ANALYSIS ON EMOTIONAL INDUCTION EFFECT OF BALL GAMES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

(1)

Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 264-269

DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.234 264

A

NALYSIS ON

E

MOTIONAL

I

NDUCTION

E

FFECT OF

B

ALL

G

AMES

AMONG

C

OLLEGE

S

TUDENTS

Pei Li

Abstract

Emotion is a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships

with others. It offers a good evaluation index of psychological health. This paper attempts to reveal the emotional induction effect of ball games among college students. Thus, a questionnaire survey was carried out in four colleges of Baoding, China, using instruments like exercise-induced feeling inventory (EFI) and Gao’s

brief BFS profile of mood states. The survey covers five kinds of ball games, namely, volleyball, ping-pong, tennis, football and basketball. The survey data were analyzed to determine the emotions induced by different ball games, and the exercise-induced emotions of different subjects. The results show that, among the five kinds of ball games, basketball and tennis bring many psychological benefits, such as active sports emotion, psychological pleasure and sense of identity; basketball makes college students, especially male students, more energetic and confident, less nervous and high-spirited; after playing basketball, no obvious difference was observed between professionals and amateurs in college, and amateur female college students have much lower scores in vitality, physiological fatigue and active input than their professional counterparts. The research results enrich the empirical evidence for emotional induction of ball games.

Key words: Ball Games, College Students, Exercise-Induced Emotions, Questionnaire Survey. Received: 23-03-19 | Accepted: 11-10-19

INTRODUCTION

With constant development of economy and increasing of people’s living standard, people pay more attention to body and psychological health. Sports can not only strengthen human body and fulfill the function of entertainment, but also stimulate the brain and suppress negative emotions, thus improving psychological health.

Emotion is one of the standards to evaluate psychological health and one kind of experience to cultivate attitude (Dietrich, 2006). Different sports bring to people different emotional experience, and emotions before and after exercise are always key factors in impacting people’s devotion to exercise and whether they

Physical Education College of Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.

E-Mail: [email protected]

will continue exercise. As for the concept of emotion, scholars from both home and abroad have given it denifitions from different aspects. Yan Lixin points out that emotion is a psychological form owned by both human and animal (Dudley, Holmes, Martin et al., 1964). Hua Sheng thinks that emotion is intense response in various parts of human body. Lzard lists nine basic emotions of human (Zhuang, Zeng, Yang et al., 2018). Aronld regards emotion as the experiential tendency to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages (Campo, Champely, Louvet et al., 2019). Leeper emphasizes the motivation of emotions and takes the view that emotion can organize, maintain and guide behavior (Thing, 2001). Wang Yuxiu explains the concept of emotion in her research paper and has

conducted experimental study on the

relationship between emotion regulation and psychological health of junior school students (Hagger, Chatzisarantis, Griffin et al., 2005). Chen

(2)

PEI LI

265

Dawei finds out through study that sports can help players maintain good mood, increase pleasure experience and verify that sports can improve psychological health (Maguire, 1991). Chen Xinfu et al. take middle-aged and old women as sujects to study the impact of Tai Chi on psychological health. Hu Jianyun et al. take conventional college female students as subjects to study the impact of common aerobics on psychological health (Wang & Kaplanidou, 2013). Except that, not a few scholars study the effect of emotional induction from different sport events and exercise of various intensities (Yoshikawa & Sato, 2008). Also there’re a few scholars studying the effect of emotional induction among people of different ages and genders. For instance, Yang Dong takes young persons and old persons as example to investigate tennis-induced emotions (Morgan, Olagunju, Corrigan et al., 2018).

Based on the above analysis and previous studies, this paper selects college students as subjects, adopts EFI (Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory) and Brief BFS Profile of Mood States to analyze the emotional induction effect of such five kinds of ball games as volleyball, ping-pong, tennis, football and basketball, and taking basketball, studies the emotional induction effect on people of different genders, on professional versus non-professional players, and mood status before and after exercise of various intensities with the hope of providing relevant reference for better emotional induction effect of sports from the point-of-view of psychology.

STUDY METHODS

Research subjects

Through random sampling in 4 colleges of Baoding, Hebei Province, this paper selects 630 persons as study subjects among students who choose volleyball, ping-pong, tennis, football and basketball as their selective courses. Meanwhile, 100 basketball players each (50 each for man and female) are chosen among both professional and amateur groups as subjects for comparing the emotional induction effect of sports on different subjects.

Research tool

EFI compiled by Gauvin and Rejeski is adopted, which includes 4 dimensions, and 12 factors, 3 factors for each dimension, as shown in Figure 1.

Based on the Brief BFS Profile of Mood States designed by Gao Jinjin et al. and considering the

needs of survey, this paper finally chooses seven dimensions with five scoring levels to analyze mood states before and after exercise of various intensities.

Figure

1 .

Exercise-induced

emotion

questionnaire

Vitality scale

Body and mind calmness scale

Physiological fatigue scale

Active input scale

Spiritual excitement

Vigorous

Revitalization

Calm

Relax

Peaceful

Tired

Weary

Exhausted

Passionate

Happy

Pleasant Exercise-induced

emotion questionnaire

FINDINGS

Emotional induction effect of various ball games on college students

(1) Vitality Excitation Scale. Figure 2 shows M and SD values of different ball games before and after experiment. The higher the value is, the easier for vitality and energy to be excited and refreshed. According to the figure, except ping-pong, values of vitality excitation from other ball games increase obviously, showing that those ball games can well induce college students’ emotions and temporary emotional experience can be obtained via those games. Pair T test turns out that there exists obvious gap at the level of 0.05 for volleyball and tennis. Through further multiple comparison, it turns out that, compared to other events, volleyball can help college students’ to be less influenced by negative emotions and help them form more passion for sports, thus exerting positive impact on their psychological status.

(2) Body and mind calmness scale. Figure 3 displays M and SD values of body and mind calmness scale before and after different ball games. The higher the value is, the calmer and more relaxed the body and mind is. According to the figure, except

(3)

ANALYSIS ON EMOTIONAL INDUCTION EFFECT OF BALL GAMES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 266

that scores of basketball and volleyball decline slightly, other three events see increase in terms of body and mind calmness. Part T test turns out that there exists obvious gap for football and tennis before and after experiment, meaning that compared to other events, those two can achieve better psychological release effect. However, football sees no obvious difference in the vitality excitation scale before and after exercise, thus being unable to reflect its impact on the body and mind calmness scale.

Figure 2.

M and SD values of vitality

excitation

scale

before

and

after

experiments of different ball exercises

0 5 10 15

Volleyball Pingpong

Tennis Football

Basketball

Before the experiment After the experiment

Figure 3

.

M and SD values of body and mind

calmness

scale

before

and

after

experiments of different ball exercises

0 5 10 15

Volleyball Pingpong

Tennis Football

Basketball

(3) Physiological fatigue scale.In Fig.4 you can see M and SD values of physiological fatigue scale

before and after experiments of difference ball game exercises. The higher the value is, the more tired the body becomes. As shown in the figure, ping-pong sees significant increase after experiment. Paired T test shows that ping-pong sees obvious gap before and after experiment. And through further multiple comparison, it turns out that basketball can better cover up the fatigue caused by exercise than other ball games.

Figure 4

.

M and SD values of physiological

fatigue scale before and after experiments

of different ball exercises

0 5 10 15

Volleyball Pingpong

Tennis Football Basketball

Figure 5

.

M and SD values of active input

scale before and after experiments of

different ball exercises

0 5 10 15

Volleyball Pingpong

Tennis Football

Basketball

(4) Active input scale. Figure 5 displays M and SD values of the active input scale before and after experiments of various ball exercises. The higher the

(4)

PEI LI

267

value is, the more devoted one is to the exercise. From the figure it can be seen that except ping-pong, other ball games see increases in terms of active input. Paired T test also shows that except ping-pong, there exist obvious gap for other sport events before and after experiments, meaning that due to moderate intensity and amount of exercise, such ball games can effectively stir up the enthusiasm of participants.

Through the above survey analysis, it can be seen that among the five kinds of ball games, basketball and volleyball have good psychological benefits embodies by the capability of inducing positive emotions in college students, producing sound psychological pleasure and sense of identity.

Comparison of Emotional Induction Effect on Various Subjects

Based on analysis of previous text, basketball is adopted as study subject to compare the emotional induction effect of exercise on college students of different genders and in bother professional and amateur groups.

Figure 6

.

Means comparison of

exercise-induced emotions for college students of

different genders after basketball exercise

4 6 8 10 12

Active input scale Physiological

fatigue scale Body and mind

calmness scale Vitality scale

Male Female

(1) Comparison of emotional induction effect between college students of different genders. Figure 6 shows the means comparison of exercise-induced emotions for college students of different genders after ball games. From the figure it can be seen that except the dimension of physiological fatigue, male performs better than female in terms of other dimensions with a significant gap. This means that basketball can better induce male’s positive emotions as male owns stronger body and

higher physical quality, higher pursuit in athletic skills and more passions in basketball as well as capability of restoring energy fast.

Figure 7

.

Mean difference of

exercise-induced emotions between professional

and

non-professional

male

college

basketball players

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Profession Non-professional

(2) Gender differences in exercise-induced emotions between non-professional and professional basketball players. Figure 7 shows mean difference of exercise-induced emotions between amateur and professional male college basketball players. It can be seen that except the dimension of active input, non-professional and professional male college basketball players are similar in their scores and statistical analysis results show no obvious gap (P is much bigger than 0.01).

Figure 8

.

Mean difference of

exercise-induced emotions between professional

and

non-professional

female

college

basketball players

4 6 8 10 12

Profession Non-professional

(5)

ANALYSIS ON EMOTIONAL INDUCTION EFFECT OF BALL GAMES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 268

Figure 8 displays mean difference of exercise-induced emotions between amateur and professional female college basketball players. It can be seen that except the dimension of body and mind calmness, non-professional female basketball players are significantly lower than professional players in terms of other three dimensions.

In the dimension of vitality excitation, both non-professional and non-professional female basketball players are lower than professional and non-professional male basketball players. In the dimension of body and mind calmness, professional and non-professional female players are significantly lower than male, showing that male is more easily to be influenced positively by basketball exercise. In the dimension of physiological fatigue, high standard of skills and long time of training is required for professional players while non-professional players do the exercise out of interest in a random way and always take rests according to their own body condition. Therefore, score in the dimension of physiological fatigue is higher for professional players than non-professional players. And female’s physical strength is lower, so easier to be tired than male.

Mood states before and after exercise under exercise of various intensities

Figure 9

.

Mood state comparison of college

students before and after basketball

exercises

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Self-esteem Panic

Energy Depression Fatigue Anger Tension

Low intensity Medium intensity Higher intensity High strength

Mood state is a kind of subtle, calm and lasting emotional status. It can always influence people’s speech, behavior and emotions in a long period of time. Taking basketball as an example, this paper divides the research subjects into four groups involved in basketball exercise of various intensities and analyze their mood states before and after

exercise from 7 dimensions using the profile of mood states with scores ranging from 0 to 4 which represents almost none to very much.

Figure 9 shows the mean difference in mood states of college basketball players before and after basketball exercise. According to it, basketball exercise of various intensities influences mood states of college students diversely in that there exist obvious gaps between mood states after exercise of high intensity and low intensity. All teams differ significantly in the dimensions of energy, self-esteem and tension, meaning basketball exercise can enhance students’ energy, self-esteem and relieve tension, better their mood status.

CONCLUSIONS

Except strengthening human body, sports can influence players’ mood states. This paper takes ball games as example and studies their emotional induction effect on college students with below conclusions drawn:

(1) Basketball and tennis have good psychological benefits as they can induce college students’ positive emotion, produce sound psychological pleasure and sense of identity.

(2) Basketball can better induce male’s positive emotion. Non-professional and professional male college basketball players have similar scores with no significant gap according to statistical analysis. Non-professional female basketball players are obviously lower than professional ones in dimensions of vitality excitation, physiological fatigue and active input.

(3) Comparison of mood states before and after exercise of various intensities shows that there exists obvious gap between mood states after exercise of high intensity and low intensity. All teams differ significantly in dimensions of energy, self-esteem and tension, showing that basketball exercise can enhance college students’ energy, self-esteem and relieve tension, thus improving their mood states.

REFERENCES

Campo, M., Champely, S., Louvet, B., Rosnet, E., Ferrand, C., Pauketat, J. V., & Mackie, D. M. (2019). Group-based emotions: Evidence for emotion-performance relationships in team sports. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 90(1), 54-63.

Dietrich, A. (2006). Transient hypofrontality as a mechanism for the psychological effects of exercise. Psychiatry Research, 145(1), 79-83.

(6)

PEI LI

269

Dudley, D. L., Holmes, T. H., Martin, C. J., & Ripley, H. S. (1964). Changes in respiration associated with hypnotically induced emotion, pain, and exercise.

Psychosomatic Medicine, 26(1), 46-57.

Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Griffin, M., & Thatcher, J. (2005). Injury representations, coping, emotions, and functional outcomes in athletes with sports‐related injuries: a test of self-regulation theory 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2345-2374.

Maguire, J. (1991). Towards a sociological theory of sport and the emotions: A figurational perspective. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 26(1), 25-35.

Morgan, J. A., Olagunju, A. T., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2018). Does ceasing exercise induce depressive symptoms? a systematic review of experimental trials including immunological and

neurogenic markers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234(5), 180-192.

Thing, L. F. (2001). The female warrior: meanings of play-aggressive emotions in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 36(3), 275-288. Wang, R. T., & Kaplanidou, K. (2013). I want to buy more because i feel good: the effect of sport-induced emotion on sponsorship. International

Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 15(1), 52-66.

Yoshikawa, S., & Sato, W. (2008). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion induce representational momentum. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(1), 25-31.

Zhuang, N., Zeng, Y., Yang, K., Zhang, C., Tong, L., & Yan, B. (2018). Investigating patterns for self-induced emotion recognition from EEG signals.