The role of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles as consolidating and protective coating to extend the durability of earthen materials

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(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂ Ca

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

(OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

Ca (OH)₂

(OH)₂ Ca

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A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

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I NDEX

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1. O BJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

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2. I NTRODUCTION

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3. E ARTH -B ASED C ONSTRUCTIONS

3.1 Typological Classification

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3.2 Historical Overview of rammed earth technique

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3.3 The rammed earth technique

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3.3.1 Tapial Typologies in Spain

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3.4 State of the Art about Rammed-Earth Constructions study

3.4.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization

3.4.2 Physical and Mechanical Characterization

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3.4.3 Earthen Materials Restoration techniques

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4. M ATERIALS AND S CIENTIFIC M ETHODOLOGY

- - - - - -

- - - - -

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2NaOH + CaCl₂ → Ca(OH)₂ ↓ + 2NaCl

𝜇

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θ θ α

θ

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𝑊𝐴𝐵_𝛥𝑡= 𝑚_{4𝑚𝑖𝑛}− 𝑚_{0.5𝑚𝑖𝑛} 𝐴 ∙ 𝛥𝑡

𝛥

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𝑣 = √𝐸 𝜌

1 − 𝜇 (1 + 𝜇)(1 − 2𝜇)

ρ

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𝑃₁(𝑇) = ∑ 𝑃_𝐼

𝑇−1

𝑖=0

; 𝑃₂(𝑇) = ∑ 𝑃_𝐼

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑖=𝑇

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𝐻₁(𝑇) = − ∑ 𝑃_𝐼

𝑇−1

𝑖=0

log₂𝑃_𝐼 ; 𝐻₂(𝑇) = − ∑ 𝑃_𝐼log₂𝑃_𝐼

𝐼_𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑖=𝑇

𝛥

∆𝐸^∗ = √∆𝐿^∗2+ ∆𝑎^∗2 + ∆𝑏^∗2

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## libraries loading library("dplyr") library("ggplot2")

## data loading

peeling_results <- read.table(file = "data/Peeling_Test_data_R.csv", header=TRUE, sep=";", dec=",")

## Boxplot of removed material on area

p <- ggplot(data = peeling_results, aes(x = factor(Zone), y = remov_on_a rea)) +

geom_boxplot() +

labs(title = "Peeling Test Box Plot",

x = "Sample Zone", y = "Material Removed [mg/cm^2]") p

ggsave("peeling-box-plot-01.png", plot = p, path = "figures", scale = 1, width = 7, height = 4,

dpi = 300, limitsize = TRUE)

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5. R ESULTS

5.1 Prior Characterization of an original piece of Heritage Value

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5.2 Sampling Areas

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5.3 Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization 5.3.1 Qualitative Study (X-Ray Diffraction Analysis)

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5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Study

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5.3.3 Chemical Composition Study (XRF Analysis)

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5.3.4 Textural Study (SEM Analysis)

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≃

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5.4 Non-Destructive Testing

5.4.1 Surface Hardness study (Shore A)

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5.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity study (Ultrasonic Test)

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𝐸 = (𝑣²∙ 𝜌) ∙(1 + 𝜇)(1 − 2𝜇) 1 − 𝜇

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5.5.3 Durability to Water study (Karsten Tube)

Δ

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5.5 Reconstruction of Elements in a Real Intervention project

5.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Characterization

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5.5.2 Surface Hardness study (Shore A and Peeling Test)

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5.5.3 Modulus of Elasticity study (UltraSonic Test)

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5.5.4 Durability to Water study (Karsten Tube)

Δ Δ

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5.5.5 Textural study (Optical Microscopy Examination and SEM Analysis)

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32,08 1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

24h

Whitening Background

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17,15 1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

90s

Whitening Background

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Δ

Δ Δ

Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ

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6. C ONCLUSIONS



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B IBLIOGRAPHY

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I NDEX OF F IGURES

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A NNEXES

Annex 1: Poster presentation for ANM2018 International Conference

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Annex 2: Paper presentation for ANM2018 International Conference

Annex 3: Publication in Applied Surface Science Journal