STATISTICS & RESEARCH
METHODS
How to write the title of the
RESEARCH PROJECT?
The title should be clear and
precise statement, also should be
as short as possible (10 to 12
words is ideal). The title answers
by itself the following questions:
what?
,
how?
,
where?
, and
when?
What?
It is regarding to the variables
(Dependent and independents) under study.
How?
It refers to the research design to be
used according to the focus of the
investigation.
Where?
It is regarding to the case of study
When?
This means, when the research will
The Role of Human
Resources Development in
Efficient Performance of
Private Institutions.
The Role of Human
Resources Development on
the Performance of Private
Institutions in Rwanda.
Case of Study: Petrocom Ltd. 2013
EVALUATING OF ELECTRONIC
BANKING FUNCTIONALITY ON
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
IMPACT OF
ELECTRONIC BANKING
FUNCTIONALITY ON CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION
IN COMMERCIAL
BANKS IN RWANDA
CASE OF STUDY: BK.
Remera Branch
, 2013
INTERNAL AUDIT PRACTICES AS
A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN
RWANDA
THE ROLE
OF INTERNAL AUDIT
PRACTICES
ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA
Case of study: GASABO DISTRICT. 2017
The introduction should be written in
half page, It means, at least 8 lines.
The introduction should be clear
and precise, where anyone can read
explicitly the answers to the
Why?
Explain briefly, the importance of the topic that
encourage you to consider as a topic to research
What?
Write about the variables and what is your
expectation about the topic to address.
Where?
The candidate explains the background of the
study that gives the
history and the factors
that
led to the issues being investigated.
It cites
situations or statements of authorities in
support
of
the choice for the study. The student
points out that the study is on/about a
special
problem different from other problems.
The
interplay of identified variables that may cause a
process to take place is discussed. The
background of the study may be viewed as a
The candidate explains the background of the study
that gives the
history and the factors
that led to the
issues being investigated.
It cites
situations or
statements of authorities in support of
the choice
for the study. The student points out that the study is
on/about a
special problem different from other
problems
.
The interplay of identified variables that
may cause a process to take place is discussed.
The background of the study may be viewed as a
The candidate explains the background of the study
that gives the
history and the factors
that led to the
issues being investigated.
It cites
situations or
statements of authorities in support of
the choice
for the study. The student points out that the study is
on/about a
special problem different from other
problems
.
The interplay of identified variables that
may cause a process to take place is discussed.
The background of the study may be viewed as a
Background of the study
This segment consists of statements on what led the investigator to launch the study. A historical background may be given. Situations that may have spurred the researcher to undertake the study are included. The background of the study may have been generated by some empirical observations, the need to explore the problem and some other relevant conditions.
Begin this section with a clear description of the background of the study and the social, institutional context which will frame the project. Be careful to describe as clearly as possible the problem intended to be addressed and refer to the relevant literature in the field.
Statement of the Problem
Research Manual (2012), the
stated research problem
that the candidate is about to investigate must relate to
his interest, academic background and training
.
It is
expected to yield findings that will provide him information
useful in the area of the research.
In the choice of the
research
topic,
originality,
relevance
and
responsiveness to contemporary problems, and issues
must be considered.
The problem may be about the
relationship among
variables or the differences
among groups which the
study aims to establish. It may also be
about finding out
the extent of such relationship or difference
.
When
stating the problem, the candidate should specify what he
is trying to find out or discover.
Examples:
“In this study, the author intends to find evidence that eating habits
“This study intends to give evidence that the theory explaining
that photosynthesis takes place in the presence of light is true”
“ This investigation seeks to find out the root causes of ethnic
conflicts in the Great Lakes region.”
As the title of this section shows, the statement (and not
statements) of the problem must only be one. Therefore, it must be
clearly, adequately and precisely stated. Also, as stated above,
when necessary, somewhere in this section the choice key words
in the title are explained.
Research Questions
There are two types of research questions:
Descriptive research questions .merely describe or summarize data, without trying to generalize to a larger population of individuals, and are hypothesis-free.
Inferential research questions are either difference research questions
or associational research questions. The difference research questions compare scores (on the dependent variable) of two or more different groups, each of which is composed of individuals with one of the values or levels on the independent variable. This type of question attempts to demonstrate that groups are not the same on the dependent variable. The associational research questions relate two or more variables. This approach involves an attempt to see how two or more variables co-vary (e.g., higher values on one variable correspond to higher, or lower, values on another variable for the same persons) or how one or more variables enables one to predict another variable.
THE ROLE OF
ELECTRONING BANKING
ON
EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY
IN RWANDAN
COMMERCIAL BANKS.
Case of study: ECOBANK HEAD QUARTER
THE ROLE OF ELECTRONING BANKING ON EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN RWANDAN COMMERCIAL BANKS.
Case of study: ECOBANK HEAD QUARTER
Research Questions
1.What are the perceptions of Ecobank Clients
regarding to the use of
electronic banking
in
Rwanda
?
2.What are the perceptions of Ecobank Clients
on the
effective service delivery
of their bank?
3.Is there relationship between
electronic
THE ROLE OF ELECTRONING BANKING ON EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN RWANDAN COMMERCIAL BANKS.
Case of study: ECOBANK HEAD QUARTER
Objectives of the Research
1. Determine the perceptions of Ecobank Clients
about the use of
electronic banking
in Rwanda.
2. Evaluate the perceptions of the Ecobank Clients
on
effective service delivery
of their bank.
3. Measure the relationship between
electronic
banking
and
effective service delivery
in
Hypothesis
The “Hypothesis” states the relationship between/among variables or the difference between/among groups and this relationship/difference, stated in null form, must be tested statistically to find answers to the stated research problem. It indicates what data the candidate must gather. The hypothesis is accepted or rejected depending on the results of the statistical tests. All inferential research questions (or
objectives) require null hypotheses to be stated.
The hypothesis in chapter I is the theoretical hypothesis or hypothesis of study. It must be written in positive declarative sentences. Examples:
The use of Electronic Banking plays a significant role on the Effective Service Delivery in Ecobank head quarter in Rwanda
The hypotheses in chapter IV, in this section we will state the statistical hypotheses, they are: Ho (null hypothesis), and Ha (Alternative Hypothesis). The statistical testing is based on Ho, which is stated in negative form. Testing a hypothesis means reject or accept Ho. Example:
Ho: The use of Electronic Banking does not play a significant role on the Effective Service Delivery in Ecobank head quarter in Rwanda
A good hypothesis has several basic
characteristics
:
It should be reasonable,
It should be consistent with available facts and
theory, i.e, it must be consistent with results
established from previous research;
It should be testable. You should be able to
THE ROLE OF ELECTRONING BANKING ON
EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN RWANDAN
COMMERCIAL BANKS.
Case of study: ECOBANK HEAD QUARTER
Hypothesis
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A discussion of the significance of a study typically includes an explanation of the work's significance, its potential benefits and its overall impact. The significance of a study attempts to explain to an audience why a researcher's work is worth performing.
Justification (or Rational) of the Study
QUALITY OF SERVICE PROVISION AND ITS EFFECT ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. CASE STUDY: BANK OF KIGALI
AND COGEBANQUE HEADQUARTERS, 2013
•
Although a conceptual framework may not always be required
in a research proposal, no economic research should start
without developing one.
•
There is more misunderstanding and confusion about the
conceptual framework than any other part of a research
proposal (or project).
–
What is it?
–
What is the purpose?
–
How is it approached?
•
It is an integral part of understanding and analyzing the
research problem
•
A clear statement of the research problem often does
not occur until the conceptual framework is
developed.
•
It should be considered “complementary” to the
problem description, statement of objectives, and
literature review, rather than a “fourth step”.
•
The reasoning in the conceptual framework runs
through the whole proposal.
•
The conceptual framework is often neglected,
or done hastily and inadequately
•
Reasons for this might be that it requires
complex reasoning and abilities
–
Abstract reasoning
–
Recognition and synthesis of central points
–
Knowledge of existing relevant theory
–
Understanding the details of a problem and the
surrounding issues
•
It is hard work and often frustrating
•
Another reason the conceptual framework is
overlooked is that researchers often want to
get on with “real research” instead of
“theorizing” (especially in subject-matter and
problem-solving research)
•
However, failure to conceptualize while
planning
, may actually slow down the research,
or can lead to fatal errors in design, procedures
or interpretation.
Definition of Conceptual framework
• A conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of
literature on how to explain a phenomenon. It maps out the
actions required in the course of the study given his previous
knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and his
observations on the subject of research.
• In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher’s
understanding of how the particular variables in his study connect
with each other. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the
research investigation. It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the
investigation.
• As McGaghie
et al
. (2001) put it: The conceptual framework “sets
the stage” for the presentation of the particular research question
that drives the investigation being reported based on the problem
statement. The problem statement of a thesis presents the context
and the issues that caused the researcher to conduct the study.
The conceptual framework lies within a much broader framework
called theoretical framework. The latter draws support from
time-tested theories that embody the findings of many researchers on
why and how a particular phenomenon occurs.
An example of Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual frame work elaborated in figure 1 explains the
underlying process, which is applied to guide this study. The
researchers used the five dimensions to measure both quality
service and customer satisfaction because they assume both are
related (Parasuraman et al., 2004) and customer satisfaction is an
antecedent of quality service (Negi, 2009). The SERVQUAL
approach integrates the two constructs and suggests that perceived
service quality is an antecedent to satisfaction (Negi, 2009).
Based on the revision made by Parasuraman, (2004) on the
SERVQUAL model, the researchers have adopted the
SERVQUAL model to identify the most important dimensions that
matter most to customers and that bring them satisfaction.
QUALITY OF SERVICE PROVISION AND ITS EFFECT ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. CASE STUDY: BANK OF KIGALI AND COGEBANQUE
Dependent Variable: CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Dependent Variable: CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
1. Customer loyalty 2. Customer retention 3. Customer turnover 4. Customer trust
5. Customer commitment
1. Customer loyalty 2. Customer retention 3. Customer turnover 4. Customer trust
5. Customer commitment 1.Tangibility 2.Reliability 3.Responsive ness 4.Assurance 5.Empathy 1.Tangibility 2.Reliability 3.Responsive ness 4.Assurance 5.Empathy
Independent Variable:
QUALITY SERVICE DELIVERY
Independent Variable:
QUALITY SERVICE DELIVERY
Delimitations
• The delimitations are those characteristics that limit the scope and define the boundaries of your study. The delimitations are in your control. Delimiting factors include the choice of objectives, the research questions, variables of interest, and the population you choose to investigate. Your first delimitation was the choice of problem itself; implying there are other related problems that could have been chosen but were rejected or screened off from view.
• Specifically, the delimitation should be written in the following sections:
Temporal delimitation. Specify the period you will use to address the
thesis, from the acquiring of the idea to the writing of the draft.
Geographical delimitation. Specify the place where the research will
be conducted. Investigations may be delimited to a neighborhood, to a sector, to an institution, to a district, etc.
Social delimitation. Your will explain the criteria of participants to enroll
in your study. For example if the research is “The Role of Electroning Banking on Effective Service Delivery in Rwandan Commercial Banks”. Case of study: Ecobank head quarter.
