Barcelona societat : journal on social knowledge and analysis. Núm. 21 (2017)

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1. The indicator of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE rate, standardized across Europe) aims at embracing that multi-dimensional approach without interfering on the monetary means, consumption and occupation as main sources of social inclusion.

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3. Another limitation is that data accounts on salaried employees, excluding self-employed or other employment status. However, great part of the workforce are salaried employees.

4. Another relevant income source is social transfers. Despite their importance (since the majority are contributory-type and consequently attached to the qualifying years of work), we have decided not to analyse them here for space reasons.

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1. This text is an updated review of the chapter “Crisis, occupation and feminization of poverty” included in the report “Poverty with gender perspective: Concepts, indicators and situation in Catalonia”, by De la Fuente, M., Cutillas, S., Fresnillo, I., Carrere, H, i Castellà, H., published by CCOO (2017).

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2. Source: Eurostat, from the gross earnings per hour according to the Structure of Income Survey. Independent results from Barcelona, Catalonia and Spain results, calculated from the MCVL.

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2. Despite the legal progress made by women during the Second Republic, many critical voices have emerged from feminist literature, confronting the republican political system for being anchored to the male breadwinner model, which has contributed to shaping women as a secondary worforce. During the international crisis of the 30s, policies against unemployment were exclusively addressed to men. Moreover, the State supported the restrictions to women’s access to labour market in sectors affected by unemployment and excluded domestic work from the Law of labour. Salary discrimination was maintained in the private and public sector.

3. The role of the “freelance partner” exempts businessmen from formalizing work contracts. These days, that role is very commonly assumed by women, while the role of employer is disproportionately represented by men, the reason why it becomes indirect discrimination, as it’s known in legal terms.