Architectural, functional, and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle

Título artículo / Títol article:

Architectural, functional, and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle

Autores / Autors

Martino V. Franchi, Philip J. Atherton, Neil D.

Reeves, Martin Flück, John Williams, William K.

Mitchell, Anna Selby, María Reyes Beltrán Valls, Marco Vincenzo Narici

Revista:

Acta Physiologica, v. 210, n. 3 (March 2014)

Versión / Versió:

Postprint de l’autor

Cita bibliográfica / Cita bibliogràfica (ISO 690):

FRANCHI, Martino V…[et al.]. Architectural, functional, and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica, v. 210, n. 3 (March 2014), pp. 642-654

url Repositori UJI:

http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/123723

Accepted Article

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an 'Accepted Article', doi: 10.1111/apha.12225

‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ–‡ǣͲ͹Ǧ—‰ǦʹͲͳ͵

‡˜‹•‹‘‡“—‡•–‡†ǣʹ͵Ǧ‡’ǦʹͲͳ͵

‡˜‹•‡†ƒ–‡ǣʹ͹Ǧ‡…ǦʹͲͳ͵

……‡’–‡†ƒ–‡ǣ͵ͲǦ‡…ǦʹͲͳ͵

”–‹…Ž‡–›’‡ǣ‡‰—Žƒ”ƒ’‡”



Architectural, functional, and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle

ͳǡʹ

ƒ”–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ…Š‹ǡ

Š‹Ž‹’ Ǥ–Š‡”–‘ǡ

‡‹ŽǤ‡‡˜‡•ǡ

ƒ”–‹ Žò…ǡ

ͳ

‘Š‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ

‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‹–…Š‡ŽŽǡ

ƒ‡Ž„›ǡ

‡›‡•Ǥ‡Ž–”ƒǦƒŽŽ•

ƒ†

ƒ”…‘Ǥƒ”‹…‹

Authors Affiliation

1MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Division of Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK



2Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

3Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland

Authors Contribution

‘…‡‹˜‡† ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡† –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǣ      Ǥ ‡”ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡

‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǣ    Ǥ ƒŽ›•‡† –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǣ    Ǥ ‘–”‹„—–‡†

”‡ƒ‰‡–•Ȁƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȀƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘‘Žǣ   Ǥ”‘–‡–Š‡’ƒ’‡”ǣ  

Accepted Article

 Ǥ

Running head: —•…—Žƒ””‡•’‘•‡•–‘…‘…‡–”‹…˜•Ǥ‡……‡–”‹…–”ƒ‹‹‰‹›‘—‰‡

Corresponding author: ƒ”–‹‘ ”ƒ…Š‹



Ǧ‡–”‡‘ˆš…‡ŽŽ‡…‡ˆ‘”—•…—Ž‘•‡Ž‡–ƒŽ‰‡‹‰ǡ…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡–”›

‡†‹…‹‡Ƭ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‹‘‡†‹…ƒŽ…‹‡…‡•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘––‹‰Šƒǡ‘›ƒŽ‡”„›

‘•’‹–ƒŽǡ‡”„›ǡʹʹ͵



Ǧƒ‹Žǣƒ”–‹‘Ǥˆ”ƒ…Š‹̷‘––‹‰ŠƒǤƒ…Ǥ—



‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ǣΪͶͶǦȋͲȌͳ͵͵ʹ͹ʹͶ͸Ͳͳ

ABSTRACT

Aim: ‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽǡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ

•‡Ž‡–ƒŽ —•…Ž‡ –‘ …‘…‡–”‹… ȋȌ ‘” ‡……‡–”‹… ȋȌ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ȋȌǤ Methods: ™‡Ž˜‡ ›‘—‰ ƒŽ‡• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ͳͲ ™‡‡• ‘ˆ …‘…‡–”‹… ȋȌ ‘” ‡……‡–”‹…

ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ȋȌȋα͸ǡ͸ȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽͳͶƒŽ‡•™‡”‡”‡…”—‹–‡†

–‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ƒ…—–‡ —•…Ž‡ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ† ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‹ „‹‘’•‹‡•

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘˜ƒ•–—•Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹•ȋȌƒˆ–‡”͵Ͳ‹‘ˆ•‹‰Ž‡„‘—–•‘ˆ‘”‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ

˜‘Ž—‡™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ‰‡–‹…”‡•‘ƒ…‡‹ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ—•…Ž‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ȋˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡

Ž‡‰–ŠǡˆǢ’‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰Ž‡ǡȌ™ƒ•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†„›—Ž–”ƒ•‘‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ—•…Ž‡”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰

•‹‰ƒŽ• –‘  ‘”  Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ȋȀǦƒƒŽ‹ƒ –ƒ”‰‡– ‘ˆ ”ƒ’ƒ›…‹ ȋȌ

•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰Ȍ ƒ† ‹ˆŽƒƒ–‘”› ’ƒ–Š™ƒ› ȋ α/—”ˆǦͳǦ „šȌ ™‡”‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† „›

‹—‘„Ž‘––‹‰Ǥ

Resultsǣ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡̱ͳǤʹˆ‘Ž†‰”‡ƒ–‡”Ž‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹—•…Ž‡

˜‘Ž—‡ȋΪͺΨƒ†Ϊ͸ΨȌƒ†‹ƒš‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›‹•‘‡–”‹……‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ȋΪͻΨ

ƒ†ΪͳͳΨȌ™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ƒˆ–‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹ˆ™‡”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒˆ–‡”

–ŠƒȋΪͳʹ˜•ǤΪͷΨȌ™Š‹Ž‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹™‡”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹–ŠƒȋΪ͵Ͳ

˜•ǤΪͷΨȌǤ‹•–‹…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š‹

Accepted Article

–Š‡†‹•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆˆ‘”ȋΪΪͺΨ˜•ǤΪΪʹȌƒ†‹†Ǧ„‡ŽŽ›ˆ‘”ȋΪ͹

˜•Ǥ  ΪͳͳΨȌǤ Š‹Ž‡  ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋ’͵ͺǡ ͳȀʹǡ ’ͻͲȌ ™ƒ• •’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‘

ǡ‡‹–Š‡”‘†‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†Ǧ‘”‹ˆŽƒƒ–‘”›•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰͵Ͳ‹ƒˆ–‡”‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ Conclusionǣ—•…Ž‡‰”‘™–Š™‹–Š ƒ†‘……—”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰†‹•–‹…–ˆ‹„”‡ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†‘Ž‡…—Žƒ””‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ



Key words:……‡–”‹…Ȁ…‘…‡–”‹…Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ—•…Ž‡”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰

Introduction

‡Ž‡–ƒŽ —•…Ž‡• …ƒ …‘–”ƒ…– „› •Š‘”–‡‹‰ ȋ…‘…‡–”‹…Ȍ ‘” Ž‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ȋ‡……‡–”‹…Ȍ

ȋ ‘›…‡‡–ƒŽǤͳͻ͸ͻǢ ‘›…‡Ƭƒ…ͳͻ͸ͻȌǤDz‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽdz”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‡š‡”…‹•‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ—•‹‰

…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ƒ…Š‹‡• ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– …‘‘ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡Ǧ‡š‡”…‹•‡ǡ

…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆŽ‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‹‰ƒ…‘•–ƒ–‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†ǤŠ—•ǡ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡

‡š‡”…‹•‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ …‘„‹‡•  ȋŽ‹ˆ–‹‰Ǧ’Šƒ•‡Ȍ ƒ†  ȋŽ‘™‡”‹‰Ǧ’Šƒ•‡Ȍ ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ

……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡Ǧ˜‡Ž‘…‹–›ȋ ǦȌ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡ‡ƒ…Š˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆˆ‘”…‡ƒ†˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ƒ

‰‹˜‡ …—”˜‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡—”ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹‰Žƒ† Ƭ ‹’’‘Ž†ǡ

ͳͻͷͶǢƒ‹ŽŽ‡”‹Ƭ—ŽŽǡʹͲͲͷǢŠ‘™Ƭƒ”Ž‹‰ǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ‡–ǡ–Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹•‘–‡–„›

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‹•†‹•’Žƒ…‡††—”‹‰„‘–ŠŽ‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‹‰

’Šƒ•‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ‘–‘”—‹–•—•–„‡†‡Ǧ”‡…”—‹–‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ”––‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†–‘„‡

Ž‘™‡”‡†ȋ‡‡˜‡•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌǢƒ••—…Š–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†—•‡†ˆ‘”…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰‹•Ž‹‹–‡†

„› –Š‡  —•…Ž‡ ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡  …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡

–”ƒ‹‹‰‹•‘–—†‡”ǦŽ‘ƒ†‡†ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–Šƒ–„‘–Š•Š‘”–‡‹‰ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‡‹‰

’Šƒ•‡• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡Ǧ˜‡Ž‘…‹–› …—”˜‡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ Ž‘ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† „‡

‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡  –Šƒ –Š‡  …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ȋƒ–œ ͳͻ͵ͻȌǡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡

•ƒ‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡—”ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘†‡•Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –‘ ‘—”

‘™Ž‡†‰‡…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•‘ˆ’—”‡–‘‡š‡”…‹•‡™‹–Š•—…Šƒ–…Š‹‰–‘‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡

Accepted Article

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰•–‹—Ž—•ǡ‡‡–‹‰ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‡‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ˜‡ ‘–

›‡–„‡‡ƒ†‡Ǥ



 ”‡…‡– ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡‡˜‡• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻȌ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ– †‹•–‹…– Ž‘ƒ†‹‰

’ƒ––‡”•ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‹•–‹…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡š‡”…‹•‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†

„›‘”–‘„ž‰›‹et al.ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ–Š‹•’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›ȋ‡‡˜‡•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻȌǡ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

”‡•’‘•‡•–‘—•…Ž‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‹‘Ž†‡”Ǧƒ‰‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—†‡”‰‘‹‰…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ˜•Ǥ

‘Ž› –”ƒ‹‹‰ ”‡‰‹‡• ™‡”‡ …‘’ƒ”‡†Ǥ ˆ–‡” ͳͶǦ™ ‘ˆ –”ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘–‡† ƒ

‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹—•…Ž‡ˆ‹„”‡ȋˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ǢˆȌŽ‡‰–Š‹–Š‡‘Ž›‰”‘—’…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘

–Š‡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ  ‰”‘—’Ǥ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ’‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ȋȌ ™‡”‡ ‘Ž›

‡˜‹†‡–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽǡ„—–‘–ƒˆ–‡”‘Ž›‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ•‹…‡

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‹š–—”‡•‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

”‡•’‘•‡•–‘Dz’—”‡dz‘”…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹•‘–‘‹…ƒ…Š‹‡•

™‹–Š•—…Šƒ–…Š‹‰ˆ‘””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰•–‹—Ž—•ƒ”‡—‘™Ǥ



‹•–‹…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•–‘˜•Ǥ…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ•

–‘ ™Šƒ– …‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ ‹…‡ „‘–Š Š—ƒ ƒ† ’”‡Ǧ …Ž‹‹…ƒŽ™‘”Šƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡…‡‘ˆ†‹•–‹…–‘Ž‡…—Žƒ””‡•’‘•‡•–‘‡Ǥ‰Ǥ˜•Ǥ

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ ‹– ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– •‹‹Žƒ” ‡…Šƒ‹•• —†‡”Ž‹‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• •‡‡• •—’’‘”–‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡…‡– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ–  ˜•Ǥ

 ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ …ƒ”†‹‘›‘…›–‡• ‹• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡† ˜‹ƒ ͳȀʹ  •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ȋ‡Šƒ– ‡– ƒŽǤ

ʹͲͳͳȌǡ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ…—–‡•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹”‡•’‘•‡˜•Ǥ‡š‡”…‹•‡

…‘—Ž† —†‡”Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‡•—‹‰ †‹•–‹…– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ

—•‹‰ ‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ”ƒ– —•…Ž‡ ”‡–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋ”‡–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͳȌ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‰”‡ƒ–‡”

‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ’Š‘•’Š‘”›Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ͳȀʹ ƒ† ’͵ͺ • ‹†—…‡† „›  ˜•Ǥ 

Accepted Article

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ ƒ”–‹‡ƒ— ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋƒ”–‹‡ƒ— Ƭ ƒ”†‹‡” ʹͲͲͳȌǡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ–

ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘—•…—Žƒ”–‡•‹‘™‹–Š

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •–‹—Ž—•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹…”‘ƒ””ƒ› ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‹ ›‘—‰ ‡

ȋ‘•–‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹Ȍ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡††‹•–‹…–”‡•’‘•‡•–‘acute˜•Ǥ…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹… —•…Ž‡ ”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–• „‘–Š ˆ”‘ †‹•–‹…–

•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ† ‰‡‘‹… ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘  ˜•Ǥ  ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡  ȋ‘” ‘–Š‡”Ȍ •‹‰ƒŽ• ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–‹…– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

„ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ •‡Ž‡–ƒŽ —•…Ž‡ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š› ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘  ˜•Ǥ  ‡š‡”…‹•‡ǡ ”‡ƒ‹•

—‘™Ǥ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™ƒ•–‘…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ’—”‡˜•Ǥ

‡š‡”…‹•‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—–…‘‡•ǡ ƒ†

”‡Žƒ–‡–Š‹•–‘—•…Ž‡…‡ŽŽ•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰”‡•’‘•‡•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡†‹•–‹…–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ

ƒ† ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• –‘  ˜•Ǥ  –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ  Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ’—– ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ™ƒ•

–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•ȋ•Š‘”–‡‹‰˜•ǤŽ‡‰–Š‡‹‰Ȍǡ…Š”‘‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ†

ƒ–…Š‡†–‘„ƒŽƒ…‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‹†—…‡‡–ǡ™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹†‹•–‹…–ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•

‹ —•…Ž‡ ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ˆ—…–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǣ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ƒ†

„‹‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ‡…Šƒ‹••ƒ›„‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•‡†‹•–‹…–”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ

METHODS

‡”‡…”—‹–‡†ͳʹ›‘—‰‡ȋʹͷ±͵›ǡŠ‡‹‰Š–αͳͺʹ±ͺǤͷ…ǡƒ••α͹ͳǤͻ±ͺǤͷ‰Ǣ‡ƒ•ά

Ȍ ‘– ’ƒ”–ƒ‹‰ ‹ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ —†‡”‰‘ ƒ ͳͲǦ™‡‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡

‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ƒš‹— ‹•‘‡–”‹… ‡‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘ –‘”“—‡ǡ

–Š‡› ™‡”‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ȋƒ–…Š‡† ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ •–”‡‰–ŠȌ ‹–‘ –™‘ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”‘—’•ǣ  ȋǡ

α͸ǡʹͷ±͵›Ȍ‘”ȋǡα͸ǡʹͷ±͵›ȌǤ ‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‡š‡”…‹•‡–”ƒ‹‹‰™ƒ•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–™‹–Š

Accepted Article

ƒŽ‡‰Ǧ’”‡••ƒ…Š‹‡ȋ‡…Š‘‰›ǡƒ„‡––‘Žƒ–ƒŽ›Ȍ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ

‡Ž‡…–”‹… ‡‰‹‡ ƒ––ƒ…Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ… ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰Ǧ’”‡•• ȋ ‹‰ ͳȌǣ ‹ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‹” ™ƒ•

’—ŽŽ‡†„ƒ…™‹–Šƒ…ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–…‘‡…–‡†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…™‹…Š–‘–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–•–ƒ…˜‹ƒƒ•–‡‡Ž

…ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–• †‹† ‘– ‡š‡”– ƒ› ˆ‘”…‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” “—ƒ†”‹…‡’• –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”

™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –Š‡ …‘…‡–”‹… …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡

…Šƒ‹” ™ƒ• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ‹– ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ Ž‘™‡” –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ž‘ƒ† —†‡” …‘–”‘Ž

–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”‹…‡’•Ǥ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒǦ‘Ž›

‘˜‡‡– …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‡‰‹‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ‘Ž› †—”‹‰

Ž‘™‡”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–•—„Œ‡…–•†‹†‘–‡š‡”–ƒ›ˆ‘”…‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”“—ƒ†”‹…‡’•

–‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ „‡‡ –Š‡ ‡……‡–”‹… …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ

Š‡ –‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ™ƒ• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’•ǣ –Š‡  ™‡”‡

ƒ•‡†–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘‹̱ʹ•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‹•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™ƒ•̱͵•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ

‹†‡‡† Ž‘™‡”‡† —†‡” …‘–”‘Ž ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ’‡”‹‘† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ™ƒ•

’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹•ƒ–‹‘ •‡••‹‘ǡ –Š”‡‡ –‹‡• ’‡” ™‡‡ ˆ‘” ͳͲǦ™ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡

–”ƒ‹‡†„‘–ŠŽ‡‰•„—–—‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‘–Š–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ…—–‡‡š‡”…‹•‡„‘—–•‘–Š‡Ž‡‰’”‡••

ƒ…Š‹‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡ƒ‹‡š–‡•‘”—•…Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‹„•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ‹‹‰Ž‘ƒ†—•‡†

‹‹—‘ˆͺ–‘ƒƒš‹—‘ˆͳͲ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•™‹–Š‘‡Ǧ‹—–‡”‡•–‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–•Ǥ

Š‡ͳ™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡†—‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ–‡”ƒ™ƒ”Ǧ—’’”‘‰”ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘–Š‡Ž‡‰’”‡••

ƒ…Š‹‡ —•‹‰ ƒ ˜‡”› Ž‹‰Š– ™‡‹‰Š– –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘” ͺ –‘ ͳͲ

”‡’‡–‹–‹‘• ‡‹–Š‡” …‘…‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ› ȋŽ‹ˆ–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ƒ† ’Šƒ•‡Ȍ ‘” ‡……‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ› ȋŽ‘™‡”‹‰

’Šƒ•‡ȌǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘–‘…‘Žˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”„‘–Š…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘’Šƒ•‡•™ƒ•–Š‡‘‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†

„› ƒ‡…ŠŽ‡ Ƭ ƒ”Ž‡ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ …‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

Accepted Article

Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡•…‹‡…‡ˆƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…Š‡•–‡”‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†…‘ˆ‘”‡†–‘

–Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡Ž•‹‹Ǥ‘Ž—–‡‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡

’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘…‡†—”‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‹••‹˜‘Ž˜‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡‹”™”‹––‡…‘•‡–



Measurement of electromyographic (EMG) activity

‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡‡š–‡•‘”•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ

‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡—”ƒŽ†”‹˜‡–‘–Š‹•—•…Ž‡‰”‘—’†—”‹‰–Š‡–‡•–•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘–Š‡›„‡š

†›ƒ‘‡–‡”Ǥ™‘•—”ˆƒ…‡‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡•ȋͳͲ†‹ƒ‡–‡”Ȍ™‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†‡š––‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”

‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡™‹–ŠƒʹͲ…‡–”‡Ǧ–‘Ǧ…‡–”‡‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ

Š‡•‡–™‘‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡•™‡”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹ƒDz„‹Ǧ’‘Žƒ”dz…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ–Š‹”†‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡ǡ

–Š‡Dz‰”‘—†dzǡ’Žƒ…‡†‘ƒ„‘‡ƒ”‡ƒȋ–Š‡’ƒ–‡ŽŽƒ„‘‡‹–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ȌǤŠ‡•‹™ƒ••Šƒ˜‡†

ƒ† …‘†‹–‹‘‡† —•‹‰ ƒ •’‡…‹ƒŽ •‹ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‰‡Ž ȋ—’”‡’̻Ȍ –‘ ”‡†—…‡ •‹

‹’‡†ƒ…‡ ȋ—•‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡ ‹’‡†ƒ…‡ –‡•–‡” Ǧ šˆ‘”† ‡†‹…ƒŽ Ž–†ǡ ‡†‹Ž‘‰ǡ Ȍ

„‡Ž‘™ ͷǡͲͲͲ Š•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ”‡’”‘†—…‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰ ‹ –Š‡

•—……‡••‹˜‡ ”‡…‘”†‹‰ •‡••‹‘•ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ† ƒƒ–‘‹…ƒŽ •’‘–• ȋ„‘‡

’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ–‡†‘ƒ†—•…Ž‡‹•‡”–‹‘•Ȍ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘‘™‡šƒ…–Ž›–Š‡”‹‰Š–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ

 ˆ‘” –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘†‡• –‘ „‡ ’Žƒ…‡†Ǥ …“—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡  •‹‰ƒŽ ™ƒ•

‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹‘’ƒ…Ȁƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘•›•–‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ’Ž‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆʹͲͲͲœ

Ȃƒ† ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ „ƒ†™‹†–Š ‘ˆ ͳͲǦͷͲͲ œǤ Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ȋȌ ™ƒ•

…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒ™‘˜‡”ƒʹͲͲ•–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ’‡ƒ‘ˆ–‘”“—‡™ƒ•

‡š’”‡••‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹•‘‡–”‹…  –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ͳ ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ  ™ƒ•

‘‹–‘”‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ •—’’‘”– ‘—” ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ–  ƒ†  ͳ• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡

”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ •‹‹Žƒ” ‡—”ƒŽ †”‹˜‡ǣ –Š‡  ™ƒ• …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† ‘˜‡” ƒ ʹͲͲ • –‹‡ ˆ”ƒ‡

Accepted Article

†—”‹‰–Š‡‹†Ǧ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘’Šƒ•‡Ǥ

Magnetic Resonance images (MRI)

š‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‡•…ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰Š™‡”‡–ƒ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ȋͳ™‡‡Ȍƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰ȋͶǦͷ†ƒ›•Ȍ

—•‹‰ƒͲǤʹͷ‡•Žƒƒ‰‡–‹…”‡•‘ƒ…‡‹ƒ‰‹‰ȋȌ•…ƒ‡”ȋ•ƒ‘–‡Ǧ•…ƒǡ–ƒŽ›ȌǤ

ͳǦ™‡‹‰Š–‡† ’‹ …Š‘ ’”‘–‘…‘Ž ™ƒ• —•‡† ȋ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ –‹‡ ͻͲͲ •ǡ ‡…Š‘ –‹‡ǡ ʹ͸ •ǡ

—„‡”‘ˆ‡š…‹–ƒ–‹‘ʹǡ ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‹‡™ʹͲͲšʹͲͲǡ•Ž‹…‡–Š‹…‡••ͳͲǡ‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡

•Ž‹…‡•ǡͳǤͲȌ.ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘Ž‹‡•—’‹‡‘–Š‡„‡†ƒ†–‘‹•‡”––Š‡‹”

Ž‡‰‹–‘ƒ…‹”…—Žƒ”…‘‹ŽǤ—‡–‘–Š‡•…ƒ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘‹Žǡ–Š‡–Š‹‰Š™ƒ•‹ƒ‰‡†‹͵ǦͶ

•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•‡…–‹‘•Ǥƒ”‡”•™‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†‘–Š‡–Š‹‰Šˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ–‡ŽŽƒ–‘–Š‡Š‹’–‘†‡‘–‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡…–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ǥš‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‡•…ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡–‹”‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡

™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†Ǣ‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆƒš‹ƒŽ•…ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹‡ƒ…Š•—„Œ‡…–™ƒ•–Š‡

•ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰’‡”‹‘†•ȋ̱͵ͶȌǤ ”‘–Š‡•‡•…ƒ•–Š‡…‘–‘—”•‘ˆ

–Š‡—•…Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š•…ƒ™‡”‡†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†—•‹‰–Š‡•‹”‹š‹ƒ‰‡ƒƒŽ›•‹••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡

ƒ†ǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ—•…Ž‡‘Ž—‡™ƒ•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ



‘Ž—‡ȋ…^͵ȌαΣȉȋ•Ž‹…‡–Š‹…‡••Ϊ‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡•Ž‹…‡•ȌǤ



‡‰‹‘ƒŽ  Š›’‡”–”‘’Š› ™ƒ• …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† ƒˆ–‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ „› ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ƒ†

’‘•–Ǧ‡š‡”…‹•‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷƒš‹ƒŽ•…ƒ•™Š‡”‡–Š‡—•…Ž‡™ƒ•˜‹•‹„Ž‡

•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹’Ȁ‡‡Œ‘‹–ȋ’”‘š‹ƒŽƒ††‹•–ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘•”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ȍƒ†–Š‡ͷ

•…ƒ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ’‡ƒ ‘ˆ  ȋ—•…Ž‡ ‹† ’‘”–‹‘Ȍǣ ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ –Š‡

’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹™ƒ•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡͵†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡Ǥ

Accepted Article

Muscle (VL) Architecture

‡ˆ‘”‡ȋͳ™‡‡Ȍƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ȋͶǦͷ†ƒ›•Ȍǡ—•…Ž‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡˆƒ†™‡”‡

‡ƒ•—”‡†ȋ„›–Š‡•ƒ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”Ȍˆ”‘‹ƒ‰‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†in vivoƒ–”‡•–—•‹‰Ǧ‘†‡

—Ž–”ƒ•‘‘‰”ƒ’Š›ȋ›Žƒ„͹Ͳǡ•ƒ‘–‡‹‘‡†‹…ƒǡ–ƒŽ›Ȍǡ™‹–ŠƒͳͲͲǡͳͲǦͳͷœǡŽ‹‡ƒ”Ǧ

ƒ””ƒ› ’”‘„‡Ǥ ‡•–‹‰ —Ž–”ƒ•‘—† ‹ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ– ƒ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… Œ‘‹– ƒ‰Ž‡ ȋͳͷͲ°Ȍǡ

…‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ƒŽ‘•––‘ˆ—ŽŽ‡‡‡š–‡•‹‘ȋͳͺͲ°Ȍǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–™ƒ••‡ƒ–‡†‘

–Š‡›„‡š‘”†›ƒ‘‡–‡”…Šƒ‹”Ǣ–Š‡–”ƒ•†—…‡”™ƒ•ƒŽ‹‰‡†‹–Š‡ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡’Žƒ‡‹

‘”†‡” –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ ‘’–‹ƒŽ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ —Ž–”ƒ•‘—† •…”‡‡Ǥ

Š‡ —•…Ž‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ™‡”‡ “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —Ž–”ƒ•‘—† •…ƒ• —•‹‰

–Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ‰‡  ͳǤͶʹ“ ȋƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ȌǤ Š‡

˜‹•‹„Ž‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡Ž‡‰–Š™ƒ•†‹”‡…–Ž›‡ƒ•—”‡†—•‹‰–Š‹••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ•‘‡

‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡƒ•ƒŽŽ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡‡š–‡†‡†‘ˆˆ–Š‡—Ž–”ƒ•‘—†™‹†‘™ƒ†‹–™ƒ•

‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‹•‘Ǧ˜‹•‹„Ž‡’‘”–‹‘—•‹‰ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹„”‡•ƒ†

ƒ’‘‡—”‘•‡• ȋ”•‹‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡‡’ –‡†‘ ƒ’‘‡—”‘•‹• ȋ ‹‰ ʹȌǤ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡

—Ž–”ƒ•‘—†–‡…Š‹“—‡•Šƒ•„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ȋ–”ƒŽƒ••‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡αͲǤͻͻȌȋ‡‡˜‡•

‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǢ‹ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›ƒƒŽ›•‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ



Muscle function

ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡†™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡†‡˜‹…‡•ƒ†’”‘…‡†—”‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›

„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ–‡•–•‡••‹‘•ǣ–Š‡‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•‹ƒ•‡ƒ–‡†’‘•‹–‹‘‘–Š‡”‡…Ž‹‹‰…Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡›„‡š‘”†›ƒ‘‡–‡”

ȋŠ‹’ƒ‰Ž‡αͺͷ°ǡŠ‹’ƒ‰Ž‡ƒ–•—’‹‡’‘•‹–‹‘αͲ°ȌǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡‰™ƒ••–”ƒ’’‡†–‘ƒ’ƒ†

Accepted Article

•‹–—ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›„‡š Ž‡˜‡” ƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡ Œ‘‹– …‡–‡” ‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ•

ƒŽ‹‰‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ †›ƒ‘‡–‡” ˆ—Ž…”—Ǥ Š‡ –‘”“—‡ ’”‘†—…‡† ‘ –Š‡ ›„‡š

†›ƒ‘‡–‡” ™ƒ• •ƒ’Ž‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡ –‘ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ •›•–‡ ȋ‹‘’ƒ…

›•–‡ǡ…ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒȌƒ–ƒˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆʹͲͲœƒ††‹•’Žƒ›‡†‘–Š‡•…”‡‡‘ˆƒ’’Ž‡

…‘’—–‡”ȋƒ…ǤͶȌǤƒš‹—‹•‘‡–”‹…–‘”“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡‡š–‡•‘”—•…Ž‡‰”‘—’™ƒ•

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† „› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ ‹•‘‡–”‹… ƒš‹— ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘

ȋȌƒ–‡˜‡”›ͳͲ͑ȋͲǤͳ͹ͷ”ƒ†Ȍˆ”‘ͻͲι–‘ͳͷͲιȋˆ”‘ͳǤͷ͹–‘ʹǤ͸ʹ ”ƒ†Ȍ‘ˆ‡‡Œ‘‹–

ƒ‰Ž‡ȋͳͺͲιαˆ—ŽŽ‡š–‡•‹‘ȌǤ™‘•™‡”‡”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ–‡ƒ…ŠŒ‘‹–ƒ‰Ž‡™‹–Šʹ‹

•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ ‡ƒ…Š …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– –‘”“—‡ ’”‘†—…‡† ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ ƒ••‡•• 

…Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘’”‡–‘’‘•––”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ



Acute behavioural and molecular responses to CON and ECC contraction

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ —–”ƒ‹‡† ͳͶ ‡ ȋʹͷάͶ ›ǡ Š‡‹‰Š– α ͳͺͶ±͹ …ǡ ƒ•• α ͹Ͷ±Ͷ ‰Ȍ ™‡”‡

–‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ „‘—– ‘ˆ  ‘”  ‡š‡”…‹•‡ǡ ƒ†‘’–‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡

–”ƒ‹‹‰ •–—†› ȋ•ƒ‡ Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•Ǧ•‡–• …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ƒ•–—• Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹• ȋȌ —•…Ž‡

„‹‘’•‹‡•™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹–Š‡•‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†͵Ͳ‹ƒˆ–‡”‡š‡”…‹•‡

ˆ‘”•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰’—”’‘•‡ǣ–Š‹•–‹‡™ƒ••’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›…Š‘•‡ƒ•ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘

„‡–”ƒ•‹‡–ȋƒ†‡”Ƭ••‡”ʹͲͲͳȌǤŽ–”ƒ•‘—†•…ƒ•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ…“—‹”‡††—”‹‰ƒ•‹‰Ž‡

‘”…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘–Š‡Ž‡‰Ǧ’”‡••†‡˜‹…‡Ǥ‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡Ž‡‰–Š

ƒ† ’‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ”‡…‘”†‡† ˆ”‘ •…”‡‡ …ƒ’–—”‡• †—”‹‰ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘• ƒ†

ƒƒŽ›•‡†‹ƒ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽˆƒ•Š‹‘–‘‹–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰•–—†›Ǥ



Accepted Article

Immunoblotting

‘•– ‡š‡”…‹•‡ „‹‘’•‹‡• ™‡”‡ ’”‘…‡••‡† ‹ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ˆƒ•Š‹‘ –‘ ƒ• ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› †‡•…”‹„‡†

ȋ–Š‡”–‘‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ”‹‡ˆŽ›ǡ̱ʹͲ‰‘ˆ—•…Ž‡™ƒ••‹’’‡†‹‹…‡Ǧ…‘Ž†„—ˆˆ‡”ȋͷͲ

”‹•ǦŽȋ’͹ǤͶȌǡͷͲƒ ǡͳͲȾǦŽ›…‡”‘’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡†‹•‘†‹—•ƒŽ–ǡͳǡͳ

 ǡ ͳ  ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡† ƒ͵ͶȋƒŽŽ ‹‰ƒǦŽ†”‹…Šǡ ‘‘Ž‡ǡ ȌȌ ƒ† ƒ …‘’Ž‡–‡

’”‘–‡ƒ•‡ ‹Š‹„‹–‘” …‘…–ƒ‹Ž –ƒ„Ž‡– ȋ‘…Š‡ǡ ‡•– —••‡šǡ Ȍ ƒ– ͳͲ ɊŽǤɊ‰^Ǧͳ ‘ˆ –‹••—‡Ǥ

‘‘‰‡ƒ–‡•™‡”‡”‘–ƒ–‡†ˆ‘” ͳͲ‹ƒ†–Š‡•—’‡”ƒ–ƒ–…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†„›…‡–”‹ˆ—‰ƒ–‹‘

ƒ– ͳ͵ǡͲͲͲ έ g ˆ‘” ͷ ‹ ƒ– ͶιǤ Š‡ •—’‡”ƒ–ƒ– ȋ•ƒ”…‘’Žƒ•‹… ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘Ȍ ™ƒ• —•‡† ˆ‘”

‹—‘„Ž‘– ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǣ ’”‘–‡‹ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† —•‹‰ ƒ ƒ‘”‘’

ͳͲͲͲ •’‡…–”‘’Š‘–‘‡–‡” ȋƒ‘”‘’ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ …Ǥǡ ‹Ž‹‰–‘ǡ ǦȌ ƒ†

ƒ†Œ—•–‡†–‘ͳɊ‰ǤɊŽ^Ǧͳ‹͵έŽƒ‡Ž‹Ǥƒ…Š•ƒ’Ž‡™ƒ•Ž‘ƒ†‡†‘–‘’”‡Ǧ…ƒ•–ͳʹΨ‹•Ǧ”‹•

”‹–‡”‹‘  ‰‡Ž• ȋ‹‘ƒ†ǡ ‡‡Ž ‡’•–‡ƒ†ǡ Ȍ ƒ– ͳͷ Ɋ‰ ’‡” Žƒ‡ ƒ† •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†

‡Ž‡…–”‘’Š‘”‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ–ʹͲͲˆ‘”ͳŠǤ”‘–‡‹•™‡”‡–Š‡™‡–Ǧ–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ƒ–ͳͲͲˆ‘”ͳŠ

‘–‘ ’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž‹†‡‡ †‹ˆŽ—‘”‹†‡ ȋ Ȍ ‡„”ƒ‡• ȋͲǤʹʹ ɊȌǡ „Ž‘…‡† ˆ‘” ͳ Š‘—” ‹

ʹǤͷΨ•‹‡†‹Ž‹ͳέ”‹•Ǧ„—ˆˆ‡”‡†•ƒŽ‹‡Ȁ™‡‡ǦʹͲȋǦȌǡƒ†–Š‡‹…—„ƒ–‡†

‹ ͳι ƒ–‹„‘†‹‡• ȋͳǣʹͲͲͲ †‹Ž—–‹‘ ‹ ʹǤͷΨ  ‹ ǦȌ ”‘…‹‰ ‘˜‡”‹‰Š– ƒ– ͶιǤ ‘”

’Š‘•’Š‘”›Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ’͵ͺ ȋ‡”ͳͺͻȀʹͲ͹Ȍǡ ’ͻͲ ȋŠ”͵ͷͻȀ‡”͵͸͵Ȍǡ ͳȀʹ

ȋŠ”ʹͲʹȀ›”ʹͲͶȌǡ ’͹Ͳ͸ ȋŠ”͵ͺͻȌǡ – ȋ‡”Ͷ͹͵Ȍǡ ’͸ͷ ȋ‡”ͷ͵͸Ȍ ƒ† ’ƒǦƒ…–‹

ƒ–‹„‘†‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ ‡ŽŽ ‹‰ƒŽ‹‰ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ …Ǥ ȋǡ Ȍǡ ͶǦͳ

ȋ‡”͸ͷȀŠ”͹ͲȌ ˆ”‘ ƒ–ƒ ”—œ ‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ …Ǥ ȋƒ–ƒ ”—œǡ ǦȌ ƒ†  „šǡ

—”ˆǦͳ ȋǦ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘Ȍ ˆ”‘  ‹‘•…‹‡…‡ ȋǡ ȌǤ ‘” –‘–ƒŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ  αǡ

’͸ͷ ƒ† αƒ–‹„‘†‹‡•™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ…Ǥ ȋǡȌ

Š‡‡š–†ƒ›ǡ‡„”ƒ‡•™‡”‡™ƒ•Š‡†͵έͷ‹‹Ǧǡ‹…—„ƒ–‡†‹Ǧ…‘Œ—‰ƒ–‡†

ʹ郐–‹„‘†›ȋ‡™‰Žƒ†‹‘Žƒ„•ǡ‡”–ˆ‘”†•Š‹”‡ǡǢͳǣʹͲͲͲ‹ ʹǤͷΨ‹ǦȌƒ–

”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ‘”ͳŠǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡͵έͷ‹™ƒ•Š‡•‹ǦǤ‡„”ƒ‡•™‡”‡‡š’‘•‡†

Accepted Article

–‘…Š‡‹Ž—‹‡•…‡–—„•–”ƒ–‡ȋ‹ŽŽ‹’‘”‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‡”‹…ƒǡǦȌˆ‘”ͷ‹

ƒ†„ƒ†•“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†„›Š‡‹†‘…ȋ‹‘ƒ†ǡ‡”–ˆ‘”†•Š‹”‡ǡȌǤ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡•

™‡”‡–ƒ‡–‘’”‡˜‡–’‹š‡Ž•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ǢŽ‘ƒ†‹‰ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•™‡”‡…‘””‡…–‡†–‘ƒǦ…–‹Ǥ



Statistical analysis

‰”‘—’•Ȍƒ†–‹‡ȋ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡vs.’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ȁ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡vs.’‘•–Ǧ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ȍ™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†

—•‹‰ ƒ –™‘Ǧ™ƒ› ˆƒ…–‘”‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ –‡•– —•‹‰ ”ƒ’Šƒ†  •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡

ȋ˜‡”•‹‘ͷǤͲ†Ǣ”ƒ’Šƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…Ǥƒ‹‡‰‘ǡȌǤ‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡

‰”‘—’•ƒ†–‹‡™‡”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†„›‘ˆ‡””‘‹’‘•–ǦŠ‘…–‡•–ǤŠ‡†‡Ž–ƒȋ∆Ȍ–”ƒ‹‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•

ȋ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•Ȍ™‡”‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›–‡•–‡†„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•—•‹‰ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡––Ǧ

’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ’‘™‡”…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǣ‘—”…—””‡–•ƒ’Ž‡•‹œ‡

Šƒ•ƒ„‡–ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆͲǤͺȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’‘™‡”‘ˆͺͲΨȌˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰•–—†›ȋͳʹ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ȍ—•‹‰

–Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ „‡–ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ͲǤͻ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ͻͲΨȌ ˆ‘” –Š‡

ƒ…—–‡•–—†›ȋͳͶ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ȍ—•‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ’͵ͺǤ



RESULTS

EMG of CON-ECC 1-RM, maximum lifting or lowering ability (1-RM) and training load

•‡–‹‘‡†ǡ–‘–‡•–‘—”ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–„‘–Šƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘

–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘”…‡Ǧ‡Ž‘…‹–› …—”˜‡ǡ  ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† †—”‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ

•‹‰Ž‡ …‘…‡–”‹… ƒ† ‡……‡–”‹… ͳǦ ‹ ‡ƒ…Š •—„Œ‡…– –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ’Šƒ•‡•

…‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”

Accepted Article

ƒ†‰”‘—’ͳǦƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒŽ—‡•”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‡ƒ‘ˆ

–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡…–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‡–‹”‡‘”  ͳ ƒ†

™‡”‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† Œ—•– ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ  •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ••—’–‹‘ǡ ‘

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‡š‹•–‡†‹‡—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”

‘Ž›‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ•‡š’‡…–‡†ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒš‹—Ž‹ˆ–‹‰‘”Ž‘™‡”‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†ƒ–ƒǡ

–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰ͳǦ™ƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡–Šƒ –Š‡‰”‘—’ȋƒ„Ž‡

ͳȌǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ Š‹‰Š‡”  –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ž‘ƒ† ƒ† …‘•‡“—‡–Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ

ȋͳ͵ʹͷͻʹ˜•ǤͳͲͷͳʹͲ‰ǡδͲǤͲͳǡ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ•—„‡”‘ˆ•‡–•—„‡”‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•

–”ƒ‹‹‰Ž‘ƒ†ˆ‘”…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡š‡”…‹•‡‹–Š‡ͳͲǦ™’‡”‹‘†ȌǤŠ‡’”‡Ȃ–‘Ǧ’‘•–

–”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ͳǦ ™ƒ• •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹ „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•ǡ „—– ™‹–Š ‘

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ†‰”‘—’Ǥ



Muscle morphology and architecture and maximum voluntary contraction

ˆ–‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ„‘–Š‰”‘—’••Š‘™‡†ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹—•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡„—––Š‡…Šƒ‰‡™ƒ•

ͲǤͲͲͲͳȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ‘”‡ ȋ δ ͲǤͲͳȌ ‹ –Š‡  ȋͳʹ ά ʹΨǡ  δ

ͲǤͲͲͲͳȌ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡  ȋͷ ά ͳΨǡ  δ ͲǤͲͳȌǢ …‘˜‡”•‡Ž›  ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›

ƒš‹— ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ȋȌ ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ …Šƒ‰‡† ‹ „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•

͸Ψ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ǡδͲǤͲͷǢ ‹‰—”‡͵ȌǤ





Accepted Article

Regional hypertrophy of VL muscle in response CON or ECC training

‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹Ž‘…ƒŽ‹œ‡†Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ͳͲǦ™‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡”

‘”  ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͶȌǤ Š‹Ž‡ „‘–Š Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ‘†ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹†—…‡† •‹‹Žƒ”

‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘Ψ‹…”‡ƒ•‡Ȁ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡’”‘š‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒȋα ǦͳάͳΨǡ‡ƒάǡ

ΪʹάͳǤͷΨǡδͲǤͲͷȌ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

Architectural behaviour of VL muscle during performance of CON vs. ECC contractions

‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ †‹•…‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ •—…Š †‹•–‹…– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ƒ •‡…‘†

…‘Š‘”– –‘ ‹–‡””‘‰ƒ–‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ

†‡–‡”‹‹‰ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”†—”‹‰ƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”

™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ˆƒ††—”‹‰ƒ†”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‡š‡”…‹•‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†™‹–ŠŽ‡‰Ǧ

’”‡••ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷȌǤ—”‹‰ǡˆ‹„”‡•Ž‡‰–Š‡‡††—”‹‰’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‡š‡”…‹•‡ȋˆα

Ϊͳͻ ά ʹΨǡ ‡ƒ ά ǡ ˆ”‘ •–ƒ”– –‘ ‡† ‘ˆ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ  δ ͲǤͲͲͲͳȌ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• †—”‹‰

 –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ •Š‘”–‡‹‰ ‹ ˆ ȋˆ α Ǧͳͻ ά ʹΨǡ  δ ͲǤͲͲͲͳȌǤ

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‡ƒ‹‡†•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ”––‘–Š‡‡†‘ˆȋαǦ͵άͳΨǡε

ͲǤͲͷȌǡ‹–•Š‘™‡†ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†—”‹‰ȋαΪʹͺάͳΨǡδͲǤͲͲͲͳȌǤ

Acute MAPK, AKT-mTOR and Inflammatory/breakdown signaling responses to a single acute bout of CON vs. ECC exercise

›–ƒ‹‰„‹‘’•‹‡•͵Ͳ‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹••‹‰Ž‡„‘—–‘ˆ‘”™‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘

‹–‡””‘‰ƒ–‡ ‹–”ƒ—•…—Žƒ” •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ’—”’‘”–‡† –‘ „‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹’Š‘•’Š‘”›Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‘‰‡ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡†’”‘–‡‹‹ƒ•‡•ȋ•Ȍ

‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’Ǧ͵ͺǡͳȀʹƒ†’ͻͲȋ ‹‰—”‡͸Ȍ™‡”‡ˆ‘—†͵Ͳ‹ƒˆ–‡””‡•‹•–ƒ…‡

Accepted Article

‡š‡”…‹•‡ȋ’͵ͺαʹͲάͶǦˆ‘Ž†ǡͳȀʹαʹάͲǤ͵Ǧˆ‘Ž†ǡ’ͻͲ α͵άͳǦˆ‘Ž†Ȍ„—–‘–

ƒˆ–‡”  ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ‘†—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡

’Š‘•’Š‘”›Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–ȋ‡”Ͷ͹͵Ȍƒ†ƒƒŽ‹ƒ–ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ”ƒ’ƒ›…‹ȋȌ•—„•–”ƒ–‡

’͹Ͳ͸͵Ͳ‹ƒˆ–‡”‘”‡š‡”…‹•‡ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–•—’’”‡••‹‘ȋδͲǤͲͷȌ

‹ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͶǦͳ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‘Ž› ƒˆ–‡”  ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ȌǤ  ‘Ǧ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–

…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ α/—”ˆǦͳǦ „š’ƒ–Š™ƒ›ȋ αǡ’Ǧ’͸ͷǡ’͸ͷǡαǡ

’Ǧ—” Ǧͳǡ’Ǧ „šȌ™‡”‡ˆ‘—†͵Ͳ‹ƒˆ–‡”‘”‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥ



DISCUSSION

 –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™‡ …‘’ƒ”‡†ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ

Š—ƒ •‡Ž‡–ƒŽ —•…Ž‡ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ’—”‡  ƒ†  Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘

Ž‹ –Š‡•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›• ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ‹ —•…Ž‡ ”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰

ȋ•ǡ  ‡–…ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž•– ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘

‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘ƒ†”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ–…Š‡†

ˆ‘”™‘”ǦŽ‘ƒ†ȋŽƒœ‡˜‹…Š‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‹‰„‹‡‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻ͸Ǣ‘‘”‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳʹȌǡ‘•–—†›Šƒ•

›‡–ǡ–‘–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆ‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡ƒ†’Šƒ•‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡

Ž‘ƒ† ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ‡—”ƒŽ †”‹˜‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡‡– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ

”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ȋ‹‰Žƒ† Ƭ ‹’’‘Ž† ͳͻͷͶǢ ƒ‹ŽŽ‡”‹ Ƭ—ŽŽǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ

Š‘™Ƭƒ”Ž‹‰ǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ‡…‡ǡ‘—”–”ƒ‹‹‰Ž‘ƒ†•™‡”‡ƒ–…Š‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡

‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ƒš‹—ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡͳƒ†ͳȌƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•

”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‡—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ†  ͳǦȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤŠ‡

 ‰”‘—’Ȁ ‰”‘—’ –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ž‘ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ͳǤʹͳ –‘ ͳǤʹͻ ”ƒ‰‡

ȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǡ–Š‹•…‘ˆ‹”•’”‡˜‹‘—•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š

–Šƒin vivoȋƒ‰ƒƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͲǢ‡•–‹‰‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰••—’’‘”–‘—”

Accepted Article

…‘–‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– „‘–Š •Š‘”–‡‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ‘—” ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‡š‡”…‹•‡

’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• „‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ǧ …—”˜‡Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ͳ ƒ••‡••‡– ‹• ƒ •‘”– ‘ˆ ƒ

Dz—”‡ˆ‹‡†dz ‡–Š‘†ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– ”‡ƒ‹• –Šƒ– ͳ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ ”‡…‘‰‹•‡† ƒ• Ǯ‰‘Ž† •–ƒ†ƒ”†ǯ ‹

–”ƒ‹‹‰•–—†‹‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡„‡•–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‡…Š‹“—‡–‘ƒ••‡••‡—”ƒŽ†”‹˜‡‹˜‹˜‘

…‘†‹‰Ȍ™ƒ••‹‹Žƒ”‹–Š‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”•™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‡’Šƒ•‹•‡

–Šƒ–‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†™ƒ•‘–ƒ–…Š‡†ˆ‘”‡—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘„—–”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ

™ƒ•”‡…‘”†‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡“—ƒŽ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†•ƒ†•‹‹Žƒ”˜ƒŽ—‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ



—•…Ž‡ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š› per seǡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡š’‡…–‡† …‘•‡“—‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰

’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡•Š‘™‡†•‹‹Žƒ”…Šƒ‰‡•ƒˆ–‡” „‘–Š–”ƒ‹‹‰‘†‡•

ȋαΪ͸ƒ†αΪͺΨǡ‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š„‘–Š

…‘…‡–”‹…ƒ†‡……‡–”‹…‡š‡”…‹•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–‘‹†—…‡‰ƒ‹•‹—•…Ž‡ƒ••

–Š‡”‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’‡”‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” –Š‡•‡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ȋ‡”„‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”…Šƒ‰‡•‹—•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡

‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™‡”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† —‡š’‡…–‡†ǡ ƒ• ‘– ‘Ž›  –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ž‘ƒ† ™ƒ•

Š‹‰Š‡”ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ „‡…ƒ—•‡  –”ƒ‹‹‰ Šƒ• „‡‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”

Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š–Šƒ–”ƒ‹‹‰ȋ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹—•…Ž‡ ˆ‹„”‡•‹œ‡ǡ‘”–‘„ž‰›‹

‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻ͸Ȍƒ†ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–”‡†•–‘™ƒ”†•™Š‘Ž‡—•…Ž‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ȋ‘‹‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌǤ

ˆ–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–’”‘‘–‡”‘ˆ—•…Ž‡Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›™‡”‡–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•ǡ‘‡

™‘—Ž†‡š’‡…––‘ˆ‹†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›‹–Š‡‰”‘—’†—‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰

Ž‘ƒ†ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤŠ‹‰Š‡”‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‘––Š‡…ƒ•‡ǡ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡

‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ •–‹—Ž—• ƒ› ‘– „‡ –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ– ˆ‘” —•…Ž‡

Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›Ǣ ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†

ȋȀȌ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”• „Ž—–‹‰ —•…Ž‡ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š› ƒ› „‡ ƒ– ’Žƒ› ‹

Accepted Article

…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ



–‡”‡•–‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹—•…Ž‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡—•‹‰—Ž–”ƒ•‘—†™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†ƒ•”‡•—Ž–

‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––”ƒ‹‹‰”‡‰‹‡•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šˆ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹„‘–Š‰”‘—’•ǡ–Š‡‰”‘—’

•Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‰ƒ‹ ‹ ˆ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡  ‘‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰

’”‘†—…‡† ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹  ƒˆ–‡” „‘–Š –›’‡• ‘ˆ –”ƒ‹‹‰ „—– –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ’‡ƒ–‹‘

ƒ‰Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡  ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ• —…Š Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ ‹ –Š‡  ‘‡ ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͵ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•

•—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡”‹ƒŽ •ƒ”…‘‡”‡• ‘……—”• ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ —•…Ž‡ Ž‡‰–Š‡‹‰

•…‡ƒ”‹‘• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘ŽŽ› ‡– ƒŽǤ ͳͻͺͲǢ ‡‡˜‡• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻǢ ‡›‡• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ƒ† Š‡”‡‹

ƒ‹Ž›ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘‡–Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹‘……—”–‘„—†Ž‡‘”‡

…‘–”ƒ…–‹Ž‡ —‹–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ –‡†‘ ƒ’‘‡—”‘•‹• ȋƒ• Ƭ ‘… ͳͻ͸ͷǢ ƒ™ƒƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ

ͳͻͻ͵Ȍ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰ —•…Ž‡ •Š‘”–‡‹‰ǡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ 

…‘’‘‡–Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ †‹•–‹…– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‹‡†

™‹–Š–Š‘•‡”‡’‘”–‡†„›‡‡˜‡•‡–ƒŽǤȋ‡‡˜‡•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌ‹‘Ž†‡”Š—ƒ•ƒˆ–‡”˜•Ǥ

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ‘—”…—””‡–‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”†‹•–‹…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•–‘pure

 ˜•Ǥ  ‹ ›‘—‰‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡’‘”– ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹† ƒ† ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ–

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡…‘…‡–”‹……‘’‘‡–ȋƒ–

Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ ‘Ž†‡” ‡Ȍǡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ •–‹—Ž—• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ’Šƒ•‡

…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‘‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†—•‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†‰›‡“—‹’‡–Ǥ



–”‹‰—‹‰Ž›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡„‘–Š‰”‘—’••Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹—•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡ǡ

–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ—•…Ž‡Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›‹†—…‡†„›–Š‡–™‘Ž‘ƒ†‹‰

‘†‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡š‡”…‹•‡’”‘‘–‡†‰”‡ƒ–‡”—•…Ž‡

Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›ȋƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†„›…Šƒ‰‡•‹„›Ȍ‹–Š‡†‹•–ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘…‘’ƒ”‡†

–‘ ǡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‹†  —•…Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˆ‘”  –Šƒ  ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͶȌǤ ‡

Accepted Article

…‘–‡† –Šƒ– ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›

ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ —•…Ž‡ „‡ŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡…– ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒ”…‘‡”‡• ‹ •‡”‹‡• ƒ† ‹

’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤ ‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —•…Ž‡ ˆ‹„”‡• ƒŽŽ‘™• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ’ƒ…‹‰ ‘ˆ •ƒ”…‘‡”‡• ‹ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž

ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡–‡†‘ƒ’‘‡—”‘•‹•ȋƒ•Ƭ‘…ͳͻ͸ͷȌǤ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰–Šƒ––”ƒ‹‹‰

’”‘‘–‡† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ’‡ƒ–‹‘ ȋ͵ͲΨȌǡ ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ Ž‡‰–Š

ȋͷΨȌǡ•–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––”ƒ‹‹‰Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›ƒ‹Ž›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ††‹–‹‘

‘ˆ•ƒ”…‘‡”‡•‹Ǧ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽǤ•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ǡ–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘•‡‡•

–‘ ƒ‹Ž› ‘……—” ‹ –Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡ŽŽǦ•Šƒ’‡†

†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ—•…Ž‡ǡ…‘’”‹•‡•ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘ȋ̱͸ͲΨȌ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ

•–‡ƒ†ǡ ™Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† —•…Ž‡ •–”‡–…Šǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ™‹–Š  –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›

‘……—””‡† ƒ‹Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡• ȋͳʹΨȌ ƒ† ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹

’‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ȋͷΨȌǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒ”…‘‡”‡• ‹Ǧ•‡”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡

‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹‘˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’‘”–‹‘ȋƒ„‘—–ʹȀ͵Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡„‡ŽŽ›ȋ…‡–”ƒŽƒ††‹•–ƒŽ

”‡‰‹‘•Ȍ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ Ž‡‰–Š •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡

ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡™•ƒ”…‘‡”‡•‹•‡”‹‡•‘……—””‡†‘˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡„‡ŽŽ›Ǥ–

”‡ƒ‹• –‘ „‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ™Š‡”‡ ƒŽ‘‰ —•…Ž‡ ˆ‹„”‡• •ƒ”…‘‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† „—– ‹– ‹•

’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‘……—””‡†ƒ––Š‡’‡”‹’Š‡”›•‹…‡‡ƒ”Ž›ȋ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ƭ‘Ž†•’‹ͳͻ͹ͳȌƒ•

™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ”‡…‡– ȋŽŽ‘—Š ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͺȌ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• •Š‘™‡† ȋ†‹”‡…–Ž› ‘” ‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ȍǡ

’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒ”…‘‡”‡• ‹ •‡”‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”‹’Š‡”› ‘ˆ —•…Ž‡ ˆ‹„”‡• ‹

”‡•’‘•‡–‘•–”‡–…Š‘˜‡”Ž‘ƒ†ǡƒ†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‰”‘™–Šǡƒ••ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡…‡ŽŽ

ˆ”‡“—‡…› ƒ† …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ •‡‡• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› Š‹‰Š ƒ– –Š‡ ‡†• ‘ˆ —•…Ž‡ ˆ‹„”‡•

ȋŽŽ‘—Š‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͺȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• –‘ –”ƒ‹‹‰ •‡‡• ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ‹• –Šƒ–

—Ž–”ƒ•‘—† •…ƒ• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ Œ—•– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —•…Ž‡ „‡ŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡

ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡

Accepted Article

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ …Šƒ‰‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ —•…Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒ› ‘– „‡ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ•

’‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰Ž‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‘”‡…Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡›‘–‡†‹‡‘—•Œ—…–‹‘ƒˆ–‡”

 ‡š‡”…‹•‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ …ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”  †‹•–ƒŽ Š›’‡”–”‘’Š›ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹

’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‹– …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– Ž‹‹–‹‰ –Š‡ —Ž–”ƒ•‘—† •…ƒ• –‘ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ —•…Ž‡ •‹–‡

ƒ›‘–ƒŽ•‘„‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”…Šƒ‰‡•‘……—””‹‰‹‘–Š‡”—•…Ž‡•ǡ‹–—•–„‡

ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ•–—•ƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹•’”‡•‡–•ƒ‘”‡—‹ˆ‘”ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‹–•

Ž‡‰–Š…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”‹…‡’•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ•–—•‹–‡”‡†‹—•ȋȌ’”‡•‡–•

‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡŽƒœ‡˜‹…Š‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡƒ˜‡”›”‡…‡–’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ —•…Ž‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‹–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”

Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒ†”‹…‡’•ǡ‘„•‡”˜‡†Š‘™–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•‹—•…Ž‡ǡ–Š‹…‡••ƒ†

™‡”‡“—‹–‡…‘•‹•–‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ•–‹ƒ†‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ˆ…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘

‡…–—• ‡‘”‹• ȋ Ȍ …Šƒ‰‡• •‹œ‡ ƒ† ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ȋƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ”‡•—Ž–•

…‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ–   ‹• ƒ „‹Ǧƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” —•…Ž‡ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ•–‹

ƒƒ–‘‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ† „‹‘‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†›

ȋ ‹† Ž‡‰–ŠȌ …‘‹…‹†‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‹–‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•–  ˜ƒŽ—‡ ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘—” ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ •Š‘™ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•’‘•‡• „”‘—‰Š– „› –Š‡ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

Ž‘ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǣ–Š‡…Š‘‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡•‹–‡‹••—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡•–—†›„›ƒ‡–ƒŽǤ

ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ‹ ™Š‹…Š  ‹• –Š‡ —•…Ž‡ –Šƒ– •Š‘™‡† Ž‡•• ‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• …Šƒ‰‡• „‡–™‡‡

ƒ†ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡—•…Ž‡Š‡…‡™‡Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ•‘–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‹•

•‹–‡…‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡„‡•–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡“—ƒ†”‹…‡’•Ǥ

Žƒœ‡˜‹…Šƒ†…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘

‡š‡”…‹•‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ™‡‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰„—–‹–…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‰—‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›†‘…‘–‹—‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡƒ•‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ–‹Žƒœ‡˜‹…Šǯ•

•–—†›–Š‡•‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•†‹†‘–‘……—”„‡›‘†–Š‡ͷ™‡‡•’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ—•ǡ™Š‹Ž•–Žƒœ‡˜‹…Š

Accepted Article

ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• …‘ˆ‹”‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• ’Š‡‘‡‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›

”‡’‘”–‡†„›‡›‡•‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ‘—”’”‡•‡–™‘”•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ

†‡–‡…–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒˆ–‡” ͳͲ ™‡‡• ‘ˆ Ǥ —”–Š‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ••‡•• ‹ˆ

–Š‡•‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ •‹‹Žƒ” ‘”

‹Ž†‡”Ȍƒˆ–‡”ͷ™‡‡•‘ˆǤ



‡•’‹–‡–Š‡†‹•–‹…–‰Ž‘„ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ™Š‘Ž‡Ǧ—•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡ȌŠ›’‡”–”‘’Š›”‡•’‘•‡•„‡–™‡‡

 ƒ†  –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ȋ•–”‡‰–ŠȌ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† •‹‹Žƒ”

‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ‹•‘‡–”‹…  ˆ‘” „‘–Š ‰”‘—’• ȋ ͻΨǢ  ͳͳΨȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹•

•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‹–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‡‡•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹—•…Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡ǡ‹–

†‘‡• ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š›ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ž‘ƒ† ȋͳǤʹ ˆ‘Ž†Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ 

‰”‘—’ǡŠ›’‡”–”‘’Š›™ƒ••‹‹Žƒ”Ǥ‘••‹„Ž‡…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‹• ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ†‘ˆ –Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• –‘  ƒ†  –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ› „‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ —•…Ž‡ †ƒƒ‰‡

…ƒ—•‡† „›  …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘• ƒ† –‘ †‹•–‹…– •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹  ƒ†

Ǥ

‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•—…Š‹–”‹‰—‹‰ˆ‹†‹‰•‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ —•…Ž‡ƒˆ–‡”ͳͲǦ™‘ˆ

 ˜•Ǥ ǡ ™‡ …Š‘•‡ –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ…—–‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ —•…Ž‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ‹

”‡•’‘•‡–‘•‹‰Ž‡‘”‡š‡”…‹•‡„‘—–•„›”‡…”—‹–‹‰ƒ•‡…‘†•—„Œ‡…–‰”‘—’Ǥ•

‡š’‡…–‡†ǡ„ƒ•‡†—’‘–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡—•…Ž‡Ǧ–‡†‘—‹–ǡ†—”‹‰…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•

ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡• •Š‘”–‡‡† ȋ„› ǦͳͻΨȌ ƒ† Ž‡‰–Š‡‡† ȋΪͳͻΨȌ †—”‹‰  …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ ‡

•’‡…—Žƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‘Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…  ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡ Ž‡‰–Š …Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ”‡† ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡

•Š‘”–‡‹‰†—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ”‡†ˆƒ•…‹…Ž‡Ž‡‰–Š‡‹‰†—”‹‰Ȍ‹•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›…ƒ—•‡

‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Šƒ–•—…Šƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘••–ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–

–”ƒ‹‹‰•‡••‹‘ƒˆ–‡”ƒ†„‘—–•ǡƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›‡›‡•et al.ȋ‡›‡•‡–ƒŽǤ

Accepted Article

ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ™Š‘•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–•—…Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹—•…Ž‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡…ƒ„‡†‡–‡…–‡†ƒ–˜‡”›

‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ



Ž–Š‘—‰Š †‹•–‹…– …‡ŽŽ •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘  ƒ†  ‹ Š—ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ›‡– –‘ „‡

‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹’Š‘•’Š‘”›Žƒ–‡†‡Ǥ‰Ǥ’Ǧ

͵ͺǡͳȀʹƒ†’ͻͲ‹–Š‡„—–‘–Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ”‡’—–‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹

–Š‡•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰”‡•’‘•‡‘ˆ—•…Ž‡…‡ŽŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒ‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ȋƒ”–‹‡ƒ—

Ƭ ƒ”†‹‡” ʹͲͲͳǢ ”‡–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ͳȀʹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ™ƒ•

’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› •Š‘™ –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡  ˜•Ǥ  ‰”‘™–Š ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›• ‹ …ƒ”†‹‘›‘…›–‡•ǡ

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ • ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ”‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹

—•…Ž‡–‹••—‡ȋ‡Šƒ–‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳȌǤ–Š‹•Žƒ––‡”•–—†›ǡ…ƒ”†‹‘›‘…›–‡•‹•‘Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‹…‡

Žƒ…‹‰•Š‘™‡†ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ”†‹‘›‘…›–‡•ȋ‰”‘™–ŠȌ™Š‡”‡ƒ•

…ƒ”†‹ƒ… …‡ŽŽ• ‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ‹…‡ ‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ͳ ȋƒ Ǧ‹ƒ•‡ǡ ͳȀʹ —’Ǧ

”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”Ȍ •Š‘™‡† ƒ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š ‹ ›‘…›–‡ –Š‹…‡•• ȋ ‰”‘™–ŠȌǤ

‡…”—‹–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹••‡…‘†•–—†›‰”‘—’ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘‹–‡””‘‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆƒƒ…—–‡

„‘—–‘ˆ‘”—’‘‹–”ƒ—•…—Žƒ”•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰’”‘–‡‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘

–‘‡š‡”…‹•‡ǡ™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ˆ‘…—•‘ǯ•Ǥ†‘‹‰–Š‹•ǡ™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…

ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ȋ™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ˆȌǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šǡ

ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ† •‹’Ž‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ͳȀʹ ƒ† †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ

ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‹Š—ƒ•‡Ž‡–ƒŽ—•…Ž‡…‘—Ž†‘–„‡…‘ˆ‹”‡†ǡ—Ž‡••‹–‹•–Š‡”‡˜‡”•‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹••‘……—””‹‰‹…ƒ”†‹ƒ…—•…Ž‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”™‘”‹•‡‡†‡†–‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‹•Ǥ

‘–Š‡”…Ž—‡ƒ•–‘™Š›–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ›‡š‹•–‹•–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ

‰”‡ƒ–‡” †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ †ƒƒ‰‡ –Šƒ  ȋ›”‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ›‘ˆ‹„”‹ŽŽƒ”

†‹•”—’–‹‘ ‘……—””‹‰ ™‹–Š  ȋ…Š‘‡ˆ‡Ž† ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–