Libro de resúmenes
VI REUNIÓN
INTERNACIONAL FUEGORED
Málaga, 19-21 de noviembre de 2015
Coordinadores:
José Damián Ruíz Sinoga Juan Francisco Martínez Murillo
Paloma Hueso González
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COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO
− David Badía Villas (Departamento de Agricultura y Economía Agraria, Universidad de Zaragoza).
− Antonio Bento (Universidade do Minho, Portugal).
− Artemi Cerdà (Departament de Geografía, Universitat de València).
− Montserrat Díaz Raviña (departamento de Bioquímica, Calidad y Conservación de Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas, CSIC).
− Antonio Jordán (Departamento de Cristalografía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla).
− Jan Jacob Keizer (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro).
− Jorge Mataix-Solera (Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad Miguel Hernández).
− Cristina Montiel Molina (Departamento de Análisis Geográfico Regional y Geografía Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid).
− Daniel Moya Navarro (Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Tecnología Agraria, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha).
− Jonay Neris (Universidad de La Laguna).
− Jesús Notario del Pino (Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad de La Laguna).
− Paulo Pereira (Environmental Management Centre, Mykolas Romeris University).
− Sergio A. Prats (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro).
− Guillermo Rein (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of London).
− José Damián Ruiz Sinoga (departamento de geografía, Universidad de Málaga).
− Cristina Santín Nuño (Department of Geography, University of Swansea).
− Xavier Úbeda Cartañá (Departamento de Geografía, Universitat de Barcelona).
− Lorena M. Zavala (Departamento de Cristalografía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla).
ORGANIZA
Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de Málaga.
Red temática nacional. Efecto de los Incendios Forestales sobre los Suelos (FuegoRed).
COORDINADORES
José Damián Ruiz Sinoga (departamento de geografía, Universidad de Málaga).
Juan F. Martínez Murillo (departamento de geografía, Universidad de Málaga).
Paloma Hueso González (departamento de geografía, Universidad de Málaga).
COMITÉ DE HONOR
D. José Ángel Narváez Bueno. Rector en funciones de la Universidad de Málaga.
D. Emilio Ferre Bueno. Profesor emérito de la Universidad de Málaga.
D. Francisco Javier Madrid Rojo. Director general de Gestión del Medio Natural, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio (Junta de Andalucía).
D. José Antonio Gómez Sánchez. Alcalde del Excmo Ayuntamiento de Ojén, Málaga.
COLABORADORES
Dania Abdul Malak (European Topic Centre, Universidad de Málaga).
Miguel Ángel Catalina Mimendi (Cuerpo Operativo Provincial, Plan INFOCA, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio).
José Jesús Delgado Peña (departamento de geografía, Universidad de Málaga).
Daniel Moya Navarro (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha).
Adriano Vázquez Mora (Cuerpo Operativo Provincial, Plan INFOCA, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio).
Carmen Victoria Vélez Cañadillas (Técnico de Medio Ambiente, Ayuntamiento de Marbella).
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ÍNDICE
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION A PROPOSAL FOR INTEGRATION AND MUTUAL SUPPORT. Alcahúd Cortés ... 7 USO DE DATOS DE TELEDETECCIÓN EN EL ANÁLISIS DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES: EL ÍNDICE DE HAINES. Barberá ... 8 EVALUATION OF SOIL EROSION MITIGATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SMALL PLOTS IN BURNT AREAS (SERRA DO GERÊS - NORTHWEST OF PORTUGAL). Bento-Gonçalves ... 10 UAV HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGERY TO ASSESS POST-FIRE VEGETATION RECOVERY AND CHANGES IN SEDIMENT CONNECTIVITY. Calsamiglia ... 12 SOIL ORGANIC CARBON REDISTRIBUTION, AND ITS EFFECT ON SOIL AGGREGATION, IN A RECENTLY BURNED MEDITERRANEAN HILL-SLOPE. Campo ... 13 THE ASH DEPTH AND TYPE AS A CONTROL OF RUNOFF GENERATION AFTER FOREST FIRES. Cerdá ... 15 THE IMPACT OF LAND ABANDONMENT AND FOREST FIRES ON THE HYDROLOGY OF SOILS FROM AREAS OF THE CANYOLES RIVER WATERSHED. Cerdá ... 17 THE INFLUENCE OF ROCK FRAGMENTS ON SOIL WATER REPELLENCY ON RECENTLY BURNT SOILS.
THE PEGO RESEARCH SITE. Cerdá ... 18 DISEÑO DE UN SIMULADOR DE LLUVIA PORTATIL DE BAJO COSTE CON CONTROL ELECTRONICO DE INTENSIDAD DE LLUVIA (ARLOAN). Cervantes ... 21 LOW SOIL MOISTURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURES AS INDICATORS FOR FOREST FIRE OCCURRENCE AND EXTENT ACROSS THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. Chaparro ... 23 MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN SOILS AFTER A LONG-TERM POST- FIRE ALEPPO PINE (PINUS HALEPENSIS M.) FOREST IN DRY AND SEMIARID STANDS. EFFECTS OF SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS AND INDUCED DROUGHT. De las Heras ... 25 EFFECTS OF UNDERSTORY PRESCRIBED BURNING ON FUEL MODELS: ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF THIS TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING WILDFIRES IN NORTHEASTERN SPAIN. Duguy Pedra ... 26 COMPARISON OF HISTORICAL AND RECENT WIDLFIRE TIME TRENDS AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN MADRID MOUNTAINS. Entrenas ... 28 SOIL STABILIZATION TREATMENTS AFTER WILDFIRE IN NW SPAIN. Fernandez ... 30 DISEÑO DE ENCUESTA DE IMPACTO AL SUELO TRAS INTERVENCIONES EN INCENDIOS: TÉCNICOS VERSUS INVESTIGADORES. Fernandez-Raga ... 31 CAMBIOS EN LA REPELENCIA AL AGUA DEL SUELO EN FUNCIÓN DE LA SEVERIDAD DEL FUEGO EN EL SUELO. Fontúrbel ... 33 APROBACIÓN Y EJECUCIÓN DE PLANES FORESTALES EN CATALUÑA LOS CASOS DE CAN NOGUERA Y MAS BASSETS. Francos ... 35 POST-FIRE HYDROLOGICAL AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY DYNAMICS OF TWO MEDITERRANEAN NESTED CATCHMENTS. García-Comendador ... 37 EVOLUCIÓN Y RESPUESTA DEL ECOSISTEMA A CORTO-MEDIO PLAZO DESPUÉS DE UN INCENDIO ANALIZADO EN FUNCIÓN DEL MANEJO, LA SEVERIDAD DEL FUEGO Y RESILIENCIA DE LA MASA.
González-De la Vega ... 39 STUDYING THE IMPACT OF LITTER PROPERTIES AND QUANTITY ON SPLASH EROSION IN BURNED SOILS USING RAINFALL SIMULATION. Gordillo Rivero ... 41 DESARROLLO, CONSTRUCCIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN DE UN DISDRÓMETRO DIGITAL. Granged ... 43 CLIMATE CONTROLS ON FIRE SEVERITY AND POST-FIRE VEGETATION REGENERATION. Grau ... 44 EFECTO DE LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN LA MESOBIOTA EDÁFICA DE SIERRA BERMEJA. Guerrero Landabaso ... 46 AN EXPLORATORY APPROACH TO THE WILDFIRES IN ANDALUSIA, SPAIN (1975-2013). Gutiérrez- Hernández ... 48 FOUR YEARS OF POST-FIRE DROUGHT MODIFY THE FUNCTIONALITY AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF BURNED SOILS. Hinojosa ... 49 FIRE RECURRENCE EFFECTS ON SOILS OF PINUS PINASTER FORESTS (SIERRA DE GREDOS). Hinojosa ... 51 EFECTO DE LAS QUEMAS PRESCRITAS DE BAJA INTENSIDAD SOBRE EL SUELO DE FORMACIONES DE PINUS PINASTER. Hinojosa ... 53
SOIL AS THE MAIN COMPARTMENT OF CARBON STORAGE AFTER FIRE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF
GLOBAL CHANGE IN HEATHLANDS. Huerta ... 55
SHORT-TERM MICROBIAL RESPONSE AFTER LABORATORY HEATING AND GROUND MULCHING ADITION. Jiménez Copán ... 57
WILDFIRE EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER COMPOSITION FROM A TYPICAL MEDITERRANEAN FOREST (SW SPAIN). Jiménez-González ... 59
EL USO DE PIRÓLISIS ANALÍTICA CON RAZONES ISOTÓPICAS EN COMPUESTOS ESPECÍFICOS (PY-CSIA) EN EL ESTUDIO DE LOS EFECTOS DEL FUEGO EN LA MATERIA ORGÁNICA DEL SUELO. Jiménez-Morillo ... 61
MONITORING SOIL EROSION RISK IN BURNED SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT RESTORATION TREATMENTS. Jordán ... 63
METODOLOGIAS EMPLEADAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA EROSION EDAFICA EN INCENDIOS FORESTALES. León ... 65
AN INDICATOR OF FOREST FIRE INTENSITY APPLIED TO EUROPEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS. Marín ... 67
RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS AFTER CONTROLLED FIRE AT PLOT SCALE (EL PINARILLO, SOUTH OF SPAIN). Martínez-Murillo ... 69
VEGETATION RECOVERY AND SOIL EROSION IMPLICATIONS AFTER 22-YEARS OF THE RIO VERDE WILDIFIRE(MÁLAGA, SOUTH OF SPAIN). Martínez-Murillo ... 70
FIRE TEMPERATURES IMPACT ON PERMAFROST SOIL ORGANIC MATTER. Masyagina ... 71
ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO SALVAGE LOGGING: BURNED SEROTINOUS PINE FORESTS IN SOUTHEASTERN SPAIN. Moya ... 73
USING THERMOGRAVIMETRY TO ASSESS FIRE IMPACTS ON KEY SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. Neris ... 74
VARIACIÓN EN PROFUNDIDAD DE LA ACTIVIDAD MICROBIANA DE UN SUELO FORESTAL SOMETIDO A QUEMA CONTROLADA. Pereira ... 75
SCALE EFFECTS OF FOREST RESIDUE MULCHING ON POST-FIRE RUNOFF AND EROSION IN CENTRAL PORTUGAL. Prats Alegre ... 77
TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT FOREST RESIDUE MULCH APPLICATION SCHEMES FOR REDUCING POST-FIRE RUNOFF AND SOIL EROSION UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS. Prats Alegre ... 78
RECOLONIZACION LIQUÉNICA POST-INCENDIO: DATOS PRELIMINARES SOBRE DIVERSIDAD Y ABUNDANCIA LIQUÉNICA EPIFÍTICA EN ENCINARES DE LA SERRANÍA DE RONDA. Prats Alegre ... 79
EFECTOS DE QUEMAS EXPERIMENTALES DE DIFERENTE SEVERIDAD EN EL CARBONO ORGÁNICO Y EN PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS DEL SUELO. Regueira ... 81
PROCESOS DE APRENDIZAJE SOCIAL COMO CONSECUENCIA DE LOS GRANDES INCEDIOS FORESTALES. GESTIÓN FORESTAL POST-INCENDIO Y QUEMAS PRESCRITAS EN CATALUNYA. Rodriguez Carreras ... 82
EFFECT OF SALVAGE LOGGING ON GLOMALIN IN FIRE-AFFECTED MEDITERRANEAN FOREST SOIL. Sansano ... 84
PYROGENIC ORGANIC MATTER FROM VEGETATION FIRES:A REVIEW. Santín ... 86
APLICATION OF THE EUROSEM MODEL IN DRAINAGE BASINS AFTER SEVERE WILDFIRE. Soriano ... 87
INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN CHILE. Úbeda ... 89
SOIL EROSION AFTER POST-FIRE SALVAGE LOGGING IN GALICIA (NW SPAIN). Vega ... 90
EVALUATION OF SOIL EROSION MITIGATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO DRAINAGE CHANNELS IN BURNT AREAS (NORTHWEST OF PORTUGAL). Vieira ... 92
FIRE AND NATURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN THE GARRAF AND OLERDOLA NATURAL PARKS. THE PROTECTION OF NATURAL ELEMENTS HARDLY REPLACEABLE. Torrento ... 94
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RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. A PROPOSAL FOR INTEGRATION AND MUTUAL SUPPORT
M. Alcahúd Cortés1, J. Reyes Ruiz-Gallardo2
1Unidad de Análisis y Planificación (UNAP), INFOCAM.
2Sección de Teledetección y SIG. Instituto de Desarrollo Regional. UCLM. Albacete.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Forest fires are a very complex problem, with important natural and human implications, but the society has a very limited view, focused on the search of the guilty. This perspective also implies a clear outsourcing of responsibility, whether in the intention of the arsonist, or the administration inability to solve the problem, punishing the guilty and putting off all of the fires.
In this sense, social education has much to say, working on all of its aspects: formal (intention and educational level), non-formal (educational intention but external level) and informal education (non-educational intention, and focusing outside the education system). The latter is what seems to have a greater weight in the perception of the problem by the society. Thus, social networks have a huge capacity to create opinion, being both a threat and an opportunity if properly managed.
Whatever the transmission channel, it is necessary to specify a clear message containing the essence of the problem, and generating a minimum critical-sense in the society, but scientifically based, and that may influence the administration policies in wildfire prevention matter. The challenge now, is how to set this message, overthrowing misconceptions deeply rooted, not only in society or politicians, but also in many technicians and managers, with a view of the forest fire as the great enemy to beat. In addition, the challenge of bringing together the realities involved, and sometimes confronted: advances in scientific world and the vision and possibilities of technical, policy and managers of the authorities responsible.
As that, the proposal is to add an educational approach to the research world, that helps to firmly scaffold an updated social knowledge, overcoming the traditional myths about forest fires, and replacing them with evidence-based realities, much more useful in the decision- taking policies of human and environmental protection. Thus, the proposal implies to add to the researching world two general goals:
1. To show the unavoidable presence of fire on our territory, the plant adaptation to the phenomenon, the impact of human historical presence on the territory but also the current rural abandonment and social evolution.
2. To compare, when possible, the consequences derived from the fire extinction paradigm versus its simply management.
But it is essential to use a plain language, easily understandable and convincing, close to the citizens but well supported with solid evidences. This educative focus of the research in forest fires may give it the overall visibility that currently needs, improving its social perception,
and fostering a perspective more real of the research: it is an essential cornerstone of the society development. All of this may, consequently, be translated in a desirable increasing of funds to support R&D.
Keywords: forest fires, education, social perception, fire management, firefighting, misconception.
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USO DE DATOS DE TELEDETECCIÓN EN EL ANÁLISIS DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES: EL ÍNDICE DE HAINES
M.J. Barberà1, R. Niclòs1, M.J. Estrela2, J.A. Valiente3, V. Caselles1
1 Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Termodinámica, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (València).
2 Facultat de Geografia i Història de la Universitat de València. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28. 46010 València
3 Instituto Universitario Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo – CEAM-UMH. C/ Charles Darwin, 14. Parque Tecnológico. 46980 Paterna (València)
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Resumen
Los incendios forestales, junto a las precipitaciones torrenciales, constituyen un grave problema en la cuenca del Mediterráneo Occidental, estando catalogados entre los riesgos meteorológicos de mayor importancia en estas regiones. Por tanto, el análisis de los procesos que generan estos riesgos y la mejora de su pronóstico serán de gran utilidad.
En este trabajo se analiza la explotación de datos procedentes de teledetección con el ánimo de mejorar la predicción del Índice de Haines (HI). La predicción de riesgo de incendio forestal es fundamental para evaluar la probabilidad de que se produzcan daños y su posible extensión. Durante años se han asociado la inestabilidad y el aire seco con el desarrollo de grandes incendios forestales en EEUU, siendo Haines (Haines, 1988) el primer científico en desarrollar un índice de riesgo meteorológico basado en la estabilidad (término A) y la humedad (término B) de las capas bajas de la atmósfera. Este índice fue originariamente denominado LASI (Lower Atmospheric Severity Index), aunque es más conocido como HI.
El HI es un indicador de potencial de riesgo de incendios forestales en los que la pluma convectiva es más importante que los vientos horizontales. Este tipo de incendios, denominados incendios dominados por columna o convectivos, pueden tener un comportamiento errático que podría complicar las tareas de extinción.
El cálculo del HI consta de la suma de los términos A y B. Se asignan valores de 1 a 3 a cada término dependiendo de la magnitud de la diferencia de la temperatura entre dos niveles de presión (A) y de la temperatura y la temperatura de rocío (B) en los niveles de presión predefinidos en función de la altitud del terreno. A mayor valor del término A mayor inestabilidad en la baja troposfera análogamente, los mayores valores del término B indican condiciones más secas que son favorables para la extensión de los incendios forestales. Con ello, el HI oscilará entre 2 y 6, tomando valores iguales o superiores a 5 cuando las condiciones atmosféricas son críticas para favorecer este tipo de incendios forestales.
Para el cálculo del HI, son necesarios datos de temperatura y humedad en las capas bajas de la atmósfera, utilizándose normalmente datos de radiosondeo. No obstante, debido a la baja densidad de estaciones de radiosondeo existentes (10 estaciones a nivel estatal, sin localización en la Comunidad Valenciana) se exploran los datos procedentes de los sondeadores atmosféricos MODIS, AIRS y AMSU, situados a bordo de los satélites de observación EOS Aqua y Terra, que mejoren tanto la resolución espacial como temporal del HI, examinando así sus perfiles atmosféricos y extrayendo las variables necesarias para el cálculo del HI en algunos incendios históricos dominados por columna. En concreto, los datos empleados son los productos Level 2 AIRS V6 (AIRX2RET, combinación de datos AIRS y AMSU, y AIRS2RET, únicamente con datos AIRS; ambos a bordo de EOS Aqua) con una resolución espacial de 50 km (Olsen, 2014) y los productos Level 2 MOD07 (de la plataforma
EOS Terra) y MYD07 (de EOS Aqua) V5 de 5km de resolución espacial (Seemann et al., 2006).
Los resultados muestran que el uso de datos MODIS para el cómputo del HI mejora notablemente la resolución espacial si se compara con estaciones de radiosondeo o con datos de reanálisis, normalmente utilizados para la realización de estudios climáticos (Barberà et al., 2015). Los datos MODIS también poseen mayor resolución temporal ya que para cada uno de los productos se adquieren dos pases diarios correspondientes a las órbitas ascendente y descendente del satélite. Por tanto se puede concluir que los datos de teledetección son una valiosa herramienta para caracterizar la atmósfera en sus capas bajas, complementando así la falta de datos a nivel global.
Palabras clave: incendios de columna, Índice de Haines, teledetección, AIRS, MODIS.
Referencias
Barberà, M. J., Niclòs, R., Estrela, M. J. and Valiente, J. A. 2015. Climatology of the stability and humidity terms in the Haines Index to improve the estimate of forest fire risk in the Western Mediterranean Basin (Valencia region, Spain). Int. J. Climatol., 35: 1212–1223. doi: 10.1002/joc.4048.
Haines, D.A. 1988. A lower atmospheric severity index for wildland fire. National Weather Digest 13 (2):23- 27).
Olsen, E. T. 2014. AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 6 Level 2 Product User Guide.
Seemann, S. W., Borbas, E. E., Li, J., Menzel, W. P., & Gumley, L. E. (2006). MODIS atmospheric profile retrieval Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document.
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EVALUATION OF SOIL EROSION MITIGATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SMALL PLOTS IN BURNT AREAS (SERRA DO GERÊS -
NORTHWEST OF PORTUGAL)
A. Bento-Gonçalves1, A. Vieira1, J. Salgado21Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (CEGOT), Departamento de Geografia, Universidade do Minho. Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães.
2Departamento de Geografia, Universidade do Minho. Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães.
E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract
Portugal is traversed each year by fires, showing a positive trend for an annual increase in their number and in the area scorched, as well as an increase in the recurrence of fires (Ferreira-Leite et al., 2011) and occurrence of large fires (Ferreira-Leite, 2010). As a consequence, the erosion of the top layer of soil occurs. In most Portuguese soils, it is in these layers that the only nutrients are available. In a climate of Mediterranean characteristics, the export of sediments and nutrients usually occurs within the first 4 / 6 months after the fire, so it is essential to study and implement a set of solutions that reduce the loss of materials (Shakesby et al., 1993, Bento-Gonçalves e Lourenço, 2010, Vega et al., 2010).
Most measures to protect the soil after fires are relatively expensive and difficult to apply, which make it difficult to be implemented by the majority of forestall landowners, because of the high risk and low profit of forestry.
Thus, through the Soil Protec (Emergency measures to protect soils after forest fires) project we tested low cost treatments to reduce soil erosion immediately after low/medium intensity forest fires in Pinus pinaster stands in the northwest of Portugal. In six plots with 10 meters long by 2,5 meters wide we applied different quantities of pine needles and straw and evaluated the erosive response to the protective techniques.
The monitoring of the plots occurred between 2010 and 2012. The analysis of the results point out clearly to a high efficiency of both types of measures (straw and pine needles) on soil protection during the first year. After one year, with the progressive reduction of the coverage (of straw and pine needles), its efficiency tends to decrease.
In addition to the higher durability and protection promoted by the straw compared with the pine needles, during the first year, the results show a higher efficiency of straw when a coverage density of 5 ton/ha is used and a higher efficiency of pine needles when the coverage density is about 2,5 ton/ha.
Key words: Forest fires, SoilProtec, erosion, mitigation measures.
References:
Bento-Gonçalves, A. J. e Lourenço, L. (2010) – “The study and measurement of overland flow and soil erosion on slopes affected by forest fires in Lousã mountain – main results”. Actas das Jornadas Internacionales – Investigación y gestión para la proteccion del suelo y restauración de los ecossistemas forestales affectadospor incêndios forestales, Santiago de Compostela, pp.107-110.
Ferreira-Leite, F. (2010) – Caracterização dendrocaustológica do Noroeste Português – o caso dos grandes incêndios florestais. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade do Minho, Gumarães.
Ferreira-Leite, F.; Bento-Gonçalves, A. e Vieira, A. (2011) – “The recurrence interval of forest fires in Cabeço da Vaca (Cabreira Mountain - Northwest of Portugal)”. Environmental Research 111 pp. 215-221.
Shakesby, R.; Boakes, D., Coelho, C.; Bento-Gonçalves, A. e Walsh, R. (1993) – “Limiting the erosional effect of forest fires: background to the IBERLIM research programme in Águeda and Tejo basins, Portugal”. Swansea Geographer, 30; Swansea, pp. 132 - 154.
Vega, J.; Serradab, R.; Hernandoc, C.; Rincónd, A.; Ocañae, L.; Madrigalc, J.; Fontúrbela, M.; Pueyo, J.;
Aguilar, V.; Guijarroc, M.; Carrillo, A.; Fernándeza, C. e Marinoc, E. (2010) – “Actuaciones técnicas post- incendio y severidad del fuego: Proyecto Rodenal”. Actas das Jornadas Internacionales – Investigación y gestión para la protección del suelo y restauración de los ecosistemas forestales afectados por incendios forestales, Santiago de Compostela, pp. 305-308.
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UAV HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGERY TO ASSESS POST-FIRE VEGETATION RECOVERY AND CHANGES IN
SEDIMENT CONNECTIVITY
A. Calsamiglia1, J. Gago2, Marc Carriquí2, J. García-Comendador1, M. Nadal2, J. Forteza1, H.
Medrano2, J. Estrany1
1Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
2Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In the last years UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) have opened new opportunities for ecology and geomorphology, improving temporal and spatial resolutions. UAVs are expected to bridge the gap between conventional ground-based methodologies and the traditional remote sensing platforms such as aircrafts and satellites. In this work, high-resolution multi- spectral images (<2 cm pix-1, 3-band vegetation camera peaks with in blue at 465 nm, green 525 nm and infrared ranging from 675 to 775 nm, MaxMax©, USA) were acquired seasonally during 2-year of campaign using a multi-copter UAV. In parallel to the acquisition of UAV imagery, field data was collected on plant cover from 4 re-sprouting shrubs typical from the Mediterranean landscape. These data allowed the assessment of vegetation recovery and geomorphic changes of a study area immediately after the largest wildfire recorded in the Balearic Islands. Two microcatchments were selected based on severity and different post-fire restoration management. For the analysis, High Resolution Digital Elevation Models (HR- DEM) were created using automated digital photogrammetry to derive maps of the sediment connectivity index (IC). On the other hand, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), as well as coverage and growth for single plant species, were derived from mosaics of the aerial images. Both IC and NDVI were analysed spatially at the catchment scale by means of Geographical Weighted Regression Statistics (GWRS) to establish the links between post-fire plant regeneration and sediment connectivity. Preliminary results show a significant local spatial relationship between both indices (R2= 0.712). This relationship and its usefulness for post-fire management strategies will be discussed.
Key words: ecogeomorphology, sediment connectivity, post-fire management, UAV.
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON REDISTRIBUTION, AND ITS EFFECT ON SOIL AGGREGATION, IN A RECENTLY BURNED
MEDITERRANEAN HILL-SLOPE
J. Campo1,2, E. Cammeraat1, E. Gimeno-García2,3, V. Andreu2
1 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
2 Desertification Research Centre, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
3 Fundación General Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The International Panel on Climate Change, indicated a higher degree of confidence that meteorological conditions associated to climate change will be propitious to increasing extreme events (IPCC, 2014). Impacts on land degradation will also be manifested in bigger and more frequent wildfires. In the Mediterranean area, forest fires are a serious problem since they can change top soils with drastic consequences for important ecosystem services, such as water availability and carbon sequestration (Bento-Gonçalves et al., 2012). Erosion processes are also enhanced, increasing soil loss, together with its organic matter (OM).
Whereas it is well documented that wildfires produce significant changes on hydrological and erosion processes, the associated redistribution of OM has received less attention. This research assesses this gap by studying the transport, stabilization and fate of C in a forest hill- slope recently burned (28/08/2014), with high severity fire, at the Natural Park of Sierra de Espadán, Azuébar, Spain (39°50'45.11"N, 0°22'20.52"W), characterized by Mediterranean shrubland (Rosmarinus officinalis, Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis). To this end, soil was sampled (19-9-2014) in the foot’s slope (depositional), middle part (transport) and top (eroding) at two depths (<2 cm, 2-5 cm), and in two environments (under canopy soil: UC;
bare soil: BS). Sediments were collected from four sediment fences constructed at the foot’s slope, and together with soils samples, analysed with regard to the C content and its role in soil stability (measured by means of the water drop test, WDT). The main objective of this work is to increase the understanding on the fate of C, in Mediterranean burned areas experiencing soil erosion and deposition, with special attention to the role of aggregation and disaggregation in redistribution processes.
According to preliminary results, immediately after fire, C content was high (above 50 g kg-1) as well as the aggregate stability. Significant differences (ANOVA, p<0.05) in C contents were observed between environments (UC > BS) and soil depths (topsoil > subsoil).
However, no significant differences were observed among eroding (58.8+ 20.8 g kg-1), transport (67.3+ 34.4 g kg-1), and depositional zones (62.0+ 31.3 g kg-1), which is not in agreement with what has been observed in other C redistribution studies (Wang et al., 2014).
Significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05) were also found in aggregate stability between environments (UC > BS) but not between soil depths or hill-slope positions (all aggregates were very stable, WDT>146 drops).
In the first post-fire erosive rains occurred in the study area (29-11-14) close pluviometers (Sot de Ferrer: 4.5 km and Alfondeguilla: 9 km) registered total daily rains up to 64.2 and
-2
15
registered 103.2 l m-2 and Alfondeguilla to 121.2 l m-2. In this rainfall, total sediment in the fences was 143.6 kg with content of 108.2 g C kg-1. Total C eroded in these events is up to 15.5 kg.
It is hypothesized that fire caused the homogenization the C content and aggregate stability of the different hill-slope positions, and only when erosion transports soil and exposes unburned OM to mineralization processes, C losses will increase in eroding sites, likely decreasing in transport and depositional ones (sediment accumulation, burial). Ongoing work is related to the analyses of organic C in different soil fractions (determined by sieving and density) in order to understand C stabilization in post-fire soil, and its role in disaggregation and C redistribution by sediment in different hill-slope positions.
Keywords: forest fires, organic matter, erosion, deposition.
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Generalitat Valenciana through the VALi+d postdoctoral contract (APOSTD/2014/010).
References
Bento-Goncalves, A., Vieira, A., Ubeda, X., Martin, D., 2012. Fire and soils: Key concepts and recent advances.
Geoderma 191, 3-13.
IPCC, 2014. Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
Wang, X., Cammeraat, E.L.H., Cerli, C., Kalbitz, K., 2014. Soil aggregation and the stabilization of organic carbon as affected by erosion and deposition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 72, 55-65.
THE ASH DEPTH AND TYPE AS A CONTROL OF RUNOFF GENERATION AFTER FOREST FIRES
A. Cerdà1; S. Keesstra2; P. Pereira3
1Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
2Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
3Department of Environmental Policy, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Ash plays a key role in the runoff generation after a forest fires as the ash cover substitute the vegetation and litter that is lost during the fire in rangelands, grassland and plantations.
However little is known about the effect of the depth and the type of ash on the runoff generation, and very little information is available until now (Cerdà and Doerr, 2008; Bodí et al., 2012; León et al., 2013; Bodí et al., 2014; Dlapa et al., 2014; Keesstra et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2015). By means of field and laboratory experiments under simulated rainfall two subsequent rainfall events were simulated. From these experiments we determined that black ashes react to rainfall in a very different manner then white ashes.
Sixty rainfall simulations on paired 0.25 m2 plots (ash and no ash) under thunderstorms of 55 mmh-1 during one hour were carried out in the summer 2012 (July and August 2012) after the Dos Aguas forest fire in July 2012 in Valenica, Spain. In the first experiment after the fire, the results show that ash determines the runoff rates as they reduce the discharge from 32% to 11
%. Twenty paired plots on 0.5 m2 plots under 45 mm h-1 rainfall intensity in a laboratory showed the same pattern. However, differences between the reaction to rainfall between white and black ash were observed. Black ash increases the infiltration although they can trigger a water repellent response due to the hydrophobicity of the black ashes. In contrast white ashes were found to be hydrophilic, facilitating infiltration in the first run. However, when the experiments were repeated after drying of the surfaces after the first thunderstorm, the black ashes can become less hydrophobic due to wetting, facilitating better infiltration, while the white ashes developed a crust after drying, reducing the hydraulic conductivity as a result of a crust that developed after the first rainfall simulation, which results in quick runoff generation during a second rainfall simulation.
This shows that the process that determines the postfire soil hydrological response is the difference in water repellency between white and black ash. Black ash generates water repellency layers, while white ash layers are hydrophilic, but form crusts after an initial rainfall event. This research demonstrates the contrasted response of the white and black ash in fire affected land. This contrasted response changes after the wetting due to the reduction of the water repellency on the black ash and the crusting on the white ask. This makes the post forest fire hydrological response highly complex in space and time.
Acknowledgments
CGL2013-47862-C2, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857 and RECARE (nº 603498,
17
References
Bodí, M. B., Martin, D. A., Balfour, V. N., Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Pereira, P., Cerdà, A & Mataix-Solera, J.
(2014). Wildland fire ash: production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects. Earth-Science Reviews, 130, 103-127.
Bodí, M.B., Doerr, S.H., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J. 2012. Hydrological effects of a layer of vegetation ash on underlying wettable and water repellent soil. Geoderma http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.006.
Cerdà, A. & Doerr, S.H 2008. The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. Catena, 74: 256-263. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.010
Dlapa, P., Bodí, M.B., Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., &, Doerr, S.H. 2013. FT-IR spectroscopy reveals that ash water repellency is highly dependent on ash chemical composition. Catena 108: 35-43.
10.1016/j.catena.2012.02.011
Keesstra, S.D., Maroulis, J., Argaman, E., Voogt, A., Wittenberg, L, 2014. Effects of controlled fire on hydrology and erosion under simulated rainfall. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 40, 269-293.
León, J. Bodí, M.B., Cerdà, A., Badía, D. 2013. The contrasted response of ash to wetting: The effects of ash type, thickness and rainfall events. Geoderma, 109-210: 143-152. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.018.
Pereira, P., Cerdà, A., Úbeda, X., Mataix-Solera, J., Arcenegui V., & Zavala L. M. 2015. Modelling the Impacts of Wildfire on Ash Thickness in a Short-Term Period. Land Degradation and Development, 26, 180–192. DOI:
10.1002/ldr.2195
Pereira, P., Úbeda, X., Martin, D., Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Burguet, M. (2014) Wildfire effects on extractable elements in ash from a Pinus pinaster forest in Portugal, Hydrological Processes, 28, 3681–3690
THE IMPACT OF LAND ABANDONMENT AND FOREST FIRES ON THE HYDROLOGY OF SOILS FROM AREAS OF THE CANYOLES
RIVER WATERSHED
A. Cerdà1; S. Keesstra2; P. Pereira3; M. Prosdocimi4, F. García Orenes5, M. Burguet1
1Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,
2Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Environmental Policy, Mykolas Romeris University,
Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania.
4Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
5Environmental Soil Science Group. Department of Agrochemistry and Environment. Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, Alicante, Spain,
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The urban growth of Spanish cities and towns from 1998 till 2008 resulted in large industrial and urban developments, sealing large areas of soil that was previously in use as agricultural land. After 2008, due to the economical crisis, much of these industrial development areas were not even taken into use. In addition some agricultural areas of previously actively farmed land were abandoned. The high fertility of this abandoned agriculture soils, which were mostly flood irrigated, contributed to a fast recovery of the vegetation cover. This dense vegetation that mainly consists of highly flammable herbs and shrubs, and the proximity of the urban area causes these areas to be prone to arson forest fires. Five actively cropped citrus orchards, five abandoned citrus orchards and five recently burnt sites were selected in the vicinity of the towns of La Granja de la Costera, Vallés, Llanera, Rotgla and Canals, Valencia, Spain. At each site, five plots were established and 100 measurements with the Water Drop Penetration Time test were carried out. Three rainfall simulation experiments with 55 mmh-1 during one hour on 0.25 m2 and 3 ring infiltrometer measurements were done during July and August 2013. The results show that land abandonment increase infiltration rates, but also trigger the first signs of water repellency after five years of abandonment. The fire affected orchards show also patches with slight water repellency, but infiltration rates were reduced when assessed using simulated rainfall experiments, while ring infiltrometer measurements did not show any difference between the sites. Soil erosion was three orders of magnitude higher on the agriculture land (2.3 Mg ha-1 h-1) in comparison to the abandoned land (0.0015 Mg ha-1 h-1), while the fire increased the soil erosion one order of magnitude (0.032 Mg ha-1 h-1).
Acknowledgments
CGL2013-47862-C2, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857 and RECARE (nº 603498, http://recare- project.eu/) and iSQAPER (H2020-SFS-2014-635750-2) supported this research.
19
THE INFLUENCE OF ROCK FRAGMENTS ON SOIL WATER REPELLENCY ON RECENTLY BURNT SOILS. THE PEGO
RESEARCH SITE
A. Cerdà1; S. Keesstra2; P. Pereira3; M. Prosdocimi4; X. Úbeda5, J. Mataix-Solera6, A.
Jordán7
1Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
2Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Environmental Policy, Mykolas Romeris University,
Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania.
4Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
5GRAM (Mediterranean Environmental Research Group), Dept of Physical Geography and Regional Geographic Analysis, University of Barcelona, Montalegre, 6. 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
6Environmental Soil Science Group. Department of Agrochemistry and Environment. Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, Alicante, Spain,
7MED_Soil Research Group. Dep. of Crystallography, Mineralogy and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Seville, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
After a century of Soil Science, and two of Hydrology research, soil water repellency is now considered a key soil property to determine the affinity of soil and water thanks to the research developed by Leonard DeBano (Debano et al., 2000) and Stefan Doerr (Doerr et al., 2000). Soil water repellecy is always found in sandy soils (Jungerius and de Jong, 1989;
Jiménez-Morill et al., 2015), and in organic matter rich soils (Helwelke et al., 2015) and on fire affected land (Benito Rueda, 2015), and was also found on calcareous soils in Eastern Spain where soils have low organic matter content and are rich in calcium carbonate (Mataix- Solera and Doerr, 2004; Cerdà and Doerr, 2007). In recently fire effected soils, vegetation was considered the key factor in the soil hydrological response to rainfall (Cerdà and Doerr, 2005), however soon ash cover was found to be an important factor in the period just after rainfall (Cerdà and Doerr, 2008) and has been intensively researched during the last decade (Bodí et al., 2011; Pereira et al., 2014). Recently, the research developed by Gordillo Rivero et al., (2014a; 2014b) demonstrated in a controlled fire experiment that also stone cover affect soil water repellency. This confirms research carried out by Poesen and Lavee (1994), Cerdà (2000), Martínez-Zavala and Jordán (2008) and Zavala et al., (2010) that rock fragments play an important role in the hydrological and erosional response of soils.
A wildfire near the town of Pego, Alicante, Spain (May 16th 2015) affected 1700 ha and burnt Aleppo pine forests, pine plantations and shrublands (Maquia) in an area characterized by limestone parent material, shallow soils with high rock fragment content and abandoned agriculture terraces. The soil surface is characterised by a high cover of rock fragments.
Immediately after the fire (May 18th 2015), on June 7th and July 6th a water repellency survey was carried out. The WDPT (Water Drop Penetration Test, Doerr, 1998) test was applied in bare areas, and in soils covered by rock fragments after the removal of the rock fragments.
Three drops were applied on rock fragments smaller than 4 cm2, 10 drops under rock fragments smaller than 25 cm2, and 20 drops to when rocks fragment were larger. At each stone a paired sample was taken on a bare surface (less than 5 cm away from the rock fragment). The number of drops applied under the rock fragments was 587 drops on May 18th,
832 on June 7th and 982 on July 6th. The results show that the water repellency was 4.3, 5.4 and 6.3 times higher under the rock fragments than on the bare soil surface for the three samplings.
Acknowledgments
CGL2013-47862-C2, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857 and RECARE (nº 603498, http://recare- project.eu/) and iSQAPER (H2020-SFS-2014-635750-2) supported this research.
References
Benito Rueda, E., Rodríguez‐Alleres, M., & Varela Teijeiro, E. (2015). Environmental Factors Governing Soil Water Repellency Dynamics in a Pinus Pinaster Plantation in NW Spain. Land Degradation & Development.
DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2370
Bodí, M. B., Martin, D. A., Balfour, V. N., Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Pereira, P., ... & Mataix-Solera, J. (2014).
Wildland fire ash: production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects. Earth-Science Reviews, 130, 103- 127.
Bodí, M.B., Mataix-Solera, J., Doerr, S.H. & Cerdà, A. (2011). The wettability of ash from burned vegetation and its relationship to Mediterranean plant species type, burn severity and total organic carbon content.
Geoderma 160, 599–607 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.11.00
Cerdà, A. (2001). Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion. European Journal of Soil Science, 52(1), 59-68.
Cerdà, A. & Doerr, S. (2005). The influence of vegetation recovery on soil hydrology and erodibility following fire: an eleven-year research. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 14 (4) 423-437 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF05044
Cerdà, A. y Doerr, S.H. (2008). The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. Catena, 74, 256- 263. doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00027-9
Cerdà, A., Doerr, S.H. (2007). Soil wettability, runoff and erodibility of major dry-Mediterranean land use types on calcareous soils. Hydrological Processes, 21: 2325-2336. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6755
DeBano, L. F. (2000). The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: a review.
Journal of Hydrology, 231, 195-206.
Doerr, S. H. (1998). On standardizing the ‘water drop penetration time’and the ‘molarity of an ethanol droplet’techniques to classify soil hydrophobicity: a case study using medium textured soils. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(7), 663-668.
Doerr, S. H., Shakesby, R. A., & Walsh, R. (2000). Soil water repellency: its causes, characteristics and hydro- geomorphological significance. Earth-Science Reviews, 51(1), 33-65.
Doerr, S. H., Shakesby, R. A., & Walsh, R. (2000). Soil water repellency: its causes, characteristics and hydro- geomorphological significance. Earth-Science Reviews, 51(1), 33-65.
Gabarrón-Galeote, M. A., Martínez-Murillo, J. F., Quesada, M. A., & Ruiz-Sinoga, J. D. (2013). Seasonal changes in the soil hydrological and erosive response depending on aspect, vegetation type and soil water repellency in different Mediterranean microenvironments. Solid Earth, 4(2), 497-509.
García-Moreno, J., Gordillo-Rivero, A. J., Gil, J., Jiménez-Morillo, N. T., Mataix-Solera, J., González-Peñaloza, F. A., ... & Zavala, L. M. (2013). Do stones modify the spatial distribution of fire-induced soil water repellency?
Preliminary data. Flamma, 4, 76-80.
Gordillo‐Rivero, Á. J., García‐Moreno, J., Jordán, A., Zavala, L. M., & Granja‐Martins, F. M. (2014). Fire severity and surface rock fragments cause patchy distribution of soil water repellency and infiltration rates after burning. Hydrological Processes, 28(24), 5832-5843.
Hewelke, E., Szatyłowicz, J., Gnatowski, T., & Oleszczuk, R. (2015). Effects of soil water repellency on moisture patterns in a degrade sapric histosol. Land Degradation & Development. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2305 Jiménez‐Morillo, N. T., González‐Pérez, J. A., Jordán, A., Zavala, L. M., Rosa, J. M., Jiménez‐González, M. A.,
& González‐Vila, F. J. (2014). Organic matter fraction controlling soil water repellency in Sandy soils from the Doñana natianal park (Southwestern Spain) Land Degradation & Development. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2314
Jungerius, P. D., & De Jong, J. H. (1989). Variability of water repellence in the dunes along the Dutch coast.
Catena, 16(4), 491-497.
Martínez‐Zavala, L., & Jordán, A. (2008). Effect of rock fragment cover on interrill soil erosion from bare soils in Western Andalusia, Spain. Soil Use and Management, 24(1), 108-117.
21
Zavala, L. M., Jordán, A., Bellinfante, N., & Gil, J. (2010). Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 56(1), 95-10
DISEÑO DE UN SIMULADOR DE LLUVIA PORTÁTIL DE BAJO COSTE CON CONTROL ELECTRÓNICO DE INTENSIDAD DE
LLUVIA (ARLOAN)
P.J. Cervantes 1, 2, A.J.P. Granged 1, 3, Á.J. Gordillo-Rivero 1, 2 *, J. García-Moreno 1, 2, L.M. Zavala 1, 2, A. Jordán 1, 2
1 MED_Soil Research Group. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla, España.
2 Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla, España.
3 Departamento de Física Aplicada I. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla, España.
E-mail: [email protected]
Resumen
La simulación de lluvia es una técnica que consiste en imitar la lluvia natural, controlando la cantidad y la intensidad de la precipitación, permitiendo conocer la respuesta hidrológica y erosiva del suelo (tasas de infiltración y escorrentía, volumen de flujo superficial, movilización de sedimentos y pérdida de suelo, entre otras variables). Desde su origen, los simuladores han pretendido copiar las características de la precipitación natural lo más fielmente posible, reproduciendo tanto la distribución del tamaño de las gotas como su energía cinética en el momento del impacto sobre la superficie del suelo.
Mientras que los experimentos bajo condiciones naturales son difíciles de llevar a cabo, a causa de la imprevisibilidad de los eventos de lluvia y la falta de control sobre otros parámetros importantes, el uso de técnicas de lluvia simulada, permite un control preciso de todos los parámetros relacionados.
En las últimas décadas, la complejidad de algunos modelos de simuladores, han hecho que los investigadores buscaran diseñar nuevos modelos, cada vez menos complejos, aplicables en condiciones de campo y laboratorio, consiguiendo mejoras en el peso y la trasportabilidad del equipo, la uniformidad en la distribución del tamaño de gota, su energía cinética, la producción de distintas intensidades, la duración de la lluvia o el coste del equipo. No obstante, es necesario profundizar en la mejora de los diseños existentes. Entre los problemas de los diseños actuales está la dificultad del control de la intensidad de lluvia o su dificultad para su uso en condiciones de campo. Por otra parte, la intensidad de lluvia natural no permanece constante durante un mismo evento de precipitación, sino que puede variar ofreciendo picos y valles de intensidad. Dado que las condiciones de la superficie del suelo pueden variar en un plazo de tiempo corto desde el inicio de la lluvia (por causa de la oclusión de poros, sellado, aparición de canales o cambios en la rugosidad de la superficie) y especialmente en el caso de los suelos afectados por incendios (en los que la capa de ceniza puede sufrir una intensa redistribución en un corto espacio de tiempo), es necesario un control más detallado de la intensidad de la precipitación.
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es diseñar un simulador de lluvia aplicable al estudio de los procesos hidrológicos y erosivos en suelos afectados por incendios. El diseño elaborado (ARLOAN) permite controlar electrónicamente la duración e intensidad de la lluvia, que puede permanecer constante durante el ensayo o variar en función de los parámetros de programación, imitando las variaciones de intensidad de lluvia durante la
23
gran sencillez en su montaje y transporte (puede ser desmontado y transportado por dos o tres personas).
El simulador está formado por una estructura de hierro con un tratamiento de galvanización para impedir que sufra deterioros por oxidación debido al contacto con el agua y la exposición a la intemperie. Un depósito de agua formado por tres piezas de metacrilato de 60 cm de lado cuya base inferior tiene 400 perforaciones de 1 mm de diámetro que forman una matriz cuadrada de 50 cm de lado y 20 perforaciones por lado.
Dichas perforaciones están atravesadas por hilo de nylon formando un bucle de aproximadamente 1 cm para facilitar la formación de la gota y evitar un caudal continuo, favoreciendo también la aleatoriedad de la distribución de los impactos.
Mediante un dispositivo de control electrónico se puede variar el caudal de entrada de agua al depósito según la intensidad de lluvia deseada, así como el tiempo de duración del ensayo.
Palabras clave: erosión; escorrentía; infiltración; intensidad de lluvia; simulación de lluvia.
LOW SOIL MOISTURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURES AS INDICATORS FOR FOREST FIRE OCCURRENCE AND EXTENT
ACROSS THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.
D. Chaparro1,*, M. Vall-llossera1, M. Piles1, A. Camps1, C. Rüdiger2, R. Riera3
1 Remote Sensing Lab (UPC), IEEC/UPC, and SMOS-Barcelona Expert Centre, Barcelona, Spain
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
3Diputacio de Barcelona E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Fires are a concerning topic due to their economic, environmental and social impacts. In the Mediterranean areas, higher temperatures together with longer and more intense droughts are expected in the near future, leading to drier vegetation and higher combustibility of the local fuels. This in turn will likely increase the frequency of fires as well as the size of the burned areas (Oppenheimer et al., 2014). Monitoring soil moisture and temperature can provide a better understanding on the relation of pre-fire conditions with fire ignition and development.
In 2010 the European Space Agency launched the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, which provides soil moisture data at ~40 km resolution achieving a global coverage every 3 days. Moreover, a downscaling algorithm (Piles et al., 2014) developed at SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre has led to 1 km resolution maps, which are daily provided (CP34- REC, 2015; Piles et al., 2014) for the Iberian Peninsula from 2011.
In this study, more than 2,000 fires that took place in the Iberian Peninsula (2010-2014) were analyzed. The studied fires had been registered by the European Forest Fires Information System (European Commission, 2010). The SMOS-derived soil moisture product at fine scale (1 km) resolution, as well as ERA-Interim Skin Temperature datasets, were used to study pre- fire conditions of soil moisture and temperature. These datasets were also used to compute climatology and anomalies for both variables in the region. Anomalies were computed at 9- day timescale (i.e. from the day of occurrence of each fire, to eight days before) and introduced in the database to understand fire ignition and extension risk.
Results showed how 70% of fires <500 ha occurred under drier and hotter conditions than the yearly median values of soil moisture and temperature in unburned areas. This percentage rose to 90% in fires >3000 ha. Moreover, most fires occurred in drier and hotter than usual conditions (i.e. negative anomalies of soil moisture and positive anomalies of T). Concretely, anomalous conditions for both variables were detected in 74% of fires <500 ha, 80% of fires between 500 and 3000 ha, and 94% of fires >3000 ha. Finally, these results were used to empirically determine fire risk thresholds, and to obtain fire risk maps, resulting in 87% of small fires (<500 ha) and all big fires (>3000 ha) being predicted. Risk maps are now available at SMOS-BEC website [3] and have been provided to the Diputación de Barcelona forest fires prevention service as complementary information to forest rangers during summer 2015 fire prevention campaign.
Key words: fires, SMOS, soil moisture, skin temperature, risk indices
25 Acknowledgements:
This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Comptetitiveness (project AYA2012.39356-C05), the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), and the predoctoral grant Ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores, with reference BES-2013-066240. Additional funding came to the third author from Fundación BBVA. Fires data were provided by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS; http://effisjrc.ec.europa.eu) of the European Comission Joint Research Centre.
References:
Oppenheimer, M., M. Campos, W. Warren, J. Birkmann, G. Luber, B. O’Neill, and K. Takahashi, Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities. 2013. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, [Stocker, T.F. et al.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Piles, M.; Sanchez, N.; Vall-llossera, M.; Camps, A.; Martinez-Fernandez, J.; Martinez, J.; Gonzalez-Gambau, V. 2014. A Downscaling Approach for SMOS Land Observations: Evaluation of High-Resolution Soil Moisture Maps Over the Iberian Peninsula, in Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE Journal of , vol.7, no.9, pp.3845-3857.
CP34-BEC. 2015. SMOS-BEC data distribution and visualization services. http://cp34-bec.cmima.csic.es/NRT.
2015.
Piles, M.; Vall-llossera, M.; Camps, A.; Sanchez, N.; Martinez-Fernandez, J.; Martinez, J.; Gonzalez-Gambau, V.; Riera, R. 2013). On the synergy of SMOS and Terra/Aqua MODIS: High resolution soil moisture maps in near real-time, in Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2013 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.3423-3426, 21-26 July 2013.
European Commission. 2010. Forest Fires in Europe 2009. EUR 24502 EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. p. 81.
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN SOILS AFTER A LONG-TERM POST-FIRE ALEPPO PINE (PINUS
HALEPENSIS M.) FOREST IN DRY AND SEMIARID STANDS.
EFFECTS OF SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS AND INDUCED DROUGHT
J. de las Heras1, D. Moya1, M.E. Lucas-Borja1, J. Hedo1
1 Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha. Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Mediterranean forests are commonly affected by wildfires and post-fire silvicultural treatments are a management tool used to restore them as fast as possible. However, these could cause changes in soil properties. Our study was carried out to compare some microbiological soil properties and enzyme activities in semiarid and dry Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis M.) stands affected by mega-fires occurring in 1994. We set different plots including burned areas with and without post-fire silvicultural treatments, carried out five years after the fire event. We also induced a 15% rainfall reduction over 3 years, from 2010 to 2012. A mature Aleppo pine stand unaffected by wildfire was not treated and used as a control. Physico-chemical soil properties (soil texture, pH, carbonates, organic matter, electrical conductivity, total N and P), soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities), soil respiration and soil microbial biomass carbon were analysed in the monitored areas. The main finding, for the long time period after fire, was that not significant differences was observed related to the microbiological soil properties and enzyme activities of soil comparing burned and thinned, burned and not thinned, and mature plots.
Moreover, a significant site variation was generally recorded for soil enzyme activities and microbiological parameters. Vegetation recovery normalises post-fire soil microbial parameters, and that wildfire and post-fire silvicultural treatments were not significant factors affecting soil properties 17 years after the fire. Furthermore, we concluded that soil properties recover in the medium-term after thinning activities and withstand up to 15% of rainfall reduction, simulating potential climate change conditions remaining steady after induced drought.
Keywords: Enzyme activity; post-fire Aleppo pine; climate change; forest management;
microbiological properties.
27
EFFECTS OF UNDERSTORY PRESCRIBED BURNING ON FUEL MODELS: ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF THIS TREATMENT
FOR CONTROLLING WILDFIRES IN NORTHEASTERN SPAIN
B. Duguy Pedra1, L. Fuentes López1
1Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In Spain, as in most northern Mediterranean countries, large and intense wildfires are a major cause of ecosystems and landscape degradation. The magnitude of the problem will likely be enhanced by climatic change, making necessary the implementation of landscape-level designed fire management and restoration strategies.
In this context, certain fuel treatments, such as prescribed burning, might be particularly interesting and need to be further promoted. Field-based studies about the effects of this treatment on the plant community structure and, thus, on the corresponding fire behavior fuel model, are still scarce for Mediterranean ecosystems, though.
In this study, we intend to gain insight on these matters studying the short term effects of a spring prescribed burning on the understory vegetation of a Pinus halepensis forest and, thus, on the corresponding fuel model type.
The study area is at El Perelló (Tarragona, Northeastern Spain) and is dominated by Pinus halepensis forests that were planted in the 1970s. The understory shrublands are dominated by Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Rosmarinus officinalis and Ulex parviflorus.
The understory vegetation was sampled in three (10 *10 m) plots during the spring 2013 (February-March). In May 2013, an experimental prescribed burning was conducted under the pine canopy in the framework of the present study by the firefighting unit GRAF (Catalan firefighters), which is in charge of management prescribed burnings in Catalonia. The same plots were sampled again one year after the burning.
Both composition and structure variables (including phytovolumes) were considered. Aerial biomasses (total, fine and coarse) were then estimated based on allometric volume-biomass regressions that were previously established for the dominant shrub species. A comprehensive list of vegetation structural variables, selected among those that are required for characterizing fire behavior fuel models, was set and used for describing the fuel models of the pre- and post-burning situations.
Results show that the prescribed burning did not change significantly the composition of the plant community, but caused significant changes of certain structural characteristics, such as the shrub layer cover and the live woody fuel load (total and fine). The post-treatment vegetation structure corresponds to a less fire-prone fuel model. This treatment can, therefore, contribute to the design of more successful fire management strategies in these landscapes while maintaining biodiversity.
Key words: prescribed burning, fuel model, fire management, Mediterranean ecosystems and landscapes.
