Conservation and biodiversity

Conservation and

biodiversity

Biodiversity



Number of species (plants,

animals and microorganisms) that

live in a specific place



Between 7 and 30 million of

species (the majority are insects)



Mega diverse countries: endemic

Biodiversity and taxonomy

Taxonomy

 Branch of biology that establishes the

characteristics to classify organisms

 Determine the similarities that

organisms have so they can be grouped, according to their evolutionary process and give a scientific name

 _{Similarities: morphology, embryology,}

fossil registry and chemical composition

Levels of classification

 Linnaeus

 Hierarchy classification and binary nomenclature

(genus + species)

 Taxonomic level: categories that belong to a

Levels of classification

1. Domain: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

2. Kingdom: Monera, Protist, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

3. Phylum or division

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

Binary nomenclature

 Depending on the place, the name of species can change

(common name)

 “Universal name” _ Latin (scientific name)

 _{Name in Latin}

 Italics

 2 words: genus (capital letter) + species (lowercase)

 Tomato, jitomate, tomate…

HW 1

Kingdom Type of cell _organizationCell Nutrition Cell Wall Locomotion

Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular _HeterotrophsAutotrophs / Yes Cillia and _flagella

Protist Eukaryotic Unicellular / _{Multicellular Heterotrophs}Autotrophs / Yes / No Cillia, flagella _{and ameboids}

Fungi Eukaryotic Unicellular / _{Multicellular} Heterotrophs Yes No

Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophs Yes No

Virus

 Acellular organisms

 Borders between living and non – living: active biological particles  Obligated intracellular parasites (Need a cell to replicate)

Comparison between cells and viruses

Characteristics Cell Virus

Growth, metabolism,

respiration Yes No

Nucleic acids DNA and RNA DNA or RNA

Enzymes Several Maximum 2

Cristalization No Yes

Morphologic characteristics

 A DNA or RNA molecule

 Nucleo - capsid: made of

proteins

 Capsid: External cover

 _{1 or 2 enzymes}

 Bacteria, plants, animals,

Infection process

 _{Adsorption: union between the virus and the cell surface}

 _{Penetration: breaking trough the cell membrane}

 _{Injection: nucleic acid gets inside the cell}

 Replication: 2 ways lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle

 _{Lytic cycle: DNA uses the metabolic machines of the cell to reproduce the virus}  _{Lysogenic cycle: Viral DNA gets attached to cell DNA (New cells will have viral DNA)}

 Release of the virus: viral copies that will infect other cells

Prions

 Smaller than viruses

 _{Infectious proteins without DNA}  _{Heat and UV resistant}

 _{Mad cow disease}

Monera kingdom

 Prokaryotic organisms

 Single cellular organisms

 Cillia for movement

Monera kingdom

 Shapes:

 Sperical (cocci): Round

 Rod shaped (Bacilli): Long shapes

Monera kingdom

 Eating habits:

 Heterotrophic bacteria:

 Parasites (Host)

 Saprophytic (Decomposers)

 Autotrophic bacteria:

Monera kingdom

 Reproduction:

 Binary fission

Monera kingdom

 Classification:

 Gram positive (Streptococcus)

Protista kingdom

 Eukaryote that is not an animal, a plant of a

fungus

 3 categories:

 _{Animal – like protist: Heterotrophs but single} celled

 _{Plantlike protist: Do photosynthesis but they don’t} have plant structures, single celled or multicelular

Animal like protist

 Protozoa

 Main difference: Animals are

multicellular

 Movement in different ways

 Protozoa with flagella

 Protozoa with pseudopods

Plantlike protist

 Algae

 Main difference: Plants are multicelular

 Mainly live in water and do

photosynthesis

Funguslike protist

 Decomposers

 Important for the ecosystems: carbon

and nitrogen cycles

 Slime molds: Dead leaves or logs

 Water molds: Present in fresh water,

Fungi kingdom

 Decomposers

 _{They are everywhere}

 3 groups:

 _{Single-celled yeast}

 Molds

 True fungi

 _{Differences with plants: Heterotrophs and}

Fungi kingdom

 Classification:

 Primitive fungi: Live in water and have

spores

 Sac fungi: Form a sac that contains spores

 Bread molds: Simbiotic relationships like

mycorrhizae

 Club fungi: fruiting bodies shaped like

Fungi kingdom

 Ecology:

 Fungi as decomposers: returns carbon,

nitrogen and minerals back to the soil

 Fungi as pathogens: can cause diseases in

animals – including humans - and plants

 Fungi as mutualists: Simbiosis with orther

Plantae kingdom

 Multicellular eukaryotes, most live in

land and do photosynthesis

 Common characteristics with algae:

 Photosynthesis

 _{Same chlorophyll}

 Store starch

Plantae kingdom

 Adaptations for life on land

 Retain moisture: Surface covered with

cuticle (waxlike waterproof layer)

 Transport resources: Vascular system

 Growing upright: Plant has to support its

own weight. Lignin makes stems stiff and Wood hard

Plant classification

 Nonvascular plants

 _{Mosses: Don’t have true leaves and have rhizoids}

 _{Hornworts: Tropical plants, structures that produce spores look like horns}

Plant classification

 Seedless vascular plants

 Club mosses (Lycophyta): Oldest

living group of vascular plants

 Ferns (Pterophyta): Mostly tropical

Plant classification

 _{Plants with seeds}

 Gymnosperms: Seeds are not inside a fruit

 _Cycads

 Ginko

 _Conifers

 Angiosperms: Seeds are cover in some type of

fruit. Flowers are the reproductive structure and fruits are the mature ovary of a flower

 _{Monocotyledon}

Fuction of seeds



Advantages of having seeds:



Can reproduce without water

 Seeds nourish and protect the embryo

 Seeds allow plants to disperse

Animalia kingdom



Most physically diverse kingdom



Multicellular heterotrophs



Cells supported by collagen



Diploid and reproduce sexually

Animal diversity



Vertebrates: internal segmented

backbone



Invertebrates: No backbones



Different criteria for classification:

 Body plan symmetry

 Tissue layers

Sponges and cnidarians

 The most primitive animals on Earth

 _{Sponge characteristics:}

 No muscle or nerve cells

 Sessile

 Sexual and asexual reproduction

 _{Filter feeders}

 _{Cnidarian characteristics:}

 _{Simple muscles and nerves}  Polyps and medusas

Flatworms, mollusks and annelids



FLATWORMS



No stomachs or lungs



Flat and thin; no circulatory system



Oxygen through diffusion



Three classes:

Flatworms, mollusks and annelids



MOLLUSKS



Complete digestive tract



Hemocoel



Three classes:

Flatworms, mollusks and annelids



ANNELIDS



Segmented bodies



Coelom: fluid-filled space that works as

a type of skeleton



Sexual and asexual reproduction

Roundworms



Also called nematodes



Cuticle of chitin



Pseudocoelom

Echinoderms



Radial symmetry



Ossicles – internal skeleton



Vascular system of water

Arthropods



Exoskeleton of chitin



Invertebrates



Appendage



Segmentation



Trilobites, crustaceans, chelicerates,

Vertebrates



Chordates with 4 characteristics:



Notochord



Hollow nerve cord



Pharyngeal slits



Tail



Seven classes:

jawless fishes, fishes

with cartilage, fishes with bones,