Search for pair production of first-generation scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at √s=7TeV

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Search for Pair Production of First-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in pp Collisions at ffiffiffi

p s

¼ 7 TeV

V. Khachatryan et al.*

(CMS Collaboration)

(Received 17 December 2010; published 17 May 2011)

A search for pair production of first-generation scalar leptoquarks is performed in the final state containing two electrons and two jets using proton-proton collision data at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 33 pb¹collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The number of observed events is in good agreement with the predictions for the standard model background processes, and an upper limit is set on the leptoquark pair production cross section times²as a function of the leptoquark mass, where is the branching fraction of the leptoquark decay to an electron and a quark. A 95% confidence level lower limit is set on the mass of a first-generation scalar leptoquark at 384 GeV for ¼ 1, which is the most stringent direct limit to date.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.201802 PACS numbers: 14.80.Sv, 12.60.i, 13.85.Rm

Although the standard model (SM) of fundamental particles and their interactions is in excellent agreement with most collider data, there are compelling reasons to believe new physics should appear at high energy scales. Some well-motivated theories of physics beyond the SM, including grand unified theories [1], composite models [2], tech- nicolor [3–5], and superstring-inspired E6 models [6], postulate the existence of a symmetry, beyond that of the SM, relating quarks and leptons and implying the existence of new bosons, called leptoquarks (LQ). An LQ carries color, has fractional electric charge, can have spin 0 (scalar) or spin 1 (vector), and couples to a lepton and a quark with coupling strength. An LQ would decay to a charged lepton and a quark, with an unknown branching fraction , or a neutrino and a quark, with branching fraction 1 . A review of LQ phenomenology and searches can be found in [7,8]. Constraints from experiments sensitive to flavour-changing neutral currents, lepton-family-number violation, and other rare processes [9] favor LQs that couple to quarks and leptons within the same SM generation, for LQ masses accessible at current colliders. The first-generation scalar LQs studied in this Letter couple only to an electron or an electron neutrino and a light quark. Measurements at electron-proton colliders constrain the coupling to be comparable to or less than the electromagnetic couplingEM ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

4EM

p 0:3,

for a first-generation LQ mass, MLQ, less than 300 GeV [10,11]. Prior to this work, the D0 Collaboration set the most stringent limit for a broad range of the coupling on

the mass of the first-generation scalar LQ, namely,MLQ>

299 GeV for ¼ 1 [12].

This Letter presents the results of a search for pair production of first-generation scalar LQs using events containing two electrons and two jets from a data sample ofpp collisions at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV collected in 2010 with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 33:2 3:7 pb¹. Inpp collisions at this energy, LQs are predominantly produced in pairs via gluon-gluon fusion and quark-antiquark annihilation with a cross section that depends on the strong coupling constant s but is nearly independent of . This cross section depends on the spin and the mass of the LQ and, for scalar LQs, has been calculated including next-to-leading-order (NLO) quan- tum chromodynamics (QCD) corrections [13]. In this study we did not consider possible contributions from single LQ production, which has a cross section that is dependent on.

The CMS experiment [14] uses a right-handed coordi- nate system, with the origin at the nominal interaction point, the x axis pointing to the center of the LHC ring, the y axis pointing up (perpendicular to the LHC plane), and thez axis along the anticlockwise-beam direction. The polar angle, , is measured from the positive z axis and the azimuthal angle,, is measured in the x-y plane. The pseudorapidity is given by ¼ lnðtan=2Þ. The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid, of 6 m internal diameter, providing a field of 3.8 T.

Within the field volume are the silicon pixel and strip tracker, the crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), which includes a silicon sensor preshower detector in front of the ECAL endcaps, and the brass-scintillator hadron calorimeter (HCAL). Muons are measured in gas- ionization detectors embedded in the steel return yoke. In addition to the barrel and endcap detectors, CMS has extensive forward calorimetry. The ECAL has an ultimate

*Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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energy resolution of better than 0.5% for unconverted photons with transverse energies above 100 GeV. The energy resolution is 3% or better for the range of electron energies relevant for this analysis. The HCAL, when com- bined with the ECAL, measures jets with a resolution

E=E 100%= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi E½GeV

p 5%. The inner tracker measures charged particles within jj < 2:5 and provides an impact parameter resolution of15 m and a transverse momentum (p_T) resolution of about 1.5% for 100 GeV particles. The relative luminosity is measured using the forward calorimeters. Collision events were selected by a first level trigger made of a system of fast electronics and a higher level trigger that consists of a farm of commercial CPUs running a version of the offline reconstruction optimized for fast processing.

Events used in this analysis are collected with an efficiency greater than 99.9% by single and double electron triggers with various thresholds depending on the instan- taneous luminosity. Offline, events are required to contain at least one primary vertex withz position within 24 cm of the nominal center of the detector. Electron candidates are required to have an electromagnetic cluster in ECAL that is spatially matched to a reconstructed track in the central tracking system in both and . Electron candidates are further required to have a shower shape consistent with that of an electromagnetic shower, have a ratio between the hadronic and electromagnetic energy of less than 5%, and be isolated within a cone ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

²þ ²

p < 0:3 from other energy deposits in the calorimeter and from additional reconstructed tracks (beyond the matched track) in the central tracking system. More information about electron triggering and identification at CMS can be found else- where [15]. Jets, the experimental signature of the hadronization of partons, are reconstructed in this analysis from calorimetry information by the anti-kT algorithm [16] with the distance parameter set to 0.5. The energy response of the jets is adjusted by applying a correction determined from Monte Carlo (MC) simulated events and a residual correction derived from data by analyzing thep_T balance in di-jet events [17].

The collision data were compared to samples of MC generated events, where the response of the detector was simulated usingGEANT4[18]. The selection procedure as well as the electron and jet reconstructions described for the data are also applied to the MC simulation samples.

Signal samples for LQ masses from 200 to 500 GeV were generated with PYTHIA [19], version 6.422, tune D6T [20,21].

An initial sample containing at least two electrons and at least two jets is selected. The dominant SM processes that produce such events are Z= þ jets and tt, which are simulated, respectively, usingALPGEN[22] and

MADGRAPH [23,24] interfaced with PYTHIA for parton showering and hadronization. Other backgrounds include multijet production with two jets misidentified as electrons

andW þ jets events with one jet misidentified as an electron. There is also a small contribution from di-boson and single top production. The two leading (in pT) electrons and two leading jets are used in the analysis and, to reduce the backgrounds, required to havep_T > 30 GeV. Selected electrons and jets have pseudorapidities jj < 2:5 and jj < 3:0, respectively, and if any of the selected electrons are closer than R ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

²þ ²

p ¼ 0:7 to any of the

selected jets, the event is rejected. In addition, the prelimi- nary requirements Mee> 50 GeV and S_T> 250 GeV are applied, whereMeeis the di-electron invariant mass andS_T is defined as the sum of the magnitudes of thepTof the two leading electrons and two leading jets. At this stage of the selection, referred to as preselection, there are sufficient data to compare with the MC predictions. Good data-MC agreement is observed in the shape of all kinematic distributions of the selected electrons and jets. Figure1shows the MeeandST distributions. TheZ= þ jets MC distributions have been normalized to the data at the Z boson mass, as described later.

To reduce the background from Z ! ee production, a minimal value ofMeewell above the mass of theZ boson is required, and, to reduce all SM backgrounds,S_Tis required

(GeV) Mee

Number of events / bin

10-2

10-1

1 10

10 CMS Data, 33.2 pb^-1

* + jets γ Z/

t t

Other backgrounds LQ, M = 400 GeV

(GeV) Mee

-2 -1 2

(GeV) ST

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

10-2

10-1

1 10

102 CMS Data, 33.2 pb^-1

* + jets γ Z/

t t

Other backgrounds LQ, M = 400 GeV

(GeV) ST

-2 -1 2

FIG. 1 (color online). Top: theMeedistribution for events that have passed the preselection requirements. Bottom: the S_T distribution for events that have passed the preselection requirement, except the preselection requirement on S_T itself (S_T> 250 GeV), and have Mee> 125 GeV. The MC distributions for the signal ( ¼ 1) and the contributing backgrounds are shown. TheZ= þ jets MC has been normalized as described in the text. Other backgrounds includeW þ jets, di-boson, and single top. All background histograms are cumulative.

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to be large. While the LQ signal is expected to appear as a peak in the mass distribution of the electron-jet pairs, we find that theS_Tvariable is more powerful with the present statistics as it is not affected by combinatorics. The minimal values required for Mee and S_T were optimized by minimizing the expected upper limit on the leptoquark cross section in the absence of an observed signal using a Bayesian approach [8,25] that is well suited for counting experiments in the Poisson regime. The optimized lower value of Mee is found to be 125 GeV for all the LQ hypotheses under test, while the lower value ofS_T varies as indicated in Table I. Table I shows the number of surviving events for MC signal, MC background, and data samples after applying the full optimized selection.

The reported product of signal selection efficiency and acceptance is estimated from MC simulated events. The product of the di-electron efficiency and acceptance, prior to any Mee and jet requirements, varies from 58.7% to 68.0% for LQ masses from 200 to 500 GeV.

TheZ= þ jets background dominates the preselection sample. After the preselection, the ratio between data and MC events with 80< Mee< 100 GeV (where the contami- nation from other SM processes is 3%) is 1:20 0:14. This ratio is used to normalize theZ= þ jets MC events. The statistical uncertainty on this normalization factor is used as an uncertainty on the MC estimate of the Z= þ jets background after the full selection. In addition, a systematic uncertainty of 20% due to the modeling of the shape of this background is determined by comparing the number of Z= þ jets events surviving final S_T cut selections in

MADGRAPHsamples with the renormalization or factorization scales and matching thresholds varied by a factor of 2.

Thett background is estimated from MC calculations normalized to the CMS measurement of the tt cross section [26]. An uncertainty, 41%, is also taken from the same measurement. The small contribution from other background processes containing vector bosons is estimated by MC calculations. The multijet background is determined TABLE I. Number of events for MC LQ signal (for ¼ 1), MC background, and data samples after the full analysis selection and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 33:2 pb¹. The product of signal acceptance and efficiency is also reported for different LQ masses. TheZ= þ jets MC has been normalized to the data at the Z boson mass as described in the text. Other backgrounds include W þ jets, di-boson, and single top. The uncertainties reported here are from MC statistics. Systematic uncertainties are discussed later. The observed and expected 95% C.L. upper limit (u.l.) on the leptoquark pair production cross section are shown in the last column.

Signal samples (MC) Standard model background samples (MC) Selected events in

MLQ

(S_T Cut) [GeV]

Selected Events

Acceptance

Efficiency tt þ jets Z= þ jets Others All

Events in data

Obs./Exp.

95% C.L.

u.l. on [pb]

200 (S_T> 340) 117:5 0:8 0:297 0:002 2:6 0:1 2:0 0:2 0:27 0:05 4:9 0:2 2 0:441=0:720 250 (S_T> 400) 43:8 0:2 0:380 0:002 1:3 0:1 1:3 0:1 0:14 0:02 2:7 0:1 1 0:309=0:454 280 (S_T> 450) 24:4 0:1 0:403 0:002 0:69 0:05 0:87 0:07 0:10 0:02 1:7 0:1 1 0:305=0:373 300 (S_T> 470) 17:3 0:09 0:430 0:002 0:52 0:05 0:75 0:07 0:10 0:02 1:4 0:1 1 0:292=0:332 320 (S_T> 490) 12:3 0:06 0:451 0:002 0:43 0:04 0:65 0:07 0:08 0:02 1:2 0:1 1 0:283=0:305 340 (S_T> 510) 8:88 0:04 0:469 0:002 0:32 0:04 0:56 0:06 0:08 0:02 0:96 0:08 1 0:278=0:279 370 (S_T> 540) 5:55 0:02 0:496 0:002 0:26 0:03 0:47 0:06 0:07 0:02 0:80 0:07 1 0:267=0:254 400 (ST> 560) 3:55 0:02 0:522 0:002 0:20 0:03 0:41 0:05 0:06 0:02 0:67 0:07 1 0:257=0:234 450 (S_T> 620) 1:70 0:01 0:539 0:002 0:12 0:02 0:28 0:05 0:02 0:01 0:42 0:06 0 0:174=0:210 500 (S_T> 660) 0:868 0:003 0:565 0:002 0:08 0:02 0:23 0:05 0:02 0:01 0:33 0:05 0 0:166=0:194

TABLE II. Summary of the systematic uncertainties affecting the number of signal and background events for the hypothesis of LQ with mass of 300 GeV.

Systematic uncertainty Magnitude [%]

Effect on Nsignal[%]

Effect on N_{AllB kg}[%]

Data-driven uncertainty 22

Z= þ jets Background Shape 20 11

Jet Energy Scale 5 3 11

Elec. Energy Scale Barrel/Endcap 1=3 1 5

Electron Pair Reco/ID/Iso 10 10

MC Statistics 1 6

Integrated Luminosity 11 11

Total 15 28

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from data. The probability that an isolated electromagnetic cluster is reconstructed as an electron is measured in a background sample requiring a single cluster, a jet multi- plicity similar to the analysis final state, and small missing transverse energy. This probability and a data sample with two or more of these clusters and two or more jets were used to determine the multijet contribution to the final selection sample. The resulting systematic uncertainty is determined to be 20%. This background accounts for<1% of the total background for all LQ masses hypotheses with a decreasing trend for increasing LQ mass hypothesis, and is not considered any further.

The systematic uncertainties affecting the number of expected signal and background events are summarized in TableII. The jet and electron energy scale uncertainties are given in the second column of TableII. The reconstruction, identification, and isolation efficiency for electrons is determined from MC simulated events and a systematic uncertainty is assessed usingZ ! ee events from collision data [27]. The statistical uncertainty on the number of MC events surviving the full event selection is reported in Table I for the signal and background. The uncertainty on the integrated luminosity of the data sample is dominated by the uncertainty on the measurement of the beam current [28]. Uncertainties due to the choice of parton distribution functions (PDF) of the proton lead to changes in the total cross section and the acceptance for both signal and background processes. The effect of the PDF uncertainties (CTEQ6.6 [29]) on the signal acceptance is estimated using an event reweighting technique that uses the

LHAPDFpackage [30] and amounts to 0.1%. The effect on the signal acceptance of additional jets generated via initial and final state radiation is found to be less than 1%. Since a background normalization uncertainty is assessed based on data, uncertainties due to the PDF choice, electron efficiencies, and integrated luminosity are not applicable to the background estimate.

The number of observed events in the collision data sample that pass the selection criteria optimized for each LQ mass considered is consistent with the prediction from SM processes, as reported in TableI. An upper limit on the LQ cross section in the absence of signal is therefore set using a Bayesian approach [25] that uses a Poisson likelihood, a flat prior for the signal cross section, and log-normal priors for the parameters used to model the systematic uncertainties. Systematic uncertainties for the signal are dominated by the uncertainty on the integrated luminosity and the electron selection efficiencies, while the systematic uncertainties for the background are dominated by the uncertainty derived from data. Figure2(top) shows the 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limit on the LQ pair production cross section times ² as a function of the leptoquark mass for 33:2 pb¹ of integrated luminosity.

The systematic uncertainties reported in Table II are included in the calculation. The upper limits are compared to

an NLO prediction of the LQ pair production cross section [13] to set a 95% C.L. exclusion on LQ masses smaller than 384 GeV(expected 391 GeV), assuming ¼ 1. A theoretical uncertainty on the signal production cross sections due to the choice of renormalization/factorization scales (14%–15% for all LQ masses considered) has been

[GeV]

MLQ

[pb]σ×2 β

10-2

10-1

1 10 102

[GeV]

MLQ

[pb]σ×2 β

10-2

10-1

10 102

→ eq LQ

β=1) -1, exclusion (1 fb

∅ D

β=1 with theory uncertainty, theory

σ

× β2

Expected 95% C.L. upper limit Observed 95% C.L. upper limit

CMS Ldt=33.2 pb-1

∫

[GeV]

MLQ

200 250 300 350 400 450 500

β

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

[GeV]

MLQ

β

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

→ eq LQ

-1) exclusion (1 fb

∅ D

Expected 95% C.L. limit Observed 95% C.L. limit

CMS Ldt=33.2 pb-1

∫

FIG. 2 (color online). Top: the expected and observed upper limit at 95% C.L. on the LQ pair production cross section times

²as a function of the LQ mass. The systematic uncertainties reported in TableIIare included in the calculation. The shaded region is excluded by the current D0 limit for ¼ 1. The theory

curve and its band represent, respectively, the theoretical LQ pair production cross section and the uncertainties due to the choice of PDF and renormalization-factorization scales [13]. Bottom:

minimum for a 95% C.L. exclusion of the LQ hypothesis as a function of LQ mass. The observed (expected) exclusion curve is obtained using the observed (expected) upper limit and the central value of the theoretical LQ pair production cross section.

The band around the observed exclusion curve is obtained by considering the observed upper limit while taking into account the uncertainties on the theoretical cross section. The shaded region is excluded by the current D0 limits, which combines results from searches in the two electron, electron-neutrino, and two neutrino channels.

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calculated by varying the scales between half and twice the LQ mass, while a 90% C.L. PDF uncertainty (from 8 to 22%

for LQ masses from 200 to 500 GeV) has been obtained from the CTEQ6.6 error PDF set following the standard prescription detailed in Ref. [29]. If the observed cross section upper limit is compared with the lower boundary of the cross section uncertainty band, the lower limit on the LQ mass for ¼ 1 becomes 370 GeV(expected 375 GeV). Figure2(bottom) shows the minimum for a 95% C.L. exclusion of the LQ hypothesis as a function of LQ mass.

In conclusion, a search for pair production of first- generation scalar leptoquarks has been presented. The number of collision events, passing a selection optimized for exclusion of the LQ hypothesis, is in good agreement with the predictions for the SM background processes.

A Bayesian approach that includes the treatment of the systematic uncertainties as nuisance parameters has been used to set an upper limit on the LQ cross section. By comparing this upper limit to a theoretical calculation of the LQ pair production cross section, the existence of first- generation scalar LQ with masses below 384 GeV for

¼ 1 has been excluded at 95% C.L., with a corresponding cross section limit of 0.265 pb. The lower limits on the LQ mass set for values of larger than about 0.4 are the most restrictive direct limits to date.

We wish to thank Michael Kra¨mer for providing the NLO LQ pair production cross sections at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV. We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator de- partments for the excellent performance of the LHC ma- chine. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge support from: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria);

CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France);

BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece);

OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India);

IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia);

MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei);

TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

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V. Khachatryan,¹A. M. Sirunyan,¹A. Tumasyan,¹W. Adam,²T. Bergauer,²M. Dragicevic,²J. Ero¨,²C. Fabjan,² M. Friedl,²R. Fru¨hwirth,²V. M. Ghete,²J. Hammer,^2,bS. Ha¨nsel,²C. Hartl,²M. Hoch,²N. Ho¨rmann,²J. Hrubec,²

M. Jeitler,²G. Kasieczka,²W. Kiesenhofer,²M. Krammer,²D. Liko,²I. Mikulec,²M. Pernicka,²H. Rohringer,² R. Scho¨fbeck,²J. Strauss,²A. Taurok,²F. Teischinger,²P. Wagner,²W. Waltenberger,²G. Walzel,²E. Widl,² C.-E. Wulz,²V. Mossolov,³N. Shumeiko,³J. Suarez Gonzalez,³L. Benucci,⁴K. Cerny,⁴E. A. De Wolf,⁴X. Janssen,⁴

T. Maes,⁴L. Mucibello,⁴S. Ochesanu,⁴B. Roland,⁴R. Rougny,⁴M. Selvaggi,⁴H. Van Haevermaet,⁴ P. Van Mechelen,⁴N. Van Remortel,⁴S. Beauceron,⁵F. Blekman,⁵S. Blyweert,⁵J. D’Hondt,⁵O. Devroede,⁵ R. Gonzalez Suarez,⁵A. Kalogeropoulos,⁵J. Maes,⁵M. Maes,⁵S. Tavernier,⁵W. Van Doninck,⁵P. Van Mulders,⁵ G. P. Van Onsem,⁵I. Villella,⁵O. Charaf,⁶B. Clerbaux,⁶G. De Lentdecker,⁶V. Dero,⁶A. P. R. Gay,⁶G. H. Hammad,⁶

T. Hreus,⁶P. E. Marage,⁶L. Thomas,⁶C. Vander Velde,⁶P. Vanlaer,⁶J. Wickens,⁶V. Adler,⁷S. Costantini,⁷ M. Grunewald,⁷B. Klein,⁷A. Marinov,⁷J. Mccartin,⁷D. Ryckbosch,⁷F. Thyssen,⁷M. Tytgat,⁷L. Vanelderen,⁷

P. Verwilligen,⁷S. Walsh,⁷N. Zaganidis,⁷S. Basegmez,⁸G. Bruno,⁸J. Caudron,⁸L. Ceard,⁸ J. De Favereau De Jeneret,⁸C. Delaere,⁸P. Demin,⁸D. Favart,⁸A. Giammanco,⁸G. Gre´goire,⁸J. Hollar,⁸ V. Lemaitre,⁸J. Liao,⁸O. Militaru,⁸S. Ovyn,⁸D. Pagano,⁸A. Pin,⁸K. Piotrzkowski,⁸N. Schul,⁸N. Beliy,⁹ T. Caebergs,⁹E. Daubie,⁹G. A. Alves,¹⁰D. De Jesus Damiao,¹⁰M. E. Pol,¹⁰M. H. G. Souza,¹⁰W. Carvalho,¹¹

E. M. Da Costa,¹¹C. De Oliveira Martins,¹¹S. Fonseca De Souza,¹¹L. Mundim,¹¹H. Nogima,¹¹V. Oguri,¹¹ W. L. Prado Da Silva,¹¹A. Santoro,¹¹S. M. Silva Do Amaral,¹¹A. Sznajder,¹¹F. Torres Da Silva De Araujo,¹¹

F. A. Dias,¹²M. A. F. Dias,¹²T. R. Fernandez Perez Tomei,¹²E. M. Gregores,^12,cF. Marinho,¹²S. F. Novaes,¹² Sandra S. Padula,¹²N. Darmenov,^13,bL. Dimitrov,¹³V. Genchev,^13,bP. Iaydjiev,^13,bS. Piperov,¹³M. Rodozov,¹³

S. Stoykova,¹³G. Sultanov,¹³V. Tcholakov,¹³R. Trayanov,¹³I. Vankov,¹³M. Dyulendarova,¹⁴R. Hadjiiska,¹⁴ V. Kozhuharov,¹⁴L. Litov,¹⁴E. Marinova,¹⁴M. Mateev,¹⁴B. Pavlov,¹⁴P. Petkov,¹⁴J. G. Bian,¹⁵G. M. Chen,¹⁵ H. S. Chen,¹⁵C. H. Jiang,¹⁵D. Liang,¹⁵S. Liang,¹⁵J. Wang,¹⁵J. Wang,¹⁵X. Wang,¹⁵Z. Wang,¹⁵M. Xu,¹⁵ M. Yang,¹⁵J. Zang,¹⁵Z. Zhang,¹⁵Y. Ban,¹⁶S. Guo,¹⁶Y. Guo,¹⁶W. Li,¹⁶Y. Mao,¹⁶S. J. Qian,¹⁶H. Teng,¹⁶ L. Zhang,¹⁶B. Zhu,¹⁶W. Zou,¹⁶A. Cabrera,¹⁷B. Gomez Moreno,¹⁷A. A. Ocampo Rios,¹⁷A. F. Osorio Oliveros,¹⁷

J. C. Sanabria,¹⁷N. Godinovic,¹⁸D. Lelas,¹⁸K. Lelas,¹⁸R. Plestina,^18,dD. Polic,¹⁸I. Puljak,¹⁸Z. Antunovic,¹⁹ M. Dzelalija,¹⁹V. Brigljevic,²⁰S. Duric,²⁰K. Kadija,²⁰S. Morovic,²⁰A. Attikis,²¹M. Galanti,²¹J. Mousa,²¹ C. Nicolaou,²¹F. Ptochos,²¹P. A. Razis,²¹H. Rykaczewski,²¹Y. Assran,^22,eM. A. Mahmoud,^22,fA. Hektor,²³ M. Kadastik,²³K. Kannike,²³M. Mu¨ntel,²³M. Raidal,²³L. Rebane,²³V. Azzolini,²⁴P. Eerola,²⁴S. Czellar,²⁵ J. Ha¨rko¨nen,²⁵A. Heikkinen,²⁵V. Karima¨ki,²⁵R. Kinnunen,²⁵J. Klem,²⁵M. J. Kortelainen,²⁵T. Lampe´n,²⁵

K. Lassila-Perini,²⁵S. Lehti,²⁵T. Lindeń,²⁵P. Luukka,²⁵T. Maënpaä¨,²⁵E. Tuominen,²⁵J. Tuominiemi,²⁵ E. Tuovinen,²⁵D. Ungaro,²⁵L. Wendland,²⁵K. Banzuzi,²⁶A. Korpela,²⁶T. Tuuva,²⁶D. Sillou,²⁷M. Besancon,²⁸

S. Choudhury,²⁸M. Dejardin,²⁸D. Denegri,²⁸B. Fabbro,²⁸J. L. Faure,²⁸F. Ferri,²⁸S. Ganjour,²⁸F. X. Gentit,²⁸ A. Givernaud,²⁸P. Gras,²⁸G. Hamel de Monchenault,²⁸P. Jarry,²⁸E. Locci,²⁸J. Malcles,²⁸M. Marionneau,²⁸ L. Millischer,²⁸J. Rander,²⁸A. Rosowsky,²⁸I. Shreyber,²⁸M. Titov,²⁸P. Verrecchia,²⁸S. Baffioni,²⁹F. Beaudette,²⁹

L. Bianchini,²⁹M. Bluj,^29,gC. Broutin,²⁹P. Busson,²⁹C. Charlot,²⁹T. Dahms,²⁹L. Dobrzynski,²⁹ R. Granier de Cassagnac,²⁹M. Haguenauer,²⁹P. Mine´,²⁹C. Mironov,²⁹C. Ochando,²⁹P. Paganini,²⁹D. Sabes,²⁹

R. Salerno,²⁹Y. Sirois,²⁹C. Thiebaux,²⁹B. Wyslouch,^29,hA. Zabi,²⁹J.-L. Agram,^30,iJ. Andrea,³⁰A. Besson,³⁰ D. Bloch,³⁰D. Bodin,³⁰J.-M. Brom,³⁰M. Cardaci,³⁰E. C. Chabert,³⁰C. Collard,³⁰E. Conte,^30,iF. Drouhin,^30,i C. Ferro,³⁰J.-C. Fontaine,^30,iD. Gele´,³⁰U. Goerlach,³⁰S. Greder,³⁰P. Juillot,³⁰M. Karim,^30,iA.-C. Le Bihan,³⁰

Y. Mikami,³⁰P. Van Hove,³⁰F. Fassi,³¹D. Mercier,³¹C. Baty,³²N. Beaupere,³²M. Bedjidian,³²O. Bondu,³² G. Boudoul,³²D. Boumediene,³²H. Brun,³²N. Chanon,³²R. Chierici,³²D. Contardo,³²P. Depasse,³² H. El Mamouni,³²A. Falkiewicz,³²J. Fay,³²S. Gascon,³²B. Ille,³²T. Kurca,³²T. Le Grand,³²M. Lethuillier,³²

L. Mirabito,³²S. Perries,³²V. Sordini,³²S. Tosi,³²Y. Tschudi,³²P. Verdier,³²H. Xiao,³²L. Megrelidze,³³ V. Roinishvili,³³D. Lomidze,³⁴G. Anagnostou,³⁵M. Edelhoff,³⁵L. Feld,³⁵N. Heracleous,³⁵O. Hindrichs,³⁵ R. Jussen,³⁵K. Klein,³⁵J. Merz,³⁵N. Mohr,³⁵A. Ostapchuk,³⁵A. Perieanu,³⁵F. Raupach,³⁵J. Sammet,³⁵S. Schael,³⁵

D. Sprenger,³⁵H. Weber,³⁵M. Weber,³⁵B. Wittmer,³⁵M. Ata,³⁶W. Bender,³⁶M. Erdmann,³⁶J. Frangenheim,³⁶ T. Hebbeker,³⁶A. Hinzmann,³⁶K. Hoepfner,³⁶C. Hof,³⁶T. Klimkovich,³⁶D. Klingebiel,³⁶P. Kreuzer,³⁶ D. Lanske,^36,aC. Magass,³⁶G. Masetti,³⁶M. Merschmeyer,³⁶A. Meyer,³⁶P. Papacz,³⁶H. Pieta,³⁶H. Reithler,³⁶ S. A. Schmitz,³⁶L. Sonnenschein,³⁶J. Steggemann,³⁶D. Teyssier,³⁶M. Bontenackels,³⁷M. Davids,³⁷M. Duda,³⁷

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G. Flu¨gge,³⁷H. Geenen,³⁷M. Giffels,³⁷W. Haj Ahmad,³⁷D. Heydhausen,³⁷T. Kress,³⁷Y. Kuessel,³⁷A. Linn,³⁷ A. Nowack,³⁷L. Perchalla,³⁷O. Pooth,³⁷J. Rennefeld,³⁷P. Sauerland,³⁷A. Stahl,³⁷M. Thomas,³⁷D. Tornier,³⁷

M. H. Zoeller,³⁷M. Aldaya Martin,³⁸W. Behrenhoff,³⁸U. Behrens,³⁸M. Bergholz,^38,jK. Borras,³⁸A. Cakir,³⁸ A. Campbell,³⁸E. Castro,³⁸D. Dammann,³⁸G. Eckerlin,³⁸D. Eckstein,³⁸A. Flossdorf,³⁸G. Flucke,³⁸A. Geiser,³⁸

I. Glushkov,³⁸J. Hauk,³⁸H. Jung,³⁸M. Kasemann,³⁸I. Katkov,³⁸P. Katsas,³⁸C. Kleinwort,³⁸H. Kluge,³⁸ A. Knutsson,³⁸D. Kru¨cker,³⁸E. Kuznetsova,³⁸W. Lange,³⁸W. Lohmann,^38,jR. Mankel,³⁸M. Marienfeld,³⁸ I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann,³⁸A. B. Meyer,³⁸J. Mnich,³⁸A. Mussgiller,³⁸J. Olzem,³⁸A. Parenti,³⁸A. Raspereza,³⁸ A. Raval,³⁸R. Schmidt,^38,jT. Schoerner-Sadenius,³⁸N. Sen,³⁸M. Stein,³⁸J. Tomaszewska,³⁸D. Volyanskyy,³⁸

R. Walsh,³⁸C. Wissing,³⁸C. Autermann,³⁹S. Bobrovskyi,³⁹J. Draeger,³⁹H. Enderle,³⁹U. Gebbert,³⁹ K. Kaschube,³⁹G. Kaussen,³⁹R. Klanner,³⁹J. Lange,³⁹B. Mura,³⁹S. Naumann-Emme,³⁹F. Nowak,³⁹N. Pietsch,³⁹ C. Sander,³⁹H. Schettler,³⁹P. Schleper,³⁹M. Schro¨der,³⁹T. Schum,³⁹J. Schwandt,³⁹A. K. Srivastava,³⁹H. Stadie,³⁹

G. Steinbru¨ck,³⁹J. Thomsen,³⁹R. Wolf,³⁹C. Barth,⁴⁰J. Bauer,⁴⁰V. Buege,⁴⁰T. Chwalek,⁴⁰W. De Boer,⁴⁰ A. Dierlamm,⁴⁰G. Dirkes,⁴⁰M. Feindt,⁴⁰J. Gruschke,⁴⁰C. Hackstein,⁴⁰F. Hartmann,⁴⁰S. M. Heindl,⁴⁰ M. Heinrich,⁴⁰H. Held,⁴⁰K. H. Hoffmann,⁴⁰S. Honc,⁴⁰T. Kuhr,⁴⁰D. Martschei,⁴⁰S. Mueller,⁴⁰Th. Mu¨ller,⁴⁰ M. Niegel,⁴⁰O. Oberst,⁴⁰A. Oehler,⁴⁰J. Ott,⁴⁰T. Peiffer,⁴⁰D. Piparo,⁴⁰G. Quast,⁴⁰K. Rabbertz,⁴⁰F. Ratnikov,⁴⁰

M. Renz,⁴⁰C. Saout,⁴⁰A. Scheurer,⁴⁰P. Schieferdecker,⁴⁰F.-P. Schilling,⁴⁰G. Schott,⁴⁰H. J. Simonis,⁴⁰ F. M. Stober,⁴⁰D. Troendle,⁴⁰J. Wagner-Kuhr,⁴⁰M. Zeise,⁴⁰V. Zhukov,^40,kE. B. Ziebarth,⁴⁰G. Daskalakis,⁴¹

T. Geralis,⁴¹S. Kesisoglou,⁴¹A. Kyriakis,⁴¹D. Loukas,⁴¹I. Manolakos,⁴¹A. Markou,⁴¹C. Markou,⁴¹ C. Mavrommatis,⁴¹E. Ntomari,⁴¹E. Petrakou,⁴¹L. Gouskos,⁴²T. J. Mertzimekis,⁴²A. Panagiotou,⁴²I. Evangelou,⁴³ C. Foudas,⁴³P. Kokkas,⁴³N. Manthos,⁴³I. Papadopoulos,⁴³V. Patras,⁴³F. A. Triantis,⁴³A. Aranyi,⁴⁴G. Bencze,⁴⁴ L. Boldizsar,⁴⁴G. Debreczeni,⁴⁴C. Hajdu,^44,bD. Horvath,^44,lA. Kapusi,⁴⁴K. Krajczar,^44,mA. Laszlo,⁴⁴F. Sikler,⁴⁴ G. Vesztergombi,^44,mN. Beni,⁴⁵J. Molnar,⁴⁵J. Palinkas,⁴⁵Z. Szillasi,⁴⁵V. Veszpremi,⁴⁵P. Raics,⁴⁶Z. L. Trocsanyi,⁴⁶ B. Ujvari,⁴⁶S. Bansal,⁴⁷S. B. Beri,⁴⁷V. Bhatnagar,⁴⁷N. Dhingra,⁴⁷R. Gupta,⁴⁷M. Jindal,⁴⁷M. Kaur,⁴⁷J. M. Kohli,⁴⁷

M. Z. Mehta,⁴⁷N. Nishu,⁴⁷L. K. Saini,⁴⁷A. Sharma,⁴⁷A. P. Singh,⁴⁷J. B. Singh,⁴⁷S. P. Singh,⁴⁷S. Ahuja,⁴⁸ S. Bhattacharya,⁴⁸B. C. Choudhary,⁴⁸P. Gupta,⁴⁸S. Jain,⁴⁸S. Jain,⁴⁸A. Kumar,⁴⁸R. K. Shivpuri,⁴⁸ R. K. Choudhury,⁴⁹D. Dutta,⁴⁹S. Kailas,⁴⁹S. K. Kataria,⁴⁹A. K. Mohanty,^49,bL. M. Pant,⁴⁹P. Shukla,⁴⁹T. Aziz,⁵⁰

M. Guchait,^50,nA. Gurtu,⁵⁰M. Maity,^50,oD. Majumder,⁵⁰G. Majumder,⁵⁰K. Mazumdar,⁵⁰G. B. Mohanty,⁵⁰ A. Saha,⁵⁰K. Sudhakar,⁵⁰N. Wickramage,⁵⁰S. Banerjee,⁵¹S. Dugad,⁵¹N. K. Mondal,⁵¹H. Arfaei,⁵² H. Bakhshiansohi,⁵²S. M. Etesami,⁵²A. Fahim,⁵²M. Hashemi,⁵²A. Jafari,⁵²M. Khakzad,⁵²A. Mohammadi,⁵²

M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,⁵²S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi,⁵²B. Safarzadeh,⁵²M. Zeinali,⁵²M. Abbrescia,^53a,53b L. Barbone,^53a,53bC. Calabria,^53a,53bA. Colaleo,^53aD. Creanza,^53a,53cN. De Filippis,^53a,53cM. De Palma,^53a,53b

A. Dimitrov,^53aL. Fiore,^53aG. Iaselli,^53a,53cL. Lusito,^53a,53b,bG. Maggi,^53a,53cM. Maggi,^53aN. Manna,^53a,53b B. Marangelli,^53a,53bS. My,^53a,53cS. Nuzzo,^53a,53bN. Pacifico,^53a,53bG. A. Pierro,^53aA. Pompili,^53a,53b G. Pugliese,^53a,53cF. Romano,^53a,53cG. Roselli,^53a,53bG. Selvaggi,^53a,53bL. Silvestris,^53aR. Trentadue,^53a S. Tupputi,^53a,53bG. Zito,^53aG. Abbiendi,^54aA. C. Benvenuti,^54aD. Bonacorsi,^54aS. Braibant-Giacomelli,^54a,54b

L. Brigliadori,^54aP. Capiluppi,^54a,54bA. Castro,^54a,54bF. R. Cavallo,^54aM. Cuffiani,^54a,54bG. M. Dallavalle,^54a F. Fabbri,^54aA. Fanfani,^54a,54bD. Fasanella,^54aP. Giacomelli,^54aM. Giunta,^54aS. Marcellini,^54a M. Meneghelli,^54a,54bA. Montanari,^54aF. L. Navarria,^54a,54bF. Odorici,^54aA. Perrotta,^54aF. Primavera,^54a A. M. Rossi,^54a,54bT. Rovelli,^54a,54bG. Siroli,^54a,54bR. Travaglini,^54a,54bS. Albergo,^55a,55bG. Cappello,^55a,55b M. Chiorboli,^55a,55b,bS. Costa,^55a,55bA. Tricomi,^55a,55bC. Tuve,^55aG. Barbagli,^56aV. Ciulli,^56a,56bC. Civinini,^56a R. D’Alessandro,^56a,56bE. Focardi,^56a,56bS. Frosali,^56a,56bE. Gallo,^56aC. Genta,^56aS. Gonzi,^56a,56bP. Lenzi,^56a,56b M. Meschini,^56aS. Paoletti,^56aG. Sguazzoni,^56aA. Tropiano,^56a,bL. Benussi,^57aS. Bianco,^57aS. Colafranceschi,^57a,p

F. Fabbri,^57aD. Piccolo,^57aP. Fabbricatore,^58aR. Musenich,^58aA. Benaglia,^59a,59bF. De Guio,^59a,59b,b L. Di Matteo,^59a,59bA. Ghezzi,^59a,59b,bM. Malberti,^59a,59bS. Malvezzi,^59aA. Martelli,^59a,59bA. Massironi,^59a,59b

D. Menasce,^59aL. Moroni,^59aM. Paganoni,^59a,59bD. Pedrini,^59aS. Ragazzi,^59a,59bN. Redaelli,^59aS. Sala,^59a T. Tabarelli de Fatis,^59a,59bV. Tancini,^59a,59bS. Buontempo,^60aC. A. Carrillo Montoya,^60aA. Cimmino,^60a,60b

A. De Cosa,^60a,60bM. De Gruttola,^60a,60bF. Fabozzi,^60a,qA. O. M. Iorio,^60aL. Lista,^60aM. Merola,^60a,60b P. Noli,^60a,60bP. Paolucci,^60aP. Azzi,^61aN. Bacchetta,^61aP. Bellan,^61a,61bD. Bisello,^61a,61bA. Branca,^61a R. Carlin,^61a,61bP. Checchia,^61aE. Conti,^61aM. De Mattia,^61a,61bT. Dorigo,^61aU. Dosselli,^61aF. Fanzago,^61a F. Gasparini,^61a,61bU. Gasparini,^61a,61bP. Giubilato,^61a,61bA. Gresele,^61a,61cS. Lacaprara,^61aI. Lazzizzera,^61a,61c

M. Margoni,^61a,61bM. Mazzucato,^61aA. T. Meneguzzo,^61a,61bL. Perrozzi,^61a,bN. Pozzobon,^61a,61b

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P. Ronchese,^61a,61bF. Simonetto,^61a,61bE. Torassa,^61aM. Tosi,^61a,61bS. Vanini,^61a,61bP. Zotto,^61a,61b G. Zumerle,^61a,61bP. Baesso,^62a,62bU. Berzano,^62aC. Riccardi,^62a,62bP. Torre,^62a,62bP. Vitulo,^62a,62bC. Viviani,^62a,62b

M. Biasini,^63a,63bG. M. Bilei,^63aB. Caponeri,^63a,63bL. Fano`,^63a,63bP. Lariccia,^63a,63bA. Lucaroni,^63a,63b,b G. Mantovani,^63a,63bM. Menichelli,^63aA. Nappi,^63a,63bA. Santocchia,^63a,63bL. Servoli,^63aS. Taroni,^63a,63b

M. Valdata,^63a,63bR. Volpe,^63a,63b,bP. Azzurri,^64a,64cG. Bagliesi,^64aJ. Bernardini,^64a,64bT. Boccali,^64a,b G. Broccolo,^64a,64cR. Castaldi,^64aR. T. D’Agnolo,^64a,64cR. Dell’Orso,^64aF. Fiori,^64a,64bL. Foa`,^64a,64cA. Giassi,^64a

A. Kraan,^64aF. Ligabue,^64a,64cT. Lomtadze,^64aL. Martini,^64aA. Messineo,^64a,64bF. Palla,^64aF. Palmonari,^64a S. Sarkar,^64a,64cG. Segneri,^64aA. T. Serban,^64aP. Spagnolo,^64aR. Tenchini,^64aG. Tonelli,^64a,64b,bA. Venturi,^64a,b P. G. Verdini,^64aL. Barone,^65a,65bF. Cavallari,^65aD. Del Re,^65a,65bE. Di Marco,^65a,65bM. Diemoz,^65aD. Franci,^65a,65b

M. Grassi,^65aE. Longo,^65a,65bG. Organtini,^65a,65bA. Palma,^65a,65bF. Pandolfi,^65a,65b,bR. Paramatti,^65a S. Rahatlou,^65a,65bN. Amapane,^66a,66bR. Arcidiacono,^66a,66cS. Argiro,^66a,66bM. Arneodo,^66a,66cC. Biino,^66a

C. Botta,^66a,66b,bN. Cartiglia,^66aR. Castello,^66a,66bM. Costa,^66a,66bN. Demaria,^66aA. Graziano,^66a,66b,b C. Mariotti,^66aM. Marone,^66a,66bS. Maselli,^66aE. Migliore,^66a,66bG. Mila,^66a,66bV. Monaco,^66a,66bM. Musich,^66a,66b

M. M. Obertino,^66a,66cN. Pastrone,^66aM. Pelliccioni,^66a,66b,bA. Romero,^66a,66bM. Ruspa,^66a,66cR. Sacchi,^66a,66b V. Sola,^66a,66bA. Solano,^66a,66bA. Staiano,^66aD. Trocino,^66a,66bA. Vilela Pereira,^66a,66b,bS. Belforte,^67a F. Cossutti,^67aG. Della Ricca,^67a,67bB. Gobbo,^67aD. Montanino,^67a,67bA. Penzo,^67aS. G. Heo,⁶⁸S. Chang,⁶⁹ J. Chung,⁶⁹D. H. Kim,⁶⁹G. N. Kim,⁶⁹J. E. Kim,⁶⁹D. J. Kong,⁶⁹H. Park,⁶⁹D. Son,⁶⁹D. C. Son,⁶⁹Zero Kim,⁷⁰ J. Y. Kim,⁷⁰S. Song,⁷⁰S. Choi,⁷¹B. Hong,⁷¹M. Jo,⁷¹H. Kim,⁷¹J. H. Kim,⁷¹T. J. Kim,⁷¹K. S. Lee,⁷¹D. H. Moon,⁷¹ S. K. Park,⁷¹H. B. Rhee,⁷¹E. Seo,⁷¹S. Shin,⁷¹K. S. Sim,⁷¹M. Choi,⁷²S. Kang,⁷²H. Kim,⁷²C. Park,⁷²I. C. Park,⁷²

S. Park,⁷²G. Ryu,⁷²Y. Choi,⁷³Y. K. Choi,⁷³J. Goh,⁷³J. Lee,⁷³S. Lee,⁷³H. Seo,⁷³I. Yu,⁷³M. J. Bilinskas,⁷⁴ I. Grigelionis,⁷⁴M. Janulis,⁷⁴D. Martisiute,⁷⁴P. Petrov,⁷⁴T. Sabonis,⁷⁴H. Castilla Valdez,⁷⁵E. De La Cruz Burelo,⁷⁵

R. Lopez-Fernandez,⁷⁵A. Sa´nchez Herna´ndez,⁷⁵L. M. Villasenor-Cendejas,⁷⁵S. Carrillo Moreno,⁷⁶ F. Vazquez Valencia,⁷⁶H. A. Salazar Ibarguen,⁷⁷E. Casimiro Linares,⁷⁸A. Morelos Pineda,⁷⁸M. A. Reyes-Santos,⁷⁸

P. Allfrey,⁷⁹D. Krofcheck,⁷⁹P. H. Butler,⁸⁰R. Doesburg,⁸⁰H. Silverwood,⁸⁰M. Ahmad,⁸¹I. Ahmed,⁸¹ M. I. Asghar,⁸¹H. R. Hoorani,⁸¹W. A. Khan,⁸¹T. Khurshid,⁸¹S. Qazi,⁸¹M. Cwiok,⁸²W. Dominik,⁸²K. Doroba,⁸²

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P. Faccioli,⁸⁴P. G. Ferreira Parracho,⁸⁴M. Gallinaro,⁸⁴P. Martins,⁸⁴P. Musella,⁸⁴A. Nayak,⁸⁴P. Q. Ribeiro,⁸⁴ J. Seixas,⁸⁴P. Silva,⁸⁴J. Varela,⁸⁴H. K. Wo¨hri,⁸⁴I. Belotelov,⁸⁵P. Bunin,⁸⁵M. Finger,⁸⁵M. Finger, Jr.,⁸⁵ I. Golutvin,⁸⁵A. Kamenev,⁸⁵V. Karjavin,⁸⁵G. Kozlov,⁸⁵A. Lanev,⁸⁵P. Moisenz,⁸⁵V. Palichik,⁸⁵V. Perelygin,⁸⁵

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