ikg !\]w2QFY[I2IKoWJZbFwl\hi`!J@y<|S\htJZbWyJ@\ \iwaGRb!hiw2I\iYa`@h \1hi`qhWIbW`myFI\û±cmIKo$hKD

D0J@bWy

DK@ý$D (Fw[\QFgi`@hi`o%`RY J $SII(7mhiIbWyIyþh `fJ 9|FYahiwaLW`@Q bFI%hù`@g úáwhFI 2Iyw[|w[\

\WJ@giIKy

okJZY[Y[Iy+^ }qef^×ý$D-,_h \(.IWJvumw[`@gwl\I(7FJ2w[bFIy+w[bfcmIo%hD DFFUFo%`@bSo%Y[|Wyw[bFGhWJZhUWJR\Ya`RbFG

J@\zbF`yI\y`àbF`Zh2` u@IgiYlJZQPU 9|FYahiwaLW`@Q;`RQSIg JZhiw[`@b WJR\zJ .`@|FbWyFIyéYlJ h IkbWo @D1wabWJ@YaY @U

.`Zhþwabsh g J³J@bWyáw[bshiIkgiLNo%Y[|W\h IkgÚY[w[bFú\ WJvuRI

(15)

X Úc \iJvuRI\zIkbFIgiG 2IfJþbW`myFI+bWIkIyW\hi`Y[w[\]hiIb;h `

hFIoWJ@bFbFIkYDPcmw9|FYlJ h wa`RbW\×giIu@IJ@Y'hWJ h!X Úc$WJR\JZbâI7Fo%IkY[Y[Ikbsh×Q.` ùIkgo%`@bS\]|2Qh wa`Rb

QFgi`WY[I@Utù#Fwlo w[\³okgi|So%wlJZYw[b÷öücøD EbWyIg³Ya` ùY[`RJ@yW\2X Úc o%`QWgi`wl\iI\Y[JZhiIbWo)

JZbWyáIbFIkg G 5o%`RbW\i|2Qhiw[`@bPU.ù#Fw[YaIwahqG@|SJZgJZbshiII\ÚYlJ h IkbWo +JZh WwaGfYa`sJ@yF\D0Jq|Wg º|h |Fg I

ùÐ`Rgiú³w[bWokYa|WyFI\hFI9yIu@IkY[`@QIbsh`J2GRIkbFIg J@Yaw[TkIKy 2IKoWJZbFwl\ hWJZhEIkbS\]|Fg I\QWgi`RQSIg

^ }qef^ `RQSIg JZhiw[`@b8ûßwabSyIkQ.IkbWyFIkbshiY `WhFIg IkYlJ hiw[u@I\ioWIy|FY[IyIkYlJ !J2`@bFG×o%Y[|W\]hiIkg\ý

JZbWy³J@bIuvJ@Ya|SJ hiw[`@b` \ okJZYlJWwaY[wh& RD@öàIqQWY[J@bJZYl\]`9hi`zw2QFY[I2IkbshJZbWyhiI\]hwhùwhg IJ@Y

yIkumwlo%I\D

èôîÚñ ò 'îÐï

(Fw[\HùÐ`Rgiú WJR\ SIIkbo%`º|FbWyIKy' hFICÎok`@bF`* RU,NbWy|W\]hig zJ@bWy*,NbWbF` u J hiw[`@b85Ð`@|WbWo%w[Y±U

ùwhfhWI2cJ×M ,}qe$JX ,MQFg `Io%hûO,T c T

ý$UW\i|FQFQ.`@gihiIKy W|FbWyFJRo%w[`@bþcIkbFIKokJFU

ºgi`6hFI1)IG@w[`@bþ`ef|Fg okw[J+ùwahþhFI^ )CÎøE^ÔrHgi`%Io%h2û.T%TCF

+vr ,+T

ý%UWùwahàhWI

^)rtJ

QFg `IKo$hqûC 5 TCT LTWFCCvL35 T LT%'+ 5eâý hWI×cmQWJ@bFwl\8)IK\]IKJZgo 5Ð`@|FbFL

o%w[Y'JZbWyhWI;5c ,_L)EpÚCãQFg `Io%hû!C 5 %T%TCF LTCG%T %G L35 T LT0+5eþý$D

'ð'îEô

¡ÛÐË @a@åKi¡1¡ÚN!KW'i¡q¡Ò È NNsNk9sþk R Ê1ËZÒ'êÐNk]

iss¡ 'Nv iÛH ÉiÊkËZsØ'KÝ¡ ZRNNR 2Ì

Í Ï

Z¡ 1 È ¡R sWR¡ P_NW'~×¡ÒâÙ$RR)ÛtN!1K NKtÊH 1 k]Rm%$W

ÛHs@v³ @ ss5[

È

N ZsNkzÉÐ Ê1ËZ¡ ÛÐtÙë% ÞS]R KR

É ±ÊkË@RRRØ º¡ 9Ì Í

@¡ Z!2 Ù8¡Ú%åKZêÚ¡q¡Ò¸ÙNRRsRs Rq s kKRNs!R!dR Ê1Ë

ZiNÝ mkmZÏ±R R @ ¡÷ PN W]sk KRK;1!×Rs$ksØ'KÝ¡

!kÏ

Ì

KÍ

R¡ @sSt F¡êÐm$vs@]@tÐ¡Òüd%Ê1 z Õ! 2Ù2ÛÐÜRk K[×ssþ]R

s ±ÊkË@ ±Zi]kKsH R!Ns KfdiNKmkÝPm@ ×sfÙKÖsêÐK@

1K!qss$%Ks@Ø'KÝ¡ Ì

!vÍ

¡Kkf~2P¡ Ssm@ S¡Ò5ÛÐâKRRv9R " iÕ! 9Ù2ÛÎü@ H[

ÊHNNRNqs ±ÊËZ¡ Z @# kÏ±ÛÎtÙ 1R[ s z$ 'qÖ$s@$8ÉÐ Ê1Ëv$

@RN Z@_!Ì vÍ !

@¡ %FZWFÐ¡S1NSSÙ8¡S F¡ÒÐÛ ämv& ssNN k@ tÌ'¸'êÐ ÍHlk!Ös×

s R Ê1ËZ¡ Ê1 È NÎÉ ±ÊËZRØ Ý¡( sRR¡2Ì Í !

Z¡Kk)Ð NÝ P¡RÉÖiRs¡*Sq¡+$ZRvZmd¡Ò ÛÎ@Kk ]K tP~Ù2ÛèÖmkN$W

si" Õ $mN,vKsåRÙ2ÛÎ Rk KWlk È ZÉ¡¸- þØH Ì Í

!@¡Kk.Ð NÝ P¡/%ZsK@.d¡Ò9ÛæK Ê1K ×!RsA NE@ Ì.Ù2ÛÐtÍÐ[

ÊHNÐN sNHR Ê1ËZ¡¸±ÉÉ 0Ïß skKs È kË@NRK9KzÉ ±ÊËK$ ZsNR

Z@_!ÌvÍ

¡ .ksK mR S¡"Ëv"1q¡2 Ps kv Õ! !$RRæ N1ZNÝ¡FSÒ%R]ÊHNËZº

êE¡SÌÝ$F¡ÍiÒ P×Ö$RR$z Z@_!sRÖ ËFm1êÎP NEÌ

Í

@¡

kKRº¡m F¡Ò.~_NÖRR$s_iRE[Î9R s ±ÊkË@¡.¸ K¡

$¡R R!W¡v

¸k]k$ÛHiR R mÛÎs!Hkm9É ±ÊËZÚÌ

Í

A real-time MAC protocol for wireless: Virtual TDMA for Sensor (VTS)

N C

N C

LISTEN PERIOD LISTEN PERIOD

FRAME Contention Periods

...

DATA SLEEP PERIOD DATA SLEEP PERIOD

SYNC SYNC SYNC

LISTEN PERIOD

N C

M

A 1

A 1

th

i

t i

t 1

A 1

N C

0

t 2

A 2

N C

A 2

t 3

A 3

N C

t M

N C

t M +1

t N C

t N C

A 1

t N C +1

A 2

.. .

SYNC/Data/Sleep cycle Empty SYNC/Data/Sleep cycle

.. . .. .

.. .

A1

A3 A2

A1 A2

Nc+1 Nc Nc−1 M+1

M Node/Cycle

1 2

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N S

N C = N C + 1

N I

N C = N C − 1

Sq#:

SLEEP:

CRC:

1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes

CRC T DEST SRC S Sq# SLEEP

DEST:

SRC:

S:

T:

Source address State (used as schedule identity)

Time to sleep period (ms) Cyclic Redundancy Code Sequence number Destination address

Packet type{RTS,BCAST,SYNC}

{

}

{

}

N _C

N _C

N _C

A ₁

A ₁

t _i

t ₁

A ₁

N _C

t ₂

A ₂

N _C

A ₂

t ₃

A ₃

N _C

t _M

N _C

t _{M +1}

t _N _C

t _N _C

A ₁

t _N _C ₊₁

A ₂

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _C

N _S

N _C = N C + 1

N _I

N _C = N C − 1

T _C

L ≤ N C T _C

A ₁

T ₀

N _C T _C

T ₁

A ₁

A ₂

A ₃

A ₄

B ₁

B ₂

A ₁

L _intra ≤ N C T _C

L _inter ≤ X

L _i−intra

L _i−intra

N _H

N _H

N _C _i

L _inter ≤ (T C

N _C _i ) ≤ (N H + 1)T C max

A ₄

B ₂

A ₄ → A 1 → B 2

A ₄ → A 1

A ₄

A ₁

A ₁

A ₁ → B 2

L _inter ≤ L A−intra + L B−intra = (4 + 3)T C = 7T C