Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 428-433
DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.259 428
R
ELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
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EUROTRANSMITTER
C
HANGES AND
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HYSICAL
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XERCISE OF
C
OLLEGE
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TUDENTS
Kai Hou
Abstract
The existing studies on the health effect of physical exercise often ignore the features of brain neurotransmitters before and after exercise. To make up for this gap, this paper carries out exercise experiments on thirty college students based on the ET method, and compared the data of brain neurotransmitters before and after exercise. On this basis, the author determined the correlation between neurotransmitter changes and physical exercise. The results show that strong excitation, the Ach receptor, and NE value are closely correlated with exercise; the exercise intensity promotes the neural excitation and inhibition balance ability; intense exercise also improves the nervous system function and the three states of brain functions, namely, brain fatigue, ischemia and anoxia, and excitation and inhibition. The research results shed new light on the reform of physical education in colleges.
Key words: Brain, Neurotransmitter, Physical Exercise, Receptor.
Received: 01-02-19 | Accepted: 22-07-19
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, with the continuous development of our society, economy and the quality of people's life, people have been paying more attention to health and the concept of it is gradually changing. From the previous single pursuit of no disease, it has now been transformed into multi-health of physical and psychological perspectives (Nakagawa, Manley, Gean et al., 2011; Amara & Kuhar, 1993; Fonnum, 1984). In order to achieve the goal of health, more attention have been paid to physical exercise. Therefore, the research on this aspect is also gradually increasing (Cartmell & Schoepp, 2000; Verhage, Maia, Plomp et al., 2000). The former researches on mental health mostly rely on common instruments and scales, and the application of brain function analyzer is gradually increasing as well (Schiavo,Benfenati,
Department of Physical Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
E-Mail: [email protected]
Poulain et al., 1992; Yamashita,Singh, Kawate et al., 2005; Tsodyks & Markram, 1997). However, there is relatively little research on the characteristics of brain neurotransmitters before and after exercise, using brain function analyzer for data collection and analysis.
This paper studies the mechanism of changes in brain neurotransmitters through data collection before and after university students participate in physical exercise, figuring out the relationship between people's mental health and changes in neurotransmitters, studying the correlation between physical exercise and changes in brain neurotransmitters, and thus proposing quantitative indicators of exercise intensity control. It is of great significance to scientifically guide physical exercise.
RESEARCH IDEAS AT HOME AND ABROAD
The coordination of various organs mainly depends on the domination of the nervous system (Lisman, Coyle, Green et al., 2008; Attwell, Barbour, & Szatkowski, 1993; Starke, Gothert, & Kilbinger, 1989). Physical exercise can
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affect the nervous system. Specifically speaking, various forms of exercise can increase the number of dendritic spines of numerous pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, which is benefit for the enhancement of human intelligence (Kalivas, 1993; Kater & Lipton, 1995).
Meanwhile, with the development of molecular biology and modern biochemistry, the correlation between psychological process and the law of nervous system activity has also been widely paid attention (Perry, Walker, Grace et al., 1999; Olivera, Miljanich, Ramachandran et al., 1994).Through special chemicals, information transmission can be realized in various parts of the body, including nerve cells, glands and muscles. Through the corresponding theoretical methods of biochemistry, the characteristics of psychological changes during exercise can be indirectly investigated.
It should be noted that exercise can also contribute to improving memory response and strengthening nervous system function (Rothman, 1984). Since all human activities are controlled by the nervous system, the effect of its system function will be extremely important under normal circumstances (excluding nutritional deficiencies). Frequent participation in physical exercise can enhance the excitement of nervous system and strengthen the inhibition, and the two will be more concentrated. On the contrary, if you do not exercise frequently, there will be no corresponding phenomenon. Therefore, physical exercise can improve the stability and flexibility of neurotransmitter changes in the brain.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Selection of subjects
In this experiment, 30 university students including15 boys and 15 girls are selected as subjects. All subjects have no sports specialty. In order to prepare well for the experiment, subjects are required to stop taking any related beverages or drugs that may affect nerves within 1 day before the experiment, and meanwhile they shall keep normal sleep and ensure clean heads. After the initial signal acquisition, the instrument can process the data and display the corresponding results, which include electroencephalogram power spectrum, brain function evaluation, total spectrum of S spectrum, spectral lines (series) and distribution
diagram of S spectrum, α wave competition diagram and entropy value, etc.
Experimental principle
Through the encephalofluctuograph analyzer, electrodes are installed according to corresponding requirements, wires are used to connect with the EEG amplifier, and a total of 12 leads are selected for unipolar guidance. Binaural connection is used as an electrode reference, and the middle of the forehead has ground protection in to collect electrical signals of the subjects in three states, namely normal quiet state, awake state and eye closure state. The frequency is 256 Hz and the time constant is 0.3 seconds. The ET program then processes and analyzes the converted signals.
Experimental methods
Through the encephalofluctuograph analyzer test, the data changes of 30 subjects in two stages have been compared and analyzed. The two stages refer to the day before collecting exercise data and 56 days after the exercise, in which the exercise is required to be quantitative, three times a week with one hour for each exercise, and the exercise intensity is in the range of 120-140 beats/minute.
ET TECHNOLOGY
With the emphasis on neurological research in our country, ET technology has been applied to various fields, especially brain function research. Through this technology, the distribution of various neurotransmitters, such as GABA, 5-HT, DA, NE and Ach, before and after physical exercise can be detected. In addition, the degree of fatigue, ischemia and anoxia, excitement or inhibition in the brain can be obtained. Therefore, the information of brain neurotransmitter activity can be observed, and the brain functional state of the subjects before and after exercise can be recorded.
Brain activity leads to information transmission between neurons while a series of changes in brain neurotransmitters also have adverse effects on them. In fact, neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that is released from nerve endings and acts on postsynaptic membrane receptors, which can act on target cells and cause excitation or inhibition effects. A large number of nerve fibers, nerve cells and neuroglia constitute brain tissue. From
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the perspective of biological characteristics, the long-distance transmission of signals can be realized by neural tissues, which itself is a chemical reaction process. Nerve cells will change accordingly, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters. They will then pass through the synaptic gap and affect the surrounding cell, thus realizing signal transmission.
RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER CHANGES
Through the experiment, the changes of neurotransmitters before and after exercise have been compared and analyzed, as shown in Tables 1 and Table 2.The results show that: from the obtained data, Ach receptor, strong excitation, GABA, 5-HT and NE all increase after exercise, and the strong excitation, Ach receptor and NE illustrate significant differences after T-test while DA, GA, deep inhibition and Ach show a downward trend after exercise, especially deep inhibition with significant difference after T-test. According to the data in the above table, if students seldom take daily exercise, some neurotransmitters, including Ach receptor, strong excitation, GABA, 5-HT and NE, increase, while DA, GA, deep inhibition and Ach show a decreasing trend after exercise for the setting time. T test illustrates that among 5-HT, GABA and GA, DA, Ach, there is an increase in the first two and a decrease in the latter three, but the difference is not significant and the correlation with exercise is small. However, the numerical values of strong excitation, Ach receptor and NE have been improved. Through T-test, it is found that there are significant differences before and
after the experiment, showing that these numerical values have a strong correlation with exercise. Among them, Ach receptor is mainly related to the regulation of excitatory activities in the brain. The significant increase of it indicates that after a period of exercise, its reserve has increased, which is an essential basic requirement, especially in the supply of neurotransmitters in exercise. It is also conducive to the increase of exercise intensity and the extension of endurance, so that people can have sufficient energy supply in exercise.
By comparing and analyzing the values of brain neurotransmitter NE before and after the experiment, it can be concluded that NE value rises after exercise for a period of time. The correlation between NE and cerebral cortex is mainly reflected in that the former one can effectively reduce the excitability of the latter. Ach receptor and NE are important neurotransmitters for the balance between excitation and inhibition of brain nerve activity. It is shown that after a certain period of exercise, the working ability of both two has been improved. Moreover, the enhancement of NE function is also helpful to neuron control exercise, which is thus beneficial to increase blood flow, cerebral vasodilation and substance metabolism of nervous system. Through the changes of these values, it can be found that strengthening exercise can improve the balance of excitation and inhibition of people's nervous system on the one hand, and enhance the function of nervous system on the other hand, so as to promote the supply of neurotransmitters in the brain to adapt to the state of exercise and reduce emotional depression and tension.
Table 1.
Data analysis of brain neurotransmitters before and after the experiment (1)
Neurotransmitter GABA GA Ach receptor 5-HT Ach expected value 7.6±2.3 3.7±1.1 30.1±9.0 20.8±6.2 14.3±4.3 test value before experiment 6.5333 4.133333 27.2 23.33333 17.43333 test value after experiment 6.866667 3.666667 31.6667 24.4 15.66667 Double tail difference (P) 0.646786 0.480538 0.0000305 0.368515 0.094283
Table 2.
Data analysis of brain neurotransmitters before and after the experiment (2)
Neurotransmitter GABA GA Ach receptor 5-HT Ach expected value 7.6±2.3 3.7±1.1 30.1±9.0 20.8±6.2 14.3±4.3 test value before experiment 6.5333 4.133333 27.2 23.33333 17.43333 test value after experiment 6.866667 3.666667 31.6667 24.4 15.66667 Double tail difference (P) 0.646786 0.480538 0.0000305 0.368515 0.094283
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Therefore, the values in Table 1 and Table 2 are quite useful for research. Exercise can help increase brain excitability, especially in the prevention and treatment of mental depression. Appropriate increase of exercise is beneficial to the nervous system, which can also be reflected from the numerical changes of strong excitation.
THE COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF BRAIN FUNCTION STATES
Brain function states are mainly divided into three ones, namely cerebral ischemia and anoxia, fatigue, and excitation and inhibition. According to the degree of cerebral ischemia and anoxia, it can also be further divided into normal, mild, moderate and severe ischemia, represented by a1, a2, a3 and a4. Similarly, according to the degree of fatigue, it can also be divided into normal, mild, moderate and severe fatigue, represented by b1, b2, b3 and b4. As for excitation and inhibition, it can also be divided into deep inhibition, inhibition, normal, excitation and strong excitation, represented by c1, c2, c3, c4 and c5. Different degrees can be automatically recognized and analyzed by the instrument, and different color reaction treatments are adopted. The changes of brain function before and after exercise have been statistically analyzed in the experiment, as shown in Figure 1-3.
Figure 1
.
Ischemic and anoxic state of brain
function before and after experiment
From the data shown in Figure 1, it can be seen that 74% of the subjects had normal cerebral ischemia and anoxia before the experiment. Through the physical exercise for a set period of time, the number of subjects with normal state of ischemia and anoxia has increased, accounting for 9% of the increase and reaching 83%. The number of people with mild
degree decreased accordingly. In the case of moderate and severe ischemia, the sample size is relatively small and the change is not obvious. From the data shown in Figure 2, it can be seen that 70% of the subjects were in a normal state of fatigue before the experiment. Through physical exercise for a set period of time, the number of subjects in a normal state of fatigue increased, accounting for 13% of the increase and reaching 83%. The number of people with mild degree decreased accordingly. As for moderate and severe states, the sample size itself is small and the change is not obvious.
Figure 2
.
Fatigue state of brain function
before and after experiment
Figure 3
.
Excitatory and inhibitory state of
brain function before and after experiment
From the data shown in Figure 3, it can be seen that83% of the subjects had normal excitation and inhibition of brain function before the experiment, Through physical exercise for a set period of time, the number of subjects whose brain function is in normal fatigue state has decreased, with the proportion falling by 18% to 65%. This shows that through a period of physical exercise, the excitation and inhibition of cerebral cortex can be changed. The inhibition state of brain function has also changed, from
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16% before the experiment to 37% after the experiment. This may be because the amount of protective inhibition of the subjects has increased after the experiment, which also reflects that improving the state of brain function through physical exercise cannot be achieved overnight and requires a gradual process.
Judging from the overall data, with the comparison of the changes of brain neurotransmitters of 30 subjects before and after exercise, we can find the laws of changes of different neurotransmitters and the impact of changes on people's psychology. As for all subjects, through the changes of measured data before and after the experiment, it can be found that subjects of different genders have undergone corresponding changes in the three states of brain fatigue, ischemia and anoxia, and excitation and inhibition through exercise. After a period of exercise, the three states have greatly improved, which indicates that exercise has certain influence on the changes of brain neurotransmitters and the three states as well. The obtained results can also provide material reference for further correlation between exercise and changes of brain neurotransmitters.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, ET method is used to set up exercise for a certain period of time. By comparing the data of brain neurotransmitters before and after exercise, the correlation between brain neurotransmitter changes and physical exercise has been studied. The following research results have been obtained:
The values of strong excitation, Ach receptor and NE have increased, and significant difference has been found before and after the experiment through T test, indicating that these values have strong correlation with exercise. Ach receptor is mainly related to the regulation of excitatory activity in brain while NE can effectively reduce excitability in cerebral cortex. They are two important neurotransmitters that balance the excitation and inhibition of brain nerve activity. It shows that strengthening exercise can, on the one hand, improve people's ability to balance the excitation and inhibition of the nervous system, and on the other hand, ameliorate the function of the nervous system, thus promoting the supply of neurotransmitters in the brain to adapt to the state of exercise and
reducing emotional depression and tension. The subjects of different genders have undergone corresponding changes in the three states of brain fatigue, ischemia and anoxia, and excitation and inhibition through exercise. After a period of physical exercise, the three states have greatly improved, which indicates that exercise has certain influence on the changes of brain neurotransmitters and the three states.
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