Medical Spanish
Review Part I
April 7, 2014
Course created and taught by Saturnino “Nino” Rodriguez, Ph.DSaludos‐ Greetings
• Buenos días‐ Good morning • Buenas tardes‐ Good afternoonB h G d i / d i ht
• Buenas noches‐ Good evening/ good night • Mucho gusto‐ Nice to meet you
• Darse la mano‐ shake hands
Using your new sounds
• A (ahh) anemia alergia asma • E (ehh) edema epilepsia esquizofrenia • I (eee) infección insomnio sífilis • O (ohh) vómito oxígeno doctor • U (oo) Úlcera pus urticariaPráctica‐ Practice
Señor, Señora Mr., Mrs. Señorita Miss (Ms.)¿Cómo está? How are you?
Estoy bien, gracias. I am fine, thank you.
¿Y usted? And you?
¿Cómo se llama? What is your (his/her) name?
Me llamo…. My name is….
Soy la doctora Ramos I am doctor Ramos Soy José, su enfermero I am José, your nurse.
Mucho gusto Nice to meet you
Nouns: gender and number
All nouns (person, place, or things) are either masculine or feminine. There is no method to determine logically to which gender they b l b t t d i d f belong, but most nouns are derived from either Latin or Greek. A general rule of thumb is if the noun (thing) ends in –a, it is generally feminine. If the noun ends in –o it is generally masculine.Nouns: gender and number
The following are feminine nouns. They often end in –a and take the definite article la. La is the feminine form for the word the. ‐ La pastilla ‐ The pill ‐ La casa ‐The house ‐ La cerveza ‐ The beer ‐ La venda ‐The bandageNouns: gender and number
The following nouns are masculine. They often end in –o and take the word or definite article el. El is the masculine form for the word the.El vaso ‐ The cup
El vaso The cup
El dinero ‐ The money
El martillo ‐ The hammer
El termómetro ‐The ‐ thermometer
El enfermo ‐ The sick
Changing singular nouns to their plural
form.
• La = “the” feminine singular • Las= “the” feminine plural Feminine words generally end in –a. To form the plural, add –s.La enfermera – Las enfermeras La enfermera Las enfermeras ‐La receta (prescription) ______________ ‐La cerveza (beer) _______________ ‐La medicina (medicine) ________________ ‐La venda ( bandage) _________________ ‐La cara (face)_____________________
Changing singular nouns to their plural
form.
• El =“the” masculine singular • Los = “the” masculine pluralMasculine words generally end in –o. To form the plural, add –s. l h l d l h l d el helado‐‐‐ los helados ‐el carro (car) _____________ ‐el termómetro (thermometer) ______________ ‐el gotero (dropper) __________________ ‐el enfermero (nurse) ____________
Changing singular nouns to their plural
form.
If a noun ends in –e add –s to the form of the plural.‐el paciente (patient)p (p ) ‐ _____ paciente_________ p ____
‐la madre (mother) ‐ _____ madre_____
‐el padre (father) ‐ _____ padre______
‐el nombre(name) ‐ _____nombre_____
‐el trámite (paperwork, red tape) ‐_____trámite______
‐la calle (street) ‐______calle_______
Changing singular nouns to their plural
form.
If a noun ends in a consonant, add –es to form the plural.
‐ La irritación‐‐‐‐‐ las irritaciones
La inyección (injection) ‐____ inyeccion____ El pulmón (lung) ‐____pulmon_____ La infección (infection) ‐____infeccion____ El frijol (bean) ‐____frijol_____ La mujer (women) ‐____mujer_____
Changing singular nouns to their plural
form.
Indefinite articles also change to agree with nouns in number (singular or plural) and gender (feminine or masculine). Si l Pl l Singular PluralUna =a, an, one (f.) unas= some (f.)
Un = a, an, one (m.) unos = some (m.)
Una enfermera ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unas enfermeras Un doctor ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unos doctores
What is this?‐‐ ¿Qué es esto?
Your Spanish‐speaking patients will generally be quite impressed with the fact that you speak or are learning their language. Therefore you may wish to enlist their aid in Therefore, you may wish to enlist their aid in broadening your knowledge. A good way to do so is to point to something and ask, with a smile and questioning look, ¿Qué es esto?Vocabulario
¿Qué? What? ¿Quién? Who? ¿Dónde? Where? ¿Cuándo? When? ¿Cada Cuánto? How Often? ¿¿Cuánto? (‐a)? How much? ¿Cuántos? (‐as)? How many? ¿Cuántas veces? How many times?
¿Cómo? How?
¿Cuál? Which?
¿Por qué? Why?
Ejercicio
Provide Answers to the following questions in complete sentences. 1. ¿Qué necesita el paciente‐una receta o una básula? • What does the patient need‐a prescription or a scale? 2 ¿Dó d it l i ió d t l b l 2. ¿Dónde necesito la inyección, doctor, en el brazo o en el dedo? • Where do I need the injection, doctor, in my arm or my finger? 3. ¿Cuándo necesito una inyección? • When do I need an injection?Estar
iVamos a aprender el verbo estar! Let’s
learn the verb estar (“to be”)‐an
indispensible verb for expressing states
indispensible verb for expressing states
of being, illness, wellness, and existence
in general. It is slightly irregular, but only
in the yo form.
Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy I am• (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal)
_____________________________________ • (nosotros/as) estamos We are
• (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar is used for:
• Health ¿Cómo está Ud.?/Estoy enferma. • How are you? I am sick.
• Location El libro está en la mesa • Location El libro está en la mesa.
• The book is on the table. ¿Dónde está el doctor? (Where is the doctor?)
Práctica
• Substitute the correct form of the verb estar and finish the sentence.
• EJEMPLO Yo estoy enfermo 1. Nosotros__________________________________________ 2. Ellos_________________________ 3. Juan_________________________ 4. Los pacientes__________________ 5. Rafael y Armando_______________ 6. Los niños _____________________
Práctica
Provide possible answers in Spanish. (¡Favor de contestar en español!) 1. ¿Dónde está Ud. hoy ?______________________________ 2. ¿Dónde está Lansing‐en Michigan o en California? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 3. ¿Dónde están los pacientes‐en el hospital o en la farmacia? ___________________________________________ 4. ¿Estamos en la clínica o en la casa? ________________ 5. ¿Está en una cama o en una silla?__________________Expressions with estar
denoting emotion and health.
Singular • estar contento (‐a) ☺ estar triste • estar alegre ☺ estar deprimido (‐a) • estar nervioso(‐a) ( ) Plural • estar contentos(‐as) ☺☺ estar tristes • estar alegres ☺☺☺ estar deprimidos (‐as) • estar emfermo (‐a) = no estar bien • estar borracho (‐a) = tomar mucho licor o alcoholCognates
Let’s now look at cognates, which are a tremendous ally for any healthcare professional who is learning Spanish. If you will recall, cognates are words that are very similar in two languages, often because they come from the same origin (for example, Latin or come from the same origin (for example, Latin or Greek). The following cognates are grouped by endings, and once you master the corresponding English and Spanish ending changes to the main root word (which is almost always the same in both languages), you’ll be astonished at how many Spanish medical terms you readily recognize.Formation of Spanish words and their
English equivalents
tion == ción (f.) These are always feminine in Spanish.
. constipation la constipación (el estreñimiento) •recuperationrecuperation la recuperaciónla recuperación
•sterilization la esterilización • exception la excepción •contraception la contracepción
LOS NÚMEROS 0 ‐ 29
0 cero 10 diez 20 veinte 1 uno 11 once 21 veintiuno 2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueveNotice the pattern for the numbers form 16 to 29: diez + seis = dieciséis;
LOS NÚMEROS 30 ‐ 50
30 treinta 40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta 31 treinta y uno 41 cuarenta y uno 51 cincuenta y uno 32 treinta y dos 42 cuarenta y dos 52 cincuenta y dos 33 treinta y tres 43 cuarenta y tres 53 cincuenta y tres 34 treinta y cuatro 44 cuarenta y cuatro 54 cincuenta y cuatro 35 treinta y cinco 45 cuarenta y cinco 55 cincuenta y cinco 36 treinta y seis 46 cuarenta y seis 56 cincuenta y seis 37 treinta y siete 47 cuarenta y siete 57 cincuenta y siete 38 treinta y ocho 48 cuarenta y ocho 58 cincuenta y ocho 39 treinta y nueve 49 cuarenta y nueve 59 cincuenta y nueve
Notice the pattern for the nunmbers over 30: treinta + uno = treinta y uno;
Cuarenta + dos = cuarenta y dos; cincuenta + tres = cincuenta y tres; etc.
LOS NÚMEROS 60 ‐ 89
60 sesenta 70 setenta 80 ochenta
90 noventa 100 cien
Do not confuse sixty and seventy. Notice that sesenta is formed from seiS, with an s and setenta is formed form sieTe, with a t.
Common symptoms
Since your patients come to see you with some malady, you may want to learn some vocabulary related to common symptoms. This will provide you with the ability to ask probing questions in Spanish in order to pinpoint more information Spanish in order to pinpoint more information concerning the chief complaints. (“Complaints” is used in the plural here because there will almost certainly be more than just one, which may well be a cross‐cultural phenomenon).
¿Se siente…? Do you feel. . .?/ ¿Está…? Are you. . .? Me siento. . .I feel . . ./Estoy…I am
Mal bad triste sad
Alegre happy mareado(‐a) dizzy Inflamado(‐a) inflamed agotado(‐a) exhausted
d ( ) d d ó d ( ) f bl Deprimido(‐a) depressed incómodo(‐a) uncomfortable Débil weak enfermo(‐a) sick Cansado(‐a) tired nervioso(‐a) nervous Confundido(‐a) confused estreñido constipated Constipado(‐a) stuffed‐up nasally (congested)
Doctor‐patient relationship
• In order to establish a stronger, trusting doctor‐patient relationship, the Hispanic patient would experience less stress if the doctor would do the following: Sh k h d d i d hi h lf • Shake hand and introduce him‐ or herself. • Try to pronounce the patient’s name (nombre) and surnames (apellidos) correctly.Doctor‐patient relationship
• Attempt to speak some Spanish, even if only a few initial courtesy phrases. • Sit down for a moment with the patient to inquire about the f il h hild d h h i h b f li i family, the children, and how the patient has been feeling in general lately, etc. Even through the doctor may be pressed for time, this initial conversation smoothes the way for more open dialogue and a more relaxed patient, allowing the remainder of the interview to be conducted more easily.Ser: to be
• (yo ) soy I am
• (él, ella, Ud.) es He/she/it is
_______________________________________ • (nosotros/as) somos We are
• (ellos/ellas/Uds.) son They are
Ejercicio
Practiquémos con el verbo ser.
Ejemplo: Yo soy médico . • 1. Usted______________________________. • 2.Ellos________________________________. • 3.Ella ________________________________. • 4. Mi hermano ________________________. • 5. Nosotros ________________________.Ser vs. Estar
Here we can compare both forms of the verb “to be” (ser and estar) . Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usagedifferences in their usage.
Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy I am
• (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal)
_____________________________________ • (nosotros/as) estamos We are
• (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar
Indicates temporary states or conditions.
1. Position or location: ¿Dónde está la blusa (blouse)? La blusa está en la sala de operaciones. The blouse is in the operating room.2. Health (emotional and physical): ¿Cómo están Juan y María? How are Juan and María? Están enfermos. They are sick.
Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics. 1. Color ¿De qué color es la blusa? Es blanca 2. Size: Los cuartos son pequeños. 3. Possession: La blusa es de María. 4. Origin and nationality Juan es de México. Tú y yo somos mexicanos.Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics 5. Religion: La familia Sánchez es católica. 6. Profession: Elisa es doctora. 7. Time: ¿Qué hora es? Son las seis.Ejercicio:
Practiquémos con los verbos ser y
estar!
1. Rosa _______________ católica. 2. La aguja (needle)______en la mesa. 3. Pedro_______________ enfermo. 4. Marcela_____________ de méxico. 5. El señor Ruiz __________médico. 6. ¿Dónde_______________la biblioteca? 7. Hoy__________lunes, el 7 de abril.Telling time
Las horas
Las horas The time¿Qué hora es? What time is it? ¿Qué horas son? What time is it ?
temprano early
siempre always
tarde late
Hora
S l d
Es la una Son las dos Son las cuatro y diez
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of adjective: quantitative and qualitative. Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun they describe. In Spanish the with the noun they describe. In Spanish the quantitative adjectives are placed before the noun; are other adjectives are generally placed after the noun.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine)• Ramona toma un vino bueno y frío • Ramona toma un vino bueno y frío
(masculine)
–Roma drinks a good and cold wine.
• Ramón toma medicina buena y fría. (feminine)
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun in number (singular and plural)
Nacho compra medicinas frescas y económicas. (feminine plural)
( p )
‐ Nacho buys fresh and economic medicines. Maria necesita medicamentos buenos y
económicos. (masculine plural) ‐ Maria needs good and economic medicine. Adjectives ending in ‐e or most consonants don’t change to reflect gender. Adjectives ending in ‐or add –a to the ending for the feminine form.
Un doctor Una doctora
masculino femenino Simpático simpática Interesante interesante Trabajador trabajadora If an adjective is used to modify a plural noun or more than one noun, it must be used in its plural form. ‐To create the plural of an adjective ending in a vowel, add –s.
To create the plural of an adjective ending in a ‐To create the plural of an adjective ending in a
consonant, add –es.
‐To create the plural of an adjective ending in ‐ or, add –es to the masculine form and –as to the feminine form.
El doctor Los doctores Las doctoras
simpático simpáticos simpáticas
azul azules azules
azul azules azules
trabajador trabajadores trabajadoras
As with articles and subjects pronouns, adjectives that apply to mixed groups of males and females use the masculine form.
Qualifying Adjectives
Los colores Colors
Rojo (‐a) red
Negro (‐a) black Amarillo (‐a) yellow Azul blue Rosa pink Blanco (‐a) white Verde green
Morado (‐a) purple
Café brown
Ejercicio
El ojo está rojo. Your eye is red.
La cara está amarilla. Your face is yellow. La lengua está roja. Your tongue is red. La cara______________. La lenguag ___________. Las manos____________. Los labios__________. El cuello______________. Las orejas__________. La nariz_______________. Los dientes_________. La barbilla_____________. El cabello___________. La frente______________. La boca____________.
More qualifying adjectives
• Alto (a) high, tall • Bajo (a) low, short • Rápido (a) fast • Lento (a) slow • Irregular irregular • Normal normal, regular • Gordo (a) fat • Delgado (a) thin, slim • Flaco (a) skinny • Rubio (a) blond, light • Moreno (a) dark skin color • Oscuro (a) dark • Pequeño (a) little, small • Grande big, largeHay
One of the most useful words in Spanish is hay, which means both “there is” and “there are,” “is there?” and “are there?”. You don’t have to learn any endings or make any changes.Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet. Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet.
There are Hay tres tabletas. There are three tablets. ¿Hay? Is there? ¿Hay una tableta?
Is there a tablet? Are there? ¿Hay tabletas? Are there tablets?
¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta? How much
¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas? How many • ¿Cuántas pastillas hay?
• EJEMPLO: Hay dos pastillas ( ) 1. _______________________________. (5) 2. ________________________________. (15) 3. ________________________________. (75) 4. ¿Cuánta agua hay? First, let’s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word “to” and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on. However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either –ar, ‐er, or –ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word “to”.
To conjugate an –ar verb: drop the –ar ending. Tomar‐ the ending = tom
Take the stem tom and add:
• (yo) tomO I drink
• (él ella Ud ) tomA he she you (formal) drinks • (él, ella, Ud.) tomA he, she,you (formal) drinks
• (nosotros/as) tomAMOS we drink
• (ellos, ellas, Uds.) tomAN they (m., f.), you (pl) drink ________________________________________ Hablar, caminar, estudiar
Take any regular –ar verb, drop the –ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense:
‐o ‐amos
‐a ‐an
Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente) Hablar (to speak)
Hablar (to speak)
(yo) habl___ (nosotros) habl_________ (él) habl_______ (ellos) habl_______ (ella) habla______ (ellas) habl______
Common –ar verbs
Caminar ‐to walk Preguntar ‐ to ask
Comprar ‐ to buy Recetar ‐to prescribe
Defecar ‐ to defecate Regresar ‐to return
Descansar ‐ to rest Respirarp ‐to breathe
Hablar ‐ to talk Sacar ‐ to take out, to take
Lavar ‐ to wash (i.e. Xrays)
Llamar ‐ to call Tocar ‐ to touch
Orinar ‐ to urinate Vomitar ‐ to vomit
Visitar ‐ to visit
Necesitar
Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let’s look at the verb necesitar (to need) one of the most useful necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important –ar verbs.
Necesitar
• ¿Qué necesita?‐ What do you need?
While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question, this is an effective way to learn how to use regular –ar verbs in a simple and somewhat painless manner.
• Yo necesito ∙ Nosotros/as necesitamos • El/ella/Ud. Necesita ∙Ellos/ellas/Uds necesitan
• Necesito un gotero, por favor. I need a dropper, please.
• Necesito una receta, por favor. I need a prescription, please. • Necesito…. I need
• Necesita…. You need… • ¿Necesita? Do you need? • ¿Qué necesita? What do you need?
Necesitar
• Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as “do”, “does”, “did”, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask:g p , • “Do you need….?”, just as “¿Necesita? In an inquiring tone, which literally means, “Need?” (both the words “do” and “you” are understood). • “What do you need?, just say “¿Qué necesita? Or, literally, “What need?” (“You” is understood from the –a ending.)Necesitar
Continued: • “What do I need”, just say ¿Qué necesito?” or, literally, “What need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.) • “Where do I need….?, “ just say “¿Dónde necesito….?” Or, literally, “Where need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)Necesitar + Infinitive
There is another extremely helpful use of the verb “to need.” With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example:Necesito tomar su temperatura I need to take your temperature. Necesito examinar su oído I need to examine your ear.
Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, “I need”) and the second verb remains “untouched” in its infinitive form (examinar, “to examine”). Therefore, “I need to examine” becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying “I need I examine.”)
Necesitar + Infinitive
Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example: • Necesito escuchar los pulmones • Necesito examinar su brazo • Necesito examinar su brazo. • (Usted) necesita tomar su medicina. • Necesita cuidar la infección. • Necesita regresar en dos semanas. • Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. • Necesito pesar al niño.Práctica
Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.)• 1. I need to examine your ear.
_______________________________________________________________.
• 2. I need to take your pulse.
______________________________________________________________.
• 3 I need to prescribe pills
• 3. I need to prescribe pills. ______________________________________________________________. • 4. You need to take your medicine. ______________________________________________________________. • 5. You need to examine your breast at home. ______________________________________________________________. • 6. You need to drink a lot of fluids (liquids).
