Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 1413-1424
DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.383 1413
A
NALYSIS ON
T
RANSLATION
B
IAS IN THE
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RANSLATION
P
ROCESS
B
ASED ON
C
OGNITIVE
P
SYCHOLOGY
Fanfan Wang
Abstract
Translation studies have long focused on translation results, giving little attention to the translation process. To bridge the gap, this paper empirically analyses the translation bias arising in the translation process, in the light of cognitive psychology. First, the translation process model was created from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Next, a translation bias experiment was carried out on undergraduates and graduate students majoring in English Language and Literature. During the experiment, the two types of students both translated an article of the same style. With the aid of the established model, the experimental results were analysed to identify the translation bias that occurs during translation of the vocal thinking, and the translator’s psychological state and cognitive process. The results show that the translation process is a psychological and introspective process, as well as a process of problem solving and decision-making; in the translation process, the translation bias can be solved by reconstructing sentences and even phrases using linguistic knowledge and non-linguistic knowledge in long-term memory. The research fully clarifies the psychology of translators in the translation process and helps to effectively reduce the translation bias occurring in this process.
Key words: Translation Process, Translation Bias, Cognitive Psychology, Vocal Thinking.
Received: 12-03-19 | Accepted: 19-07-19
INTRODUCTION
The translation process and translation results are important components of translation research. In the traditional research, the translation process has established various modes (Rottman, B. M., Marcum, Z. A., Thorpe et al., 2017). The main models that have achieved
research results are linguistics mode,
communicative mode, and functional mode (Bucci, 2018). The rapid development of modern high-tech has a certain impact on the translation process and the translation results, or its research has been affected. In recent years, some translation researchers have noticed changes in this research, and proposed
Social Science Division, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
E-Mail: [email protected]
psychological models of the translation process and applied research of cognitive psychology in the field of translation (Masuyama, Islam, Seera et al., 2017). With the deepening of translation research, people pay more and more attention to the study of translation psychology, especially the translational psychological process called "black box"(Li, Wu, Johnson et al., 2017).
Microscopically, the translational
psychological process is the most important part of the entire translation study, because the translation results are formed at this stage (Moloney, Hayman, Gamble et al., 2017). Without the participation of the translator's subjective consciousness, translation cannot exist. From a macro perspective, the establishment of an independent translation discipline is also inseparable from the research, description and revealing of the psychological process of translation (Wahn & König, 2017). In recent years, translation researchers have begun to try to
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demonstrate the rationality of the translation process from the theoretical speculation, and regard the translation process as an independent research object (Houwer, Hughes, & Barnes-Holmes et al., 2017). At the same time, as an integral part of translation studies, researchers
have also included the translational
psychological process into the scope of descriptive translation studies (Verschaffel, Van Dooren, & |Star, 2017). However, there seems to be little actual progress in the translation of the psychological process. None of the many
translation studies monographs currently
published specifically deals with the
psychological process of translation. Even the relevant papers that are rarely seen in the discussion are not exhaustive, and they do not go deep into the inner part of the translator’s brain (Biggs, Kramer, & Mitroff, 2018). Therefore, many scholars are studying the translation process and have put forward many novel and unique insights (Cornoldi, 2018). However, these insights have not been able to penetrate the most realistic core of the translation process from the perspective of linguistics and cultural communication. Of course, the state of translational psychology research has its profound academic background (Kirschner, Verschaffel, Star et al., 2017). First, researchers must have academic accomplishments in both psychology and translation studies. However, most of the scholars currently engaged in translation studies have little knowledge of psychology, especially experimental psychology, which is closely related to the background of science knowledge (Curlette & Kern, 2017) Secondly, people have not really grasped the working principle of the brain. Therefore, many problems can only be hypothesized at present, and cannot be confirmed. Third, the translation process involves different research branches in psychology, such as psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, etc. The depth and breadth of its research is not easy to describe clearly.
If the research of translational psychological process wants to make breakthrough progress, it must rely on the joint efforts of many scholars, and rely on the theories and methods of translation science, psychology, brain science and other disciplines. This paper attempts to explore this "black box" and use the knowledge of cognitive psychology to describe the experiment of the entire translation process. In the attempt of this new research path, we
explore new research methods, in order to learn from the translator's translation skills. According to the guidance of the vocal thinking method, the empirical research on cognitive translation process strategy was carried out, and the text comprehension process of English learners was analyzed. In the strategy experiment of the translation process, the research on the
association, guessing significance, logical
reasoning, interpretation, browsing, task
monitoring and other aspects are studied. This experiment is a visual experiment, and through data processing, the specific situation of the test is obtained. These efforts help to reduce translation biases that occur during translation.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the cognitive psychology translation process model, followed by the translation bias experiment that occurs during the translation of the vocal thinking in Section 3. Section 4 analyzes the experiment of translation bias. Section 5 summarizes the full text and gives the future research directions.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY TRANSLATION
PROCESS MODEL
Psychology translation process model
1) Analysis process
The translation process is a special case of the human information processing process. It uses some mechanisms to decode the source language text and encode it into the target language. This decoding and encoding process is performed at the clause level and is mediated by a semantic representation mechanism that is not restricted by a particular language. The translation process mode is shown in Figure 1.
High-frequency structural storage contains frequently occurring structures. In English, these structures refer to the basic sentence patterns consisting of the main, the predicate, the guest, and the complement. High-frequency vocabulary storage refers to the psychological connection of a vocabulary or vocabulary database, that is, a query facility that can immediately find words and idioms. A clause is a string of linear symbols. When it enters the parser, it is passed to the structure store and then to the vocabulary store. This order is important because the reader can still analyze the grammar of the clause without understanding the meaning of the words in the clause, which is common. If the clause needs to be parsed, it needs to go through the parser and
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then enter the vocabulary store. The task of the lexical retrieval mechanism is to try to understand the meaning of the terms that are inconsistent with the items in the
high-frequency vocabulary storage. To the
translator's distress, some words sometimes find it difficult to find a suitable meaning, and the lexical retrieval mechanism provides a means to clarify the meaning of new words.
Semantic analysis is done through the "semantic analyzer". Just as the task of the parser is to derive its structure from a series of linear symbols output by the lexical recognition system, the role of the semantic analyzer is to derive the content from the syntactic structure, that is, to analyze what the meaning of the clause is, and to participate in the process.
2) Comprehensive process
At this point, the reader has decided to translate. However, the order of the synthesis process and the analysis process is exactly the opposite, starting with the pragmatic synthesizer of the target language.
The purpose-syntax synthesizer receives input from the semantic stage, scans high-frequency vocabulary storage, finds the appropriate term, and looks for a sentence that can express the proposition in the high- frequency structure storage. If there is no clause structure in the high-frequency structure storage to express a specific meaning, the proposition is passed to the parser, and finally the writing system is activated to form a clause. After a clause is processed, the translation process returns to the original text and begins to process the next clause.
Figure 1
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Translation process mode
Original sentence
text Clause Translation text
Visual identification
system
Memory system
Memory system
Visible text recognition system
Writing system
Syntactic synthesizer
Syntactic synthesizer Syntactic parserSyntactic parser
Grammatically analyze sentences
Common structure storage
Vocabulary search mechanism
Common vocabulary
storage
Grammatically analyze sentences
Common structure storage
Vocabulary search mechanism
Common vocabulary
storage
Semantic synthesizer
Tone Language Register
Pragmatic synthesizer
Tone Language Register
Semantic expression
Concept organizer
Planner
Translation
Yes
Yes
No
No
Text
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Cognitive psychology translation process
Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the function, expression, internal structure and psychological mechanism of cognitive activities. Cognitive psychology is a discipline that studies how people learn, store, and apply knowledge. The scope of their
research includes attention, perception,
memory, thinking, problem solving, speech, and cognitive development. The process of cognitive psychology translation process includes thinking, perception, memory, thinking, problem solving, speech and cognitive development in the process of translation. The theory and experiment of cognitive psychology are used in the research of psychological translation process model. Translation studies are cognitive studies. Some people think that translation is just a process of reproducing the original text in another language while trying to preserve the original meaning. The cognitive psychology method of translation helps to eliminate this misunderstanding, because any experienced translator knows that translation is not only the original text reproduction.
The axis of the translation activity is the conversion process, but this process is not a mere language activity, but a thinking activity. Therefore, the translator must grasp the law of thinking activities. How is the discourse translated? The original is the source of information, and the translator's brain also stores the information base. The former stores the specific information processed by the author with more or less emotional color, and the latter stores mainly conceptual information. Only when the translator is stimulated by the first signal of the original discourse, it uses the existing conceptual information to reproduce all the information of the original.
To study translation as a process is actually to explore the cognitive psychological process of bilingual transformation. Reproduction is only the final stage of a series of psychological activities, including mental planning, problem solving, decision making, and so on. These activities occur simultaneously or interactively during the translation process, all of which are cognitive activities.
Translation process in cognitive psychology
The concepts and patterns of cognitive psychology play an important role in explaining the translation process. In the process of
understanding translation, the cognitive mode of information processing theory will appear in the translation process. Top-down and bottom-up information processing models, short-term memory and long-term memory, decision making and problem solving all appear in the translation process. Translators should use the top-down or bottom-up mode to browse or read the original text. By comparing the newly received information in the short-term memory with the original information stored in the long-term memory, the problem is solved, the similarity is found, and then the decision is made to obtain the translation result. Translation is a special case of a universal phenomenon in human information processing. Therefore, cognitive psychology is indispensable in the translation process.
Cognitive psychology examines human
memory phenomena based on modern
information processing theory. It considers memory to be a system with two components of structure and process. Memory structure refers to the location of elements and information stored in content, features and organization, with distinct differences. The memory structure consists of three different subsystems: the sensory system (instantaneous memory),
short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Instantaneous memory, also known as sensory registration or sensory memory, is a process in which the external stimulus information is retained in the human brain in the form of sensory traces when the sensory organ passes through the sensory organ. It is felt that the
registered stimulation information is
information that has not been processed, and it is registered in the form of a feeling trace, and therefore, the information of the instantaneous memory is kept for a short time. The image memory is held for about 1 second, and the sound image memory is more than 1 second, but not longer than 4 seconds. In the study of cognitive psychology, it mainly involves the registration of visual information and the registration of auditory information.
In the process of translation, we also have to go through the process of short-term memory. Short-term memory is the process of registering information when the translator contacts the original text at the beginning of the translation. In this process, because the information in the short-term memory is kept for a short time, the translator will repeat the process in the process,
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Figure 2
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Learning and memory process of the human brain nervous system
that is, repeat the information to be processed. This information may be words, phrases or clauses.
Long-term memory is the most important part in the translation process. The stored stimulus information comes from the retelling of short-term memory. Information, knowledge, and skills that were originally stored in long-term memory are activated and extracted. In terms of problem solving of translation strategies in the translation process, they are all carried out at this stage. From the perspective of psychological research in recent years, computers and their software technologies have been widely used in implicit memory, instantaneous memory, short-term memory, long-short-term memory, problem solving, etc. The technology of computers and software has become an important means of memory research. The learning and memory process of the human brain nervous system is shown in Figure 2.
TRANSLATION BIAS EXPERIMENT IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATING SOUND THINKING
Experimental design
Early studies by Western scholars often used a single type of subject, such as a foreign language learner, a translator or a professional translator. With the development of research,
scholars are more enthusiastic about the research and comparison of the translation process of professional translators,
semi-professional translators and amateur
translators, from which to explore the differences in the brains of different translators. The subjects in this paper are English learners. The choice of the subjects is due to the limited conditions. It is difficult to find enough professional translators and semi-professional translators. Another main reason is that they are interested in experimenting with English learners. It translates psychological processes and translation strategies with a view to providing some experience or lessons for translation teaching and translation training. Therefore, this experiment recruited 60 subjects
from the undergraduate and first-year
undergraduate students of the Department of English Language and Literature, including 35 undergraduates and 25 graduate students (10 boys and 50 girls). The experiment used the design method inside the test, 60 subjects all translated an article of the same style, so the experimental sample was 60, of which 56 valid samples. The first language tested was Chinese, and the second language was English. There were no language-deficient (such as stutterers) or dual-speakers.
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the subjects. The following principles are followed in the selection of materials:
1) For most of the subjects, the
understanding of the original text should be moderate. Because the too simple original text is not easy to reflect the difference in the ability of the test to solve the problem, and the difficult text is easy to make the test negative attitude or perfunctory behavior, thus affecting the quality of translation and the objectivity of the experiment.
2) The test must have the ability to translate the original language and the target language to solve the problem in the original text. Moreover, these problems can be solved through the efforts of the test.
3) The text should not be too long, otherwise it will affect the attention of the subject, the authenticity of the collected data will be reduced, and the text should be a non-professional article.
4) The test idiom uses the mother tongue (ie Chinese) to report the thinking process as TAPs. When the mother tongue is translated into foreign language, the foreign language as the target language and the mother tongue used for the TAPs report are prone to code conflict, which affects the naturalness of the translation process. For the above reasons, this experiment only examines the way foreign languages are translated into the mother tongue (ie, English to Chinese).
The original content used is related to the educational examination. There are few barriers to understanding in this type of article. The subjects with different translation interests should respond more consistently and will not
encounter obstacles in terminology or
expression.
Experimental methods
Before the experiment, the main test will train the subject. The purpose of the training is to enable the subject to understand the experimental requirements and precautions, and to allow the subject to fully understand the experimental procedure. For example, the participants are encouraged to speak all the immediate thinking activities of the behavioral process, they do not make retrospective reports, and do not specifically explain the strategies or steps taken. We tell them that if they misunderstand or do not fully understand how to report and report content, experimental data
may become invalid data.
During the simulation training, the main test provides a short essay that is comparable to the short text used in the experiment, and the length is equivalent, so that the tester can report the TAPs when answering the analysis. The main test proposes revisions to the problems in the report, helps the test to make the necessary adjustments and tells the test about the three types of TAPs.
On the other hand, we let the subject familiar with the dictionary, related computers and
recording equipment. We explain the
requirements of the experiment, the
experimental steps, and the concept of giving birth, and issue a written translation guide. After the training, the experimental materials, audio tapes, etc. will be issued, and the experiment will be completed on the specified day, and the
sound materials and written materials
completed by the test will be submitted.
Data processing
In this experiment, TAPs will be used to analyze the number of distribution strategies of TAPs data and analyze them manually. At the same time, individual examples in the experiment are selected to illustrate the strategies and means used in the translation process.
This experiment tries to be as good as possible when translating the recording materials of the spoken language report into written materials. At the time of writing, no artificial deletions and changes are made, so that the original intermittent words reflect the logical relationship in the thinking process of the subject.
After the data is collected, the classification is performed, and the self-descriptive data is eliminated, and only self-presentation data is
adopted to ensure the reliability and
authenticity of the data. Because the self-exhibition data is the stream of consciousness that can be revealed by the TAPs during the experiment, which can reveal the human thinking process, is the most faithful reflection of the brain operation process. Statistics were based on common translation strategies proposed by translation theorists and translators in TAPs translation studies. In an anonymous manner, by carefully listening to the recorded TAPs recordings, the number of translation strategies used by each subject in the translation
ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION BIAS IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS BASED ON COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1419
strategy statistics used in the text translation comprehension process was recorded to prepare for the next experimental analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION BIAS
Comparative analysis of translation bias caused by translation strategies
The translation process consists of a series of translation strategies that can be combined in any combination. Each strategy consists of a series of elements that can be combined in any
combination. Translation strategy is an
indispensable research content of the
translation process. Because there is no translation process without the use of translation strategies. The subjects were divided
into two groups, the first group was undergraduate students and the second group was graduate students. As can be seen from Figures 3 and 4, there are similarities between the two groups in the use of strategy, but they have many differences in the translation process. The reason may be related to their translation habits, translation skills and language knowledge. The translation strategy runs through the translation process. Through the use of translation strategies in the translation process, you can understand the translation mode, problem solving and decision-making use of the subjects. Through the comparison of translation strategies, it is concluded whether the translation process is basically translated according to the translation model constructed in this paper.
Figure 3
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Statistics of translation bias of undergraduates in different translation strategies
Figure 4
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Statistics of different translation strategies for postgraduate translation bias
Search strategy Repeat Logical reasoning
Language analysis Task monitoring
Browse Explanation 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Different translation strategies
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Search strategy Repeat
Logical reasoning Language analysis
Task monitoring Browse
Explanation 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Different translation strategies
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It can be seen from Figure 3 and Figure 4 that the translation strategies that have a high impact on translation bias in undergraduates are logical reasoning, task monitoring, language analysis and repetition. The strategies that have a greater impact on translation bias in graduate students are logical reasoning, language analysis, search and guessing. In addition, in the process of translation comprehension, the repetition strategy is used more in the two groups, which may be due to the requirements of transient memory and working memory. The role of instantaneous memory is to preserve the stimulation of new information for a certain period of time for finer processing, while the representation of speech in working memory provides the structural analysis and semantic discrimination needed to process sentences with semantic ambiguities or complex structures. In the process of understanding the original text, the burden of the translator's information processing is very heavy, and repetition is one of the ways to reduce this burden.
Task monitoring, duplication, search, and linguistic analysis strategies are used more often, indicating that the model used is a bottom-up process. Task monitoring is the process of questioning and understanding the meaning of words, phrases and even sentences in the text. Search and repetition occur in the short-term memory or filtering stage, and these two stages are mostly the processing of words or phrases. It can be said that these strategies are
understood from the beginning of the word to the level of advanced processing. Subjects should organize words into phrases, clauses or sentences. In short, processing is done after receiving the language information, starting with the smallest language unit and ending with the largest unit of meaning.
The biggest feature of the bottom-up information processing process is that it is often used by translators with lower language skills. From this phenomenon, it can be seen that undergraduate and graduate students pay more attention to solving the lexical and syntactic problems in the translation process. The language analysis in the translation strategy is the most frequently used. After the language analysis of the words and sentences, the specific words and sentence structures are searched and finally inferred or translated.
As can be seen from Figure 5, undergraduate and postgraduate use ratios in the browsing strategy are very close, indicating that they all adopt a top-down information processing model. The number of guesses used in the translation strategy is close. The first group is 19.10%, and the second group is 21.2%, indicating that they use the context to guess the meaning of words, phrases, sentences and even chapters in the translation process.
Task monitoring is the process of monitoring the original text, mainly the questioning of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences, and the process of vocal expression when
Figure 5
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Comparison of translation bias between undergraduate and postgraduate students
caused by different translation strategies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Different translation strategies
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Undergraduate Postgraduate
ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION BIAS IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS BASED ON COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1421
understanding. From the difference in policy frequency used by the first and second groups, the use of task monitoring in the first group is much higher than in the second group. This shows that the first group has more questions about words and sentences, and the language ability is significantly lower than that of the second group. The second group can easily use the language knowledge, skills and experience to complete the chapter comprehension. In addition, the differences in the use of search strategies are also large. This shows the difference in the ability to search for specific words and sentence structures in the linguistic knowledge, skills, and non-linguistic knowledge stored in long-term memory when using this strategy, and indicates that the first group of
subjects may be more likely to the
understanding and processing of the surface information of the original text.
Overall analysis of translation bias under translation strategy
As far as the translation strategy is concerned, if the language ability of the test is strong and the translation content is familiar, the obstacles encountered in the translation process will be small, and the strategies used will be less. On the contrary, if all aspects of the ability are low, there will be more problems to be solved and more strategies will be used. Of course, when the task is difficult, it is beneficial to increase the strategy appropriately. If the
subject is not sufficiently acquainted with the original text, increasing the use of the strategy is helpful, but the success of the translation does not depend entirely on the number of strategies used.
Although the main test told the participants to read the sentences one by one before the experiment, and said what they thought after the marked sentences, it was learned by listening to the recording that 29 of the 34 subjects browsed the entire article before starting the translation. They look for the main idea of this chapter before reading the small parts. This phenomenon suggests that their strategy follows a top-down processing model characterized by a nonlinear process that ranges from a higher level of processing to a lower level of processing, where it constrains lower levels of processing. The relationship between the time of browsing the entire article and the translation bias before translation is shown in Figure 6.
From the use of the two groups of test translation strategies, the most frequently used are logical reasoning, search and language analysis. Language analysis strategies are used more often in the test. This shows that the
subject has more vocabulary choices,
grammatical reconstruction and other small translations in the translation process. They pay more attention to the processing of smaller language units and lower problem levels. In the TAPs data collection, they did not
Figure 6
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The relationship between the time of browsing the article and the size of the
translation bias
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Time to view articles
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find any concern about the coherence and style of the translation. Search is one of the sub-processes in problem solving. In this process, the problem is identified, defined, and selected. The search frequency in the translation strategy is relatively high, indicating that the translation process is the process of problem solving. The translator should find problems, analyze problems and ask questions in this process.
Application of translation process model
The translation process modell exists in the translator's heart and is difficult to quantify. According to the statistics of the translation strategy during the collection of the recorded data, the participants basically followed the translation process modell. According to the information processing theory of cognitive psychology, people must undergo the process of sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory when they recognize everything,
including pattern recognition, retelling,
construction and reasoning. The subjects also passed through these stages in the translation process. The impact of different translation strategies on translation bias is shown in Figure 7.
According to the collected audio thinking data analysis, the strategies used in the
translation process are search strategy,
repetition, and logical reasoning. The main strategies of the subjects and the order of understanding of the translation process are: search → repeat → logical reasoning. The search strategy exists in the filtering phase of the translation mode, and the repetition occurs in the short-term memory (working memory) phase, and the logical reasoning exists in the long-term memory process.
In the process of understanding, the participants made a sound understanding of the words, adopted the strategy of task monitoring, and also analyzed the sentences, that is, adopted the strategy of language analysis.
In addition, all participants used the search strategy frequently during the translation process. The search strategy is a sub-process of the problem-solving process of information processing theory. In problem solving, people must constantly search to find problems, analyze problems, propose assumptions to solve problems, and verify assumptions. In this cycle, problem identification, problem definition, strategy design, and monitoring are required. When the problem is effectively defined, it is necessary to find and determine a strategy to solve the problem. The problem-solving strategy involves the analysis and synthesis of the problem. When the problem-solving strategy has
Figure 7
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Statistics on the impact of different translation strategies on translation bias
Search strategy Repeat
Logical reasoning Language analysis
Task monitoring Browse
Explanation 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Different translation strategies
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been built, it is necessary to continuously organize and reorganize the various information available. This information enables individuals to implement problem-solving strategies so that problems can be resolved faster. In the processing of translation information, the use of
linguistic knowledge and non-linguistic
knowledge in long-term memory to reconstruct sentences and even phrases is a solution to the problem of translation process, thus forming a series of activities in the process of translation. From this, we can conclude that the translation process is the process of problem solving and decision making.
CONCLUSION
From the content of the translation process research, the translation research of cognitive pathways is mainly on the translation model, translation strategy, and translation unit. This paper constructs the translation process modell by using the research results of cognitive psychology-information processing theory. The process includes human perception, memory, problem solving and other factors, which are also inevitable for translators in the translation process. This paper explains the basic concepts
borrowed from cognitive science and
psychology, such as long-term memory,
short-term memory, top-down, bottom-up
information processing models, and applies these concepts to translation process research. At the same time, it defines and explains its meaning in translation studies. Problem solving and decision making in cognitive psychology are used in translation process research and verified in experiments. The psychological model of the translation process is also reflected in the translator's translation comprehension process, which proves the cognitive process of the translation process and the effectiveness of the decision process in reducing translation bias. However, the study of vocal thinking in the cognitive translation process modell has certain difficulties in the translation field, because
cognitive psychology itself is a strong
experimental science, and the current research environment of translation researchers is limited. In order to make up for the imperfection of the experimental data of the audio-visual translation, in the future, comprehensive analysis should be carried out on the eye movements, body language, facial expressions,
and translation products, so that the external observation and the introspection report are organically combined.
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