(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2 Ca
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
(OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
Ca (OH)2
(OH)2 Ca
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
I NDEX
1. O BJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
2. I NTRODUCTION
3. E ARTH -B ASED C ONSTRUCTIONS
3.1 Typological Classification
3.2 Historical Overview of rammed earth technique
3.3 The rammed earth technique
3.3.1 Tapial Typologies in Spain
3.4 State of the Art about Rammed-Earth Constructions study
3.4.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization
3.4.2 Physical and Mechanical Characterization
3.4.3 Earthen Materials Restoration techniques
4. M ATERIALS AND S CIENTIFIC M ETHODOLOGY
- - - - - -
- - - - -
2NaOH + CaCl2 → Ca(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaCl
𝜇
θ θ α
θ
𝑊𝐴𝐵𝛥𝑡= 𝑚4𝑚𝑖𝑛− 𝑚0.5𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ∙ 𝛥𝑡
𝛥
𝑣 = √𝐸 𝜌
1 − 𝜇 (1 + 𝜇)(1 − 2𝜇)
ρ
𝑃1(𝑇) = ∑ 𝑃𝐼
𝑇−1
𝑖=0
; 𝑃2(𝑇) = ∑ 𝑃𝐼
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖=𝑇
𝐻1(𝑇) = − ∑ 𝑃𝐼
𝑇−1
𝑖=0
log2𝑃𝐼 ; 𝐻2(𝑇) = − ∑ 𝑃𝐼log2𝑃𝐼
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖=𝑇
𝛥
∆𝐸∗ = √∆𝐿∗2+ ∆𝑎∗2 + ∆𝑏∗2
## libraries loading library("dplyr") library("ggplot2")
## data loading
peeling_results <- read.table(file = "data/Peeling_Test_data_R.csv", header=TRUE, sep=";", dec=",")
## Boxplot of removed material on area
p <- ggplot(data = peeling_results, aes(x = factor(Zone), y = remov_on_a rea)) +
geom_boxplot() +
labs(title = "Peeling Test Box Plot",
x = "Sample Zone", y = "Material Removed [mg/cm^2]") p
ggsave("peeling-box-plot-01.png", plot = p, path = "figures", scale = 1, width = 7, height = 4,
dpi = 300, limitsize = TRUE)
5. R ESULTS
5.1 Prior Characterization of an original piece of Heritage Value
5.2 Sampling Areas
5.3 Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization 5.3.1 Qualitative Study (X-Ray Diffraction Analysis)
5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Study
5.3.3 Chemical Composition Study (XRF Analysis)
5.3.4 Textural Study (SEM Analysis)
≃
5.4 Non-Destructive Testing
5.4.1 Surface Hardness study (Shore A)
5.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity study (Ultrasonic Test)
𝐸 = (𝑣2∙ 𝜌) ∙(1 + 𝜇)(1 − 2𝜇) 1 − 𝜇
5.5.3 Durability to Water study (Karsten Tube)
Δ
5.5 Reconstruction of Elements in a Real Intervention project
5.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Characterization
5.5.2 Surface Hardness study (Shore A and Peeling Test)
5.5.3 Modulus of Elasticity study (UltraSonic Test)
5.5.4 Durability to Water study (Karsten Tube)
Δ Δ
5.5.5 Textural study (Optical Microscopy Examination and SEM Analysis)
32,08 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
24h
Whitening Background
17,15 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
90s
Whitening Background
Δ
Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ
6. C ONCLUSIONS
B IBLIOGRAPHY
‐
I NDEX OF F IGURES
A NNEXES
Annex 1: Poster presentation for ANM2018 International Conference
Annex 2: Paper presentation for ANM2018 International Conference
Annex 3: Publication in Applied Surface Science Journal