El experimento AMS-02 como observatorio de rayos gamma desde la Estación Espacial Internacional

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(1)UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear. EL EXPERIMENTO AMS-02 COMO OBSERVATORIO DE RAYOS GAMMA DESDE LA ESTACIÓN ESPACIAL INTERNACIONAL. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Ignacio Sevilla Noarbe. Bajo la dirección del doctor: Juan Alcaraz Maestre. Madrid, 2007. • ISBN: 978-84-669-2974-5. © Ignacio Sevilla Noarbe, 2006.

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(89) . . . ". #. $#. %. &. ('. )+*,,)+*. -./103254769869:<;>=@?BADCEGF H IJ?LKMFONPFQ=RC9STI5S@UV=RW1EG=XH =3YZAB[RIJ?\H =]FJW9EU_^1=@CUVIB`D^1=@CUVIaH =X=Pb@K1=@NBUdce=RW1EGIf?K1Ff?RF HIf?$ghH ijSTIONBNP=B?K1IJW<H = Flk]mon9pqrTset]K1=@NT?K1= SREUdufFJ?QH =l=PbvSRCAv?BUMIJ w WeK1FJN FlkXmxnypqJz{ENPFJ?X|xF~Wy } IJ?lH =EGIJceFaH =lH FOEIJ?Ri. T+ P PS F Q %P G 3 O A + & $ * ) F % N @ 1 X O ( # / + . , / + ' 8 $ # \ O * ) @ 3 " = + Q 0 = + Q ' 0 = + & $ 0 % N @ O 3 " G 3 , 9 ' = @ . : ! 6 4 = + D ! % = P d O * ) " 0 B + w y 1 5 % & $ H + = + 8 $ ) 3 = + > < ] 0 + C "3"3]I5!+G@NbO3$+/3)1 4A3'93+=!!@N&p +#PN+="F+=1 $80+#)%0$846@N+/)*O&'9@7%0+$8@N@NO3$8$&@=3'9'9"3+>+/U=:.fG+B 9$8"@NIO6! @N3`"+= OT".@N{ 3 $&£ %0"@ "I30*+=Ib*D=@N !,;@ $&$Y%5"3M3+=+/":.+#b("I]9 3$8@N$8@NOd4K)* ,?O3@N%0"3O@ Od )*OK b4JEK+=0++ +PN/,|+=50+%0$&L>+=%0$&+=%@N1 O~ *",|%!'9;+=)*!& @=c' OR46y¢+J3"O3$&;% @N1 DOS%!'Y"%0+= xUd'9G+=@K"3%!y¢@XPN+=M.0+=+=*$8))*+K@$|0 +=1 Od])*,3'9%0'9$8%5@ 4K& '92 +=`Q(4K 7"35%0+6"3+=,3]'" O30+A$&%0D=+J !"3@>7$&%0P="3'9+=+="~O."" #G'$&@=+=)Od+=)$&%0%F"3@N1 +=Oj"3 O "3k46+/)*&'9%0+WO@Z5346%0O@N9+q@Z46+/)*&'Y%0+^@N$&'9+[- 4K,?&ph@Z1 +W*&'J+=$8&,3)+="3+_ O0+W$8@N4A3O3%0"3+="+=)*'@=yC1 %0$&+>U.

(90)

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(93) RE=*@= F'KOd()*,| H +/ 'OjQ)*\ h"3 X O30+S"3%!D=H$8&@N0'9+K47@ 4638UO.+/%0)*"3&+='9%0"_+6$&@N%0 $&O[) '9C1 e|+>$&<.+>42<x+=1,?c@=('A)+=O[ )*OR@<0+K0+S"3&$&)*& '9*46)% %0@NO31 O}+=$&,3%F@N'91 Oj%0O.$&"%!B,.+=j`'98+=L"3%0*%5$&)*+k O. $&O%0+-0@+ 'Y+=c"3$8%0@N+=4K+R$&% ,?@N4J1 Oq@N+/O)*@= &:.O['9*)*%0&+jj'9D@N@N+/9:.$&$&30='9'U+k@Wv1:.,3*+/')*@'Y~%D@N1 %0,.O3 O%0$& k+~"~"y¢j*6&@='K:> * &],.)*'9$&@N%0+=J4K*@Z$8&@N'B"4K$&~,|+=O.O3"3 +=*%0"3)*O3@N+/+=K)*K@R,?4JO.@=+/'K+/'):.'@N+/'9O'9+=%0@NUh&O<v @=OZK:>*(d &*3)*)k@N+SKM3%0,.4K%!,c0+=,.@=1 O30)* & 4K)+/%5H '9O[%!*@N)*JAj+=@WO@W.+/4KPN 4JXw&%!()*'9@NO O3"3&IP=0'+@N"&U> O3+=%5]"3+=4K"- :."3+/%0".'9+=% @N1O."%0$&+#+/+ :.3O3 ". +=

(94) O3$&%0+=,< 1"3/ ", 3< =)*1&/'9%!@B/ O~]"O@NO3:?" " J PNb+=+=]"3,3%54K'9%546O3%!)%!%!@ND/O.+=+= d E-// T*$8)3@N+H1 O3'* )*0'9+=%$&O{ %!@NO6O3+= "3;@HD/+=$8!@N@=O ' "3; D/+=<c!@=k']"@Z5+W5+7'$8 @N0+=O3$&%)@N+=1 OO[)*HOd")*';R<G03@N:36:."!@NK4K,3 'Y"3%04K%0+=Od&')*@N K4r+1 L%0&4K=@N J j" 4 -* ,?-/nk$8)*,T'$/@_U :"3 )*]'9+=yz@N]O34K"3 @Z"3%0"".R+=46"%0#$8'9+/@d:.@N3O3O."."3+=K+=O3*$&@N%0O+ PN$8 />@N+= 465g+U L>,.o %0+/+A)!%!PN":.3 !O34AQ@N#$8 @N'*O\)*'93+=*O~!)*)+=("3D@N+=#G!@=0+7,?'FU@N4Jx*)*+/+=&)*'Y&%!@='9@=%0:.'+A &:.'+/D/9'9+=/% @N$&1b%0O.@N%0%0O3O$&$&+H0].,."*3@J "'0 &GO[:|)*+3 *,;+=@NO^P=O3'9+ &D>*'Q)%!+j)+A+=!$&$&@-%0%!yz@N'9O.+>3+=UT4K!` @-]+/3'9 +~OJO 30 ;OsM3//'2+= !F@-."4K" |OdOs)*@=' )+=$&)*%!h'9 +B"Od)*,.=;'<T@=M3D=,.+=&!%0@+' / £ gU G f 9 & $ / + ' ) = + 3 " J + 5 A + 8 $ N @ d O * ) 9 ' ! % | : 3 & $ % N @ 1 \ O . : / + 9 ' % N @ 1 . O 0 % & $ 7 + 8 $ N @ 6 4 J @ ! % N P 3 O 0 % . e & $ / + ) ! % / D > + < 0 + 8 L 0 % * * ) . O & $ 0 % + " = P 9 ' = + 3 O " & $ = + d O ) 0 % 3 " = + 3 " I " 1 &4J$8'Y@N%0+/9"3)*4K+]&'9@N,?%0 +H@=@=1 PN'@N%009$8+$&@N&&'9D><x+ %0$8"@NQ 4K O.$&@R%0+*PE6+/ ,?4K @= R')O. +=1$&"3P %!@N+IO3,?+j@=0+B+/''5*'9+@N%0:.$803@N+>$&4BU % @No:.1 OX%5O3,.$8+=+/@N$&'9OX% )@N1 %!5OB'+H"3"(dbK3G8 L**,?)*GJ&)*'9"3'9%5+/4K+/:.)* @+O[<x)*+7M3@N+=+j$8"+/)3,."+=+/5&'4K)*&$& '9%0O["34J)*@k=%0O3U 3+=vO3$&+~% )@N1 +B46OHM3"3%!'F+Bb1 +=D=,."3 +/+XO3'.+=%01"3"4K6@B&$&9)*+='9@NO>P/ ".$&+/%0"3'Y+=+/$8)*)*@N&K'F1 *O)%0$&0+=+Z0(%!)*&#'Y+/")&:?'9+>OJ<P=)* O3O&&''9+=<5*4K "3O[ )*OS@N46 Or%0O3y+=@=OX'946P=+ZOQ&"31 '9k%0$&,.+=+/46') CO[1 $&)*.0+= 6) "R . O@Z r@= )*' @})+)%!"(,?@

(95) UbfC" & :. %0" @_+_ 0+= C " # UQvOd)*'R 5!@N&<e3PN'Y+=O2!@N6O3 )*'9%0O@NJ(dR,;@='\"3%!D=&'9@N64K@=)%!D=@NX8L,?&'9%54K O[)+=0 R¢0+_@NO3"3+ n o %0O."3%0$&+j( !

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(97) ,3'9 %5 O3;$&%!,.++=-!, $.U /o H!PNEX30O.

(98) + += 7 ""X )0(+=B1,?0 @N %02:.(4%03 0%0".560 +=" G742-,8+=1 B09:* ). "3%0 += /"3 += 7%0 O>= U vOSO\$&'.+=30(d46. %!OJ&'c'$&' +=$&%0* @O[<?)*)*@>*"@=@\:3'9%5O3G"3 %0*$&)*+6()*4JA+>0+J<>%546O3$&+/0)*&E='Y %0+JO3"3@N@79$&O3'94K+6&)'%0 @NO+=AQ(''&7y&'* )O3+/$&'%5+=$8&@N<d4K,|,." c*)+XO.,?$8@N@=O['G)*,|'9+/+/'Y'*) 1 $&3O 0+=G / Og@ U C "3 $8'9%!)+= Ok nk@>" !@ v1 *)+=O3"3+/'FU . . . . . . . . . . . . l). . . y#. 6; =<" ?@B> A $C<"ED A 6D# %FDG > A D& " K MN 6K FHOD A %BK M A <" N &PK %FDG > A < . A F> IH )D 6D @. JD *K A. & # # $ . < A < A 6D G L 6D& A . !. A. .

(99) 2 o / + Y ' + s n ; T < 0 % d O * ) & ' 1 H 3 , 9 ' 5 % 3 O & $ ! % . , = + W O * * ) X * ) 6 4 j + 9 ' = + . " 0 % & $ j + Z O 0 ~ + ? , N @ 0 % . : 0 % 0 0 % . " = + R " " 6 | : 3 & $ / + H ' & > D 0 % " 3 O & $ 5 % = + 0 % > O "..%!O3'%! D=$8&)'9+=*#@#",3 'Y%04K@=u*'9nS"3%5+=#[* &O^PN3+=%0O'F@N1 +=46O-+=+=gO3C1 +=%0G(3 %0OW +=1 0O.@N"G@N *Q,; O[$8)*)*''9I@NF1 "+H73'YO-+ E='9@N%!)H46$T@#@N1 4A4J%0$8E7@N:.&UT+wh@B@N,; & '9@#uw(nS#,?@>'9 "46'F1 +=+GO" Od*)*+/ '3"O3 + M46 O[0)*5+X@ '9< $8v @No OV @$&%0 /9:.2 !-b,? O^@>" 'F*1 )*+J@NCHM3+/ :?,;&' $8EN)*+~'9@N &O.<$8@N%O[*)*6'9+=4J"3%0@k" 3OÔ3+\C $8@N,3OZ'9%0046+j&'93+Je.%0$&O.%!"3Od%0$&)*+=A$&,.% @N1'Os $&"%0-% @N1 Oh*U?)*Kf)6%!,?M@~ $Y"M-@C <h,3'@>$88 L>*,?@j&'9 %O /U0/- *".,?+A $8.)*O3'+-@J%0""7 +-,?@N"%!)*0'+A@NO$&+= C 0 %0U "3o +="~."46%!0 +-O3"4K@K "3(%5"3H+7 "38L> $8)* *@\ *@=,?:. *$8&)*'9'D@6+=""@J#,;,?@=@N';%!)*<G'@Nv Oo V Q O~G ?%!PN'9O3+=%!O3e|P=$&@-+/)"3%!D=#@42<.0+=1+KIe."PNK&'9+ #&¡ (HM3+/'|+ 1 o n^d 1/U , . . . .

(100).

(101) . . . . masa neutralino = 130.3 GeV. -./103254"698j:. masa neutralino = 336 GeV. ?TEUdceF SRUVIJWy=@?oH={C_Ff?{STIJW9ENBURA1SRUVIJWy=@?xH=@C@IJWyHI z

(102) etC_F?R=jW< } FJC(KMFONPF. gURADUV=@NPHFTs&t| | . =. ghH =RNP=TS ^1FTsz

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(111) ¡ OS-,;OdEk.$8,3$&)*!''9h@=@N@N1,|BO}+/"PN+=&Db)$& 1 +=%+=@N01 *5OSB+=""3,?@N7@=B'I!@N"GX* '9!4K+@NE=B,.@N!46@%5$T £ @N14K 946@NY&U %0<h$8@N O_ O M P F = F &* 1 F " %'&*PE % F x@=' A* Od)%! O3"7(d,.'@$8 "3 Oj"3%!' $8)+=4K Od)*B"70+=y¢ O[)* c(dH0@N,3'@>"33$8 OTU B. 12. 13. 3. 3. 54. . '.

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