• No se han encontrado resultados

El impacto social de la reforma del estado : un análisis de los sectores agrícola y siderúrgico, la liquidación de la Junta Nacional de Granos, la promoción industrial siderúrgica y la privatización de SOMISA.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "El impacto social de la reforma del estado : un análisis de los sectores agrícola y siderúrgico, la liquidación de la Junta Nacional de Granos, la promoción industrial siderúrgica y la privatización de SOMISA."

Copied!
110
0
0

Texto completo

(1)

(/,03$&7262&,$/'(/$5()250$'(/(67$'2

SRU 0DULVD'XDUWH

7HVLVHQWUHJDGDFRPRSDUWHGHORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVSDUDOD REWHQFLyQGHO

0DVWHUHQ6RFLRORJtD(FRQyPLFD

GHO,QVWLWXWRGH$OWRV(VWXGLRVGHOD

8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH*HQHUDO6DQ0DUWtQ

'LUHFWRU'DQLHO$]SLD]X

)HFKD

(2)

,1',&(

35(6(17$&,Ð1

3$57(/$/,48,'$&,Ð1'(/$-817$1$&,21$/'(*5$126

, ,QWURGXFFLyQ

,, %UHYHKLVWRULDGHOD-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRV

,,, (VWUXFWXUD\IXQFLRQHVGHOD-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRV

,9 (OVLVWHPDFRPHUFLDOGHJUDQRVHQHOPRPHQWRSUHYLRDODSULYDWL]DFLyQ 9 /RVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVGHOD-1*

9, /DSULYDWL]DFLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVGHOD-1*

9,, (OLPSDFWRGHODOLTXLGDFLyQGHOD-1*VREUHORVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHV 9,,, &RQFOXVLRQHV

3$57(/$35202&,Ð1,1'8675,$/(1(/6(&7256,'(5Ó5*,&2

, ,QWURGXFFLyQ

,, 3ROtWLFDV\OHJLVODFLyQVREUHSURPRFLyQLQGXVWULDO

,,, /RVEHQHILFLDULRVGHODVSROtWLFDVGHSURPRFLyQVLGHU~UJLFD ,9 (OFRVWRILVFDOGHODSURPRFLyQLQGXVWULDO

9 (OJUDGRGHFRQFUHFLyQGHORVSUR\HFWRV 9, /DGLIHUHQFLDFLyQGHPHUFDGRV\SURGXFWRV 9,, /RVHQXQFLDGRVGHOD/H\

9,,, /DSHUVLVWHQFLDGHOUpJLPHQ ,; &RQFOXVLRQHV

3$57(/$35,9$7,=$&,Ð1'(620,6$

, ,QWURGXFFLyQ

,, /DFUHDFLyQGH6RPLVDHOLPSXOVRHVWDWDODODLQGXVWULDVLGHU~UJLFD ,,, (OGHVDUUROORGHODVLGHUXUJLDHQOD$UJHQWLQD

,9 (OSURFHVRGHSULYDWL]DFLyQ 9 /DVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQHOVHFWRU 9, /RVHIHFWRVVREUHHOHPSOHR

9,, /DHYROXFLyQGHODLQGXVWULDVLGHU~UJLFDHQORVDxRVQRYHQWD 9,,, &RQFOXVLRQHV

&21&/86,21(6*(1(5$/(6 %,%/,2*5$)Ì$

*/26$5,2

(3)

35(6(17$&,Ð1

/D 5HIRUPD GHO (VWDGR LPSOHPHQWDGD D SDUWLU GH FRQVLVWLy HQ XQ SURJUDPD GH SROtWLFDV WHQGLHQWHV D UHGHILQLU OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ GHO (VWDGR OD PRGDOLGDG \ HO JUDGR GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ HQ OD VRFLHGDG PHGLDQWH OD UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GH VXV JDVWRV \ IXQFLRQHV (Q HIHFWR XQ SURFHVR GH SULYDWL]DFLRQHV\ROLTXLGDFLRQHVTXHDIHFWyDODPD\RUtDGHODVHPSUHVDVS~EOLFDVRHOUHFRUWHGHORV VXEVLGLRV D ODV DFWLYLGDGHV LQGXVWULDOHV GHVSOD]y DO (VWDGR GH HVIHUDV FODYHV GH OD HFRQRPtD \ SURYRFy VX UHHPSOD]R SRU DFWRUHV GHO VHFWRU SULYDGR $ SDUWLU GH DOOt VH LQVWDOy XQD VHULH GH SUREOHPiWLFDV FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG UHJXODGRUD GH WDULIDV \ FDOLGDG GH ORV VHUYLFLRV SRU SDUWH GHO (VWDGRRHOLPSDFWRVRFLDOGHODVPHGLGDVDGRSWDGDVEDMRHOSURJUDPDGHUHIRUPDVHVWUXFWXUDOHV6LQ HPEDUJR HO HQIRTXH KD HVWDGR PX\ FHQWUDGR HQ FXHVWLRQHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV HQ SHUVSHFWLYDV PDFURHFRQyPLFDV TXH UHIXHU]DQ HO FDUiFWHU SRVLWLYR HQ WpUPLQRV H[FOXVLYRV GH ´HILFLHQFLD HFRQyPLFDµGHODVUHIRUPDV

(VWHWUDEDMRVHSURSRQHLQGDJDU\UHIOH[LRQDUVREUHWUHViUHDVHVSHFtILFDVGHOD5HIRUPDGHO(VWDGR TXHDIHFWDURQDVHFWRUHVVRFLDOHVGLIHUHQWHVSDUDDQDOL]DUVXFRUUHODWRFRQODQXHYDVLWXDFLyQGHORV DFWRUHVVRFLDOHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQODUHIRUPDGHGLFKDViUHDV/DGpFDGDGHORVRFKHQWDIXHXQDHWDSD GHHVWDQFDPLHQWRFRQLQIODFLyQTXHDOILQDOL]DUVHFRQYLUWLyHQKLSHULQIODFLyQPRUDWRULDGHKHFKR HQ HO SDJR GH ORV LQWHUHVHV GH OD GHXGD H[WHUQD \ HO GHWHULRUR GH OD SUHVWDFLyQ S~EOLFD GH ORV VHUYLFLRV /DV UHIRUPDV ODUJDPHQWH UHVLVWLGDV SXGLHURQ FRQVHQVXDUVH WUDV VHU SUHVHQWDGDV SRU ORV LGHyORJRV FRPR OD ~QLFD DOWHUQDWLYD D OD VLWXDFLyQ FUtWLFD (Q HO QXHYR SUHVLGHQWH 6U & 6 0HQHP DVXPLy HO JRELHUQR FRQ XQ SURJUDPD GH UHDFWLYDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD \ GLVWULEXFLyQ PiV HTXLWDWLYDGHOLQJUHVRVLQHPEDUJRDPHQRVGHXQPHVGHJRELHUQRHQYLyDO3DUODPHQWRXQDOH\ yPQLEXV GH 5HIRUPD GHO (VWDGR GRQGH VH GLVSXVR HQWUH RWUDV PHGLGDV OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ GH ODV HPSUHVDV S~EOLFDV OD ILMDFLyQ GH ORV FULWHULRV JHQHUDOHV SDUD ODV SULYDWL]DFLRQHV \ FRQFHVLRQHV GH DFWLYRV \ VHUYLFLRV S~EOLFRV ²DGPLWLHQGR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH FRQYHUVLyQ GH ORV WtWXORV GH OD GHXGD H[WHUQD\VHILMDURQORVDPSOtVLPRVPiUJHQHVGHOLEHUWDGGHO3RGHU(MHFXWLYRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODV iUHDVDSULYDWL]DU\ORVOtPLWHVWHPSRUDOHVSDUDHOWUDVSDVRDOVHFWRUSULYDGRGHORVDFWLYRVS~EOLFRV $VLPLVPR OD /H\ GH (PHUJHQFLD (FRQyPLFD UHIRUPy XQD DPSOLD JDPD GH VXEVLGLRV UHLQWHJURV LPSRVLWLYRV\WUDQVIHUHQFLDVGRQGHVHLQFOXtDDORVSURJUDPDVGHSURPRFLyQLQGXVWULDO

(4)

/DSURSXHVWDHVWiGLULJLGDHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDDHVFODUHFHUODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHO(VWDGRHQVXGREOH SDSHO GH DJHQWH FHQWUDOL]DGRU GH GHFLVLRQHV GH SROtWLFD HFRQyPLFD DVt FRPR DJHQWH LQWHUQR GHO VLVWHPD GH GRPLQDFLyQ (Q HIHFWR VH PRVWUDUi FyPR ODV SROtWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV LPSOHPHQWDGDV WHQGLHURQDFRQVWUXLUXQQXHYRPDUFRQDFLRQDOSDUDODH[SDQVLyQGHOFDSLWDOLVPRWDQWRHQVXIDVH LQWHUQD FRPR HQ VXV UHODFLRQHV FRQ HO FDSLWDOLVPR D QLYHO PXQGLDO ´HVWR HV HQ VXV QH[RV LQWUD HVWUXFWXUDOHV FRQ ORV SUREOHPDV GH UXSWXUD VXSHUDFLyQ \ FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH QXHYDV HVWUXFWXUDV LQWHUQDV GH GRPLQDFLyQµ 7DYDUHV (Q GLFKR SURFHVR OD SpUGLGD GH SRGHU GH FLHUWDV IUDFFLRQHVVRFLDOHVWUDEDMDGRUHVFRRSHUDWLYDVSHTXHxRVSURGXFWRUHVTXHIRUPDEDQSDUWHDFWLYDGH ORVSURFHVRVGHSURGXFFLyQIUHQWHDRWUDVHPSUHVDULRVHVWXYRHQHOFHQWURGHORVFDPELRV(QHVWD GLVSXWD HO (VWDGR VH FRUSRUL]y PXFKR PHQRV FRPR PHGLDGRU GH ORV FRQIOLFWRV TXH FRPR XQ DJHQWH GH ORV VHFWRUHV GRPLQDQWHV LQWHUQRV \ H[WHUQRV 2V]ODN HW DO 1XQ HW DO (O IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHODDFFLyQGLUHFWDGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVFRUSRUDWLYRVVREUHHO(VWDGR\ORVHIHFWRV GHOWUDVODGRGHHVDOyJLFDFRUSRUDWLYDDOSURFHVRGHWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVVH H[SUHVDQHQOLPLWDFLRQHVDODFDSDFLGDGGHO(VWDGRSDUDDUELWUDUFRQIOLFWRV\GHFLGLUODRULHQWDFLyQ GH VXV SROtWLFDV FRQ UHODWLYD DXWRQRPtD UHVSHFWR GH ODV SUHVLRQHV VHFWRULDOHV R HQ XQD H[WUHPD IUDJLOLGDGLQVWLWXFLRQDO/DWWXDGD

(5)

H[SORWDGRV HQ HO PDUFR GH PHUFDGRV PRQR X ROLJRSyOLFRV FRQ JDQDQFLDV H[WUDRUGLQDULDV JDUDQWL]DGDV SRU YtD OHJDO \ DELHUWDPHQWH RSXHVWRV D ORV GHUHFKRV GH ORV VHFWRUHV SRSXODUHV %DVXDOGR$EHOHV

/DVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVLPSUHVDVHQWRQFHVDODSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFDVHKDQH[WHQGLGRKDVWDHOSUHVHQWH UHIRU]DQGRODH[SDQVLyQGHOVHFWRUSULYDGR\HODFKLFDPLHQWRGHODDFWLYLGDGHVWDWDOWUDQVIRUPDQGRD ODSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFDHQ XQVLVWHPDGHDFXHUGRV GLUHFWRV\GHEDMD RQXOD WUDQVSDUHQFLDHQWUHODV GLVWLQWDVIUDFFLRQHVGHOJUDQFDSLWDO\ODF~SXODSROtWLFDSUHVFLQGLHQGRGHPHFDQLVPRVGHFRQVXOWDD ODVRFLHGDGFLYLO1RFKWHII(OWUDEDMRSUHVFLQGHGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDPDFURHFRQyPLFD²SRU FLHUWRKDELWXDOPHQWHXWLOL]DGD8$'(),(/*HUFKXQRIIHQORVHVWXGLRVVREUH OD UHIRUPD² SDUD DQDOL]DU HQ FDGD FDVR OD VLWXDFLyQ HFRQyPLFR VRFLDO SUHYLD GH ORV GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHVFRQRFHUODUHDFFLyQDQWHODUHIRUPD\ORVUHVXOWDGRVEHQHILFLRVRSHUMXLFLRVREWHQLGRVD GLH] DxRV GH LQLFLDGD OD UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH XWLOL]D XQD PLUDGD WDQWR VRFLROyJLFD FRPR HFRQyPLFD SDUD DQDOL]DU SURFHVRV TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH VH DQDOL]DQ FRPR PHUDPHQWH HFRQyPLFRV

/RVFULWHULRVDWUDYpVGHORVFXDOHVVHVHOHFFLRQDURQORVWUHVFDVRVDDQDOL]DUVRQ

9 4XHDIHFWDUDQDVHFWRUHVVRFLDOHVGLIHUHQFLDGRV

9 4XHUHIOHMDUDQDVHFWRUHVGHDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGLIHUHQWHVDOPHQRVGRVDJURHLQGXVWULD

9 4XHHVWXYLHUDQDUUDLJDGRVHQiUHDVJHRJUiILFDVGLVWLQWDV

9 4XHIXHUDQVHFWRUHVGHDFWLYLGDGUHOHYDQWHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOGHOSDtV /DHOHFFLyQWDPELpQLQYROXFUDIXQFLRQHVGHO(VWDGRGLIHUHQWHV(QHOFDVRGHOD-1*VHWUDWDGHOD UHJXODFLyQ \ FRQWURO GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV GH SURGXFFLyQ DFRSLR WUDQVSRUWH \ FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ LQWHUQD\H[WHUQDGHFHUHDOHVHQHOFDVRGHODSURPRFLyQLQGXVWULDOVHUHILHUHDOLQFHQWLYRHVWDWDOD DFWLYLGDGHV GH LPSRUWDQFLD HVWUDWpJLFD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR GHO SDtV TXH H[LJHQ IXHUWHV LQYHUVLRQHVLQLFLDOHVSRU~OWLPRHQHOFDVRGHODSULYDWL]DFLyQVHWUDWDGHODDFWLYLGDGHPSUHVDULDO GHO(VWDGRHQiUHDVDOWDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDGDV

(OSHUtRGRGHOHVWXGLRHVWiFHQWUDGRHQWUHORVDxRV\VLHQGRHQDOJXQRVFDRVQHFHVDULR DEDUFDUXQODSVRPiVODUJR

(6)

3$57(,

/$/,48,'$&,Ð1'(/$-817$1$&,21$/'(*5$126 ,,1752'8&&,Ð1

/D-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRVIXQFLRQyFRQFLHUWDVDOWHUDFLRQHVVHJ~QHOJUDGRGHHVWDWL]DFLyQGHOD HFRQRPtDFRPRHODJHQWHFRPHUFLDOL]DGRUGHODSURGXFFLyQSULPDULDDUJHQWLQDGXUDQWHODVHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;; (Q HIHFWR FRQVWUX\y OD UHG GH HOHYDGRUHV WHUPLQDOHV \ GH FDPSDxD IXH HO SULQFLSDOH[SRUWDGRUDVtFRPRHOSULQFLSDOSURYHHGRUGHWULJRSDUDPROLHQGDHQHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQR $ SDUWLU GH OD DSHUWXUD HFRQyPLFD LPSOHPHQWDGD SRU OD ~OWLPD GLFWDGXUD FRPHQ]y D UHFRUWDUVH HO DOFDQFH GH ODV IXQFLRQHV GHO (QWH +DFLD ILQHV GH OD GpFDGD ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV VH HQFRQWUDEDQ IXQFLRQDQGR VLQ LQYHUVLRQHV UHFLHQWHV FRQ FDtGD GH ORV LQJUHVRV SRU WULEXWRV \ HQ SREUHV FRQGLFLRQHVGHFRPSHWHQFLDYtDSUHFLRVGHODVWDULIDVSRUHOHYDFLyQGHJUDQRV6REUHHVHGLDJQyVWLFR VH FRPHQ]y D HODERUDU OD UHHVWUXWXUDFLyQ GHO RUJDQLVPR DUULEDQGR D XQ FRQVHQVR JHQHUDOL]DGR DFHUFD GH OD SULYDWL]DFLyQ GH OD JHVWLyQ GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV VRVWHQLHQGR OD SURSLHGDG HVWDWDO GH OD LQVWLWXFLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR HO JRELHUQR GHFLGLy OD SULYDWL]DFLyQ YtD YHQWD R ORFDFLyQ GH WRGDV ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV\ODOLTXLGDFLyQGHO(QWHUHJXODGRUGHOPHUFDGRGHJUDQRV

(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRPXHVWUDHOSURFHVRGHSULYDWL]DFLyQGHODVLQVWDODFLRQHV\ODOLTXLGDFLyQGHOD -XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRV\HOLPSDFWRVREUHORVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVYLQFXODGRVDHVWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV 6H GLIHUHQFLDURQ HQ HO WUDQVFXUVR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV DFWRUHV VRFLDOHV YLQFXODGRV DO PHUFDGR GH JUDQRV ORV SURGXFWRUHV ORV DFRSLDGRUHV ODV FRRSHUDWLYDV ORV LQGXVWULDOHV \ ORV H[SRUWDGRUHV(QVHJXQGROXJDUVHFRQVLGHUDDOSHUVRQDOTXHGHVHPSHxDEDIXQFLRQHVHQOD-XQWD 1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRV

,,%5(9(+,6725,$'(/$-817$1$&,21$/'(*5$126

(OFRPHUFLRH[WHULRUGHJUDQRVHQOD$UJHQWLQDVHUHDOL]yGHPDQHUDUHJXODUDSDUWLUGH+DVWD SULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;;HUDUHDOL]DGRSRUODVHPSUHVDVH[SRUWDGRUDVPXQGLDOHVGHJUDQRV\SRUXQ FRQMXQWR GH FRRSHUDWLYDV GH SULPHU JUDGR HQ IRUPD SULYDGD (O IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH ODV HPSUHVDV PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV PX\ SRFDV HQ Q~PHUR SHUR GH LQPHQVD FDSDFLGDG HFRQyPLFD \ ILQDQFLHUD KD FRQWDGR KLVWyULFDPHQWH HQ HO SDtV FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV GH FDSLWDO TXH OHV SRVLELOLWDED HO FRQWURO GHO PHUFDGR LQWHUQR D SDUWLU GH OD WRPD GH SUHFLRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV HQ FX\D IRUPDFLyQ WDPELpQ SDUWLFLSDEDQ/DIRUPDFLyQGHORVSUHFLRVGHUHIHUHQFLDGHOPHUFDGRGHFHUHDOHV\ROHDJLQRVRVHVHO &KLFDJR %RDUG RI 7UDGH &%27 HQ HO TXH SDUWLFLSDQ DGHPiV GH ODV HPSUHVDV FHUHDOHUDV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV RWURV DFWRUHV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR ORV IRQGRV GH SHQVLRQHV (Q FRQGLFLRQHV

H[FHSFLRQDOHVHOSUHFLRGHUHIHUHQFLDGHO&%27QRVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDSRUHMHPSORFXDQGRH[LVWH

1 La reseña histórica se basa en los autores citados y en los registros de Coninagro, den la legislación de la Junta

(7)

HOFRPSURPLVRGHHPEDUFDU\QRVHWLHQHODPHUFDGHUtDSDUDFRPSOHWDUORHQHVWRVFDVRVVHFRPSUD D ´FRQWUDPDUJHQµ HV GHFLU FRQ YDORUHV VXSHULRUHV DO GH PHUFDGR 3RU HO FRQWUDULR HQ OD FRQIRUPDFLyQ GHO PHUFDGR LQWHUQR QR H[LVWHQ WDQWDV FRQGLFLRQHV HQ OD ILMDFLyQ GH ORV SUHFLRV SXHVWRTXHGHDOJ~QPRGRODVH[SRUWDGRUDVWiFLWDPHQWHDFXHUGDQHOSUHFLRDSDJDU$GHPiVKDQ DFWXDGRFRPRFRQFHQWUDGRUDVGHODSURGXFFLyQGHORVSURGXFWRUHVDJUDULRVPHGLRVYLQFXOiQGRORV FRQ HO PHUFDGR H[WHULRU \ VRPHWLpQGRORV D VX LQIOXHQFLD &RPR UHVSXHVWD D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LQHVWDEOHV GH SURGXFFLyQ \ D ODV WHQGHQFLDV FHQWUDOL]DGRUDV GHO FDSLWDO IXHURQ VXUJLHQGR ODV FRRSHUDWLYDVGHVWLQDGDVDFUHDUXQVLVWHPDGHFUpGLWRSURSLRDDEDVWHFHUGHVHPLOODV\DERQRVDORV SURGXFWRUHV\DSURPRYHUHOXVXIUXFWRFRP~QGHODVPDTXLQDULDV

$HVDHVWUXFWXUDWUDQVQDFLRQDOL]DGDGHODH[SRUWDFLyQGHJUDQRVVHIXHURQVXPDQGRODVFRRSHUDWLYDV GHSURGXFWRUHV/DLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODVFRRSHUDWLYDVVHSURGXMRDSDUWLUGHKDFLDOD $VRFLDFLyQGH&RRSHUDWLYDV$UJHQWLQDV$&$LPSXOVDEDODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODYHQWDFRP~QGHODV FRVHFKDVVREUHEDVHVFRRSHUDWLYDV/DGHFLVLyQIXHUHVSDOGDGDSRUHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO$JUDULRGH TXH SURSXVR OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQD UHG FRPSOHWD GH HOHYDGRUHV GH FDPSDxD \ WHUPLQDOHV SURSRQLHQGR XQD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ DGHFXDGD SDUD VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR IRUPDGD SRU DJULFXOWRUHV \ IXQFLRQDULRV S~EOLFRV $ SDUWLU GH VH IXHURQ LQDXJXUDQGR ORV SULPHURV HOHYDGRUHV GH FDPSDxDGHODUHGXELFDGRVHQODSURYLQFLDGH&yUGREDTXHFRQFHQWUDEDODSURGXFFLyQGHXQSRRO GHSURGXFWRUHVDJUDULRV

(OHOHYDGRUGHFDPSDxDVHFRQFHEtDFRPRXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQXELFDGDHQWHUUHQRVGHOIHUURFDUULOFRQ GHVYtRSURSLRTXHSHUPLWtDHODWUDTXHGHYDJRQHVDODERFDGHGHVFDUJDGHOJUDQHUR\VXPHFDQLVPR HUD PX\ VHQFLOOR (Q SULQFLSLR HO HOHYDGRU ORFDO QR GHEtD VHU XQ OXJDU GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR SHUPDQHQWH GH FHUHDOHV VLQR SURYLVLRQDO KDVWD XELFDU OD PHUFDGHUtD HQ HO PHUFDGR LQWHUQR R H[WHUQR

(OHOHYDGRUWHUPLQDOHUDHOSXQWRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\GHSyVLWRGHORVJUDQRVTXHFRQYHUJtDQHQXQ ´PHUFDGRµGHVGHGRQGHSDVDEDQGLUHFWDPHQWHDODH[SRUWDFLyQSXHVWRTXHHVWDEDQXELFDGRVHQHO SXHUWRGHHPEDUTXH6LELHQKD\DOJXQDSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHODPHUFDGHUtDGHSRVLWDGDHQHOHOHYDGRU VHGHVWLQDVHDOPHUFDGRLQWHUQRHUDHFRQyPLFDPHQWHLUUDFLRQDODPHQRVTXHHOSUHFLRGRPpVWLFR IXHUD PX\ HOHYDGR \ FRPSHQVDUD HO YDORU GH HQWUDGD \ VDOLGD D SXHUWR GHO FHUHDO /RV HOHYDGRUHV WHUPLQDOHV SRUWXDULRV H[LVWHQWHV HQ HQ RUGHQ GH LPSRUWDQFLD HVWDEDQ XELFDGRV HQ 5RVDULR %XHQRV $LUHV %DKtD %ODQFD 6DQ 1LFROiV \ 6DQWD )H \ IXQFLRQDEDQ FRPR HOHYDGRUHV GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD PDUtWLPD PHFDQLVPR GH FDUJD D JUDQHO GH ORV YDSRUHV DQWHV TXH FRPR FRQFHQWUDGRUHV GH JUDQRV VLWXDFLyQ TXH VH H[SOLFD SRU HO KHFKR GH TXH FRQ XQD FDSDFLGDG GH

(8)

DOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHWRQHODGDVKDEUtDQSDVDGRSRUORVHOHYDGRUHVGHWRQHODGDV SURPHGLRGHJUDQRVDILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHOYHLQWH&DUUDFHGR

(QHOJRELHUQRQDFLRQDODSUREySRUGHFUHWRODSURSXHVWDGHODILUPD&'+RZH\&tDGH &DQDGiLQWHJUDQWHGHOSRROFDQDGLHQVHGHWULJRGHWRPDUDVXFDUJRODFRQVWUXFFLyQILQDQFLDFLyQ\ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHXQDUHGGHHOHYDGRUHVGHJUDQRVSRUFXHQWDGHOJRELHUQR/DGHFLVLyQSURYRFyOD UHDFFLyQ GH GLYHUVRV VHFWRUHV GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ HO FRPHUFLR QDFLRQDO GH JUDQRV GHQWUR GH ORV FXDOHVVHGHVWDFDURQODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGH$&$H[LJLHQGRTXHHOJRELHUQRWRPDUDGLUHFWDPHQWHHO SDWURFLQLR GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ \ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH OD UHG GH HOHYDGRUHV +DFLD DPEDV LQLFLDWLYDVIXHURQVXVSHQGLGDVSRUHOJRELHUQR

3DUDOHODPHQWH VH FRPHQ]y D GLVFXWLU XQ QXHYR SUR\HFWR TXH VHUtD DSUREDGR HQ EDMR HO GHFUHWR Q~PHUR HQ FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ ODV PHGLGDV DUDQFHODULDV TXH FRPHQ]DEDQ D LQVWLWXLUVH\TXHGDUtDOXJDUDOSURWHFFLRQLVPRGHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQR(OGHFUHWRFUHyOD-XQWD 5HJXODGRUD GH *UDQRV TXH IXH XQ LQWHUPHGLDULR QR REOLJDWRULR SDUD DVHJXUDU D ORV SURGXFWRUHV SUHFLRV UHPXQHUDWLYRV \ TXH VyOR YHQGHUtD OR QHFHVDULR SDUD OD PROLHQGD LQWHUQD GHVWLQDQGR HO UHPDQHQWHSDUDODH[SRUWDFLyQ´/DMXQWDFRPSUDUiWRGRHOWULJROLQRRPDt]TXHVHOHRIUH]FDDORV SUHFLRVEiVLFRV\ORYHQGHUiDORVH[SRUWDGRUHVFRQIRUPHDORVSUHFLRVGHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQDFLRQDO FRQGHVWLQRH[FOXVLYRDODH[SRUWDFLyQµ'HFUHWR

/RV SUHFLRV HUDQ ILMDGRV SRU HO 3RGHU (MHFXWLYR 1DFLRQDO WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV FRWL]DFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHODpSRFDPiVHODO]DGHODVGLYLVDV/DSpUGLGDUHVXOWDQWHGHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHO SUHFLRILMDGR\HOLQWHUQDFLRQDOHUDFXELHUWDPHGLDQWHHO)RQGRGH&DPELRVIRUPDGRDVXYH]FRQ ODGLIHUHQFLDTXHSURGXFtDODYHQWDHQFDUHFLGDGHODVGLYLVDV(OPDUJHQORJUDGRIXHHQSULQFLSLRGH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHO

(QOD-XQWD5HJXODGRUDGH*UDQRVSDVyDIRUPDUSDUWHGHO,$3,HQWLGDGDXWiUTXLFDQDFLRQDO TXHWHQtDSRUREMHWRSURPRYHUHOGHVDUUROORGHOFRPHUFLRH[WHULRUHLQWHULRU(O(QWHUHDOL]DEDWRGDV ODVQHJRFLDFLRQHVRFRPSUDVTXHGLVSRQtDHO3(1HQGHIHQVDGHODSURGXFFLyQ\SRUVXLQWHUPHGLR VH UHDOL]DEDQ WRGDV ODV FRPSUDV HQ HO H[WHULRU GHVWLQDGDV D DWHQGHU ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH ODV UHSDUWLFLRQHVGHO(VWDGRVDOYRODVTXHHO3(1HOLPLQDVHGHWDOUpJLPHQ3DUWLFLSDEDWDPELpQHQOD WUDPLWDFLyQGHORVFRQYHQLRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHFDUiFWHUFRPHUFLDOWHQtDDVXFDUJRHOFRQWUROGHODV FRQYHQFLRQHVHLQIRUPDED\DVHVRUDEDDO3(1FXDQGRHUDREVHUYDEOHODIRUPDHQTXHVHFXPSOtDQ ODVFOiXVXODVSDFWDGDV

(9)

SURGXFWRUHV DJUDULRV XQR D ODV FRRSHUDWLYDV DJUDULDV XQR D OD LQGXVWULD \ RWUR DO FRPHUFLR GH JUDQRV(QFXDQWRDVXVDWULEXFLRQHVHQRUGHQDODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHJUDQRVFXDQGRHO3(1DVt OR GLVSRQtD OD -XQWD SRGtD HMHUFHU HO FRPHUFLR LQWHUQR R H[WHUQR GH DTXHOORV JUDQRV \ GH ORV SURGXFWRV \ VXESURGXFWRV GH OD LQGXVWULD ROHDJLQRVD HQ FX\D FRPSUDYHQWD HO (VWDGR QDFLRQDO GHFLGtD LQWHUYHQLU HQ GHIHQVD GH OD SURGXFFLyQ R FXDQGR OD UHJXODFLyQ GHO PHUFDGR OR KLFLHUD QHFHVDULR)LMDEDWDPELpQORVYDORUHVtQGLFHV)2%TXHHUDQORVSUHFLRVPtQLPRVGHORVJUDQRV\GH ORVVXESURGXFWRVHQODVYHQWDVDOH[WHULRU\DOPLVPRWLHPSRDVHVRUDEDHQODILMDFLyQGHODSROtWLFD FDPELDULDHQWDQWRVHUHODFLRQDFRQODH[SRUWDFLyQGHJUDQRV\VXESURGXFWRV

´0LHQWUDV OD -XQWD 5HJXODGRUD IXH XQ PHUR LQWHUPHGLDULR SDUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ORV SUHFLRV EiVLFRV \ HO ,$3, LQWHUYHQtD GLUHFWD \ DPSOLDPHQWH HQ HO FRPHUFLR H[WHULRU \ HQ HO LQWHULRU ODV IXQFLRQHV\HOPRGRRSHUDWLYRTXHHOGHFUHWRDVLJQyDOD-XQWDHUDQPXFKRPiVIOH[LEOHV FRQGLFLRQDQGR VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO PHUFDGR D OD SHUWLQHQWH \ QHFHVDULD DXWRUL]DFLyQ GHO 3RGHU (MHFXWLYRµ&DUUDFHGR

(O 'HFUHWR /H\ IXH UHHPSOD]DGR SRU OD /H\ GH (VWD GLVSRQtD TXH OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV JUDQRV \ RWURV SURGXFWRV DJUtFRODV \ ORV VXESURGXFWRV GH OD OODPDGD LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQSULPDULDHVWDUtDDFDUJRGHOJRELHUQRQDFLRQDOFRQFDUiFWHUH[FOXVLYR\H[FOX\HQWH SRU PHGLR GH OD -1* DUW (VWD OH\ TXH DVHPHMDED ODV IXQFLRQHV GH OD -1* D ODV GHO ,$3, DPSOLDQGRVXVIXQFLRQHVIXHGHURJDGDSRUOD/H\GHTXHUHVWDEOHFLyODYLJHQFLDGHO 'HFUHWR /H\ (VWH GHFUHWR ULJLy HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD -1* D SHVDU GH FLHUWDV PRGLILFDFLRQHV KDVWD VX SULYDWL]DFLyQ HQXQFLDGD HQ HQ OD /H\ GH 5HIRUPD GHO (VWDGR)LQDOPHQWHHO'HFUHWRHVWDEOHFLyODOLTXLGDFLyQGHORUJDQLVPRTXHVHOOHYyDFDER HQORVGRVDxRVVLJXLHQWHV/DKLVWRULDGHOFRPHUFLRGHJUDQRV\HOSDSHOTXHRFXSyHQODHFRQRPtD DUJHQWLQDGHWHUPLQyHQDOJXQDPHGLGDHOPRGHORGHGHVDUUROORGHOSDtV$VtDSULQFLSLRVGHVLJOR WHQtDSOHQDYLJHQFLDHOPRGHORDJURH[SRUWDGRUEDVDGRHQHOFRPHUFLRGHXQFRQMXQWRGHJUDQGHV HPSUHVDVH[SRUWDGRUDVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHV

$ SDUWLU GH OD FULVLV GH FRPHQ]DURQ D JHQHUDUVH FDPELRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV TXH VH SXVLHURQ HQ SUiFWLFDKDFLDFRQVLVWHQWHVHQODFUHDFLyQGHXQyUJDQRHVWDWDOGHUHJXODFLyQGHOFRPHUFLRGH JUDQRVTXHFRQVROLGyODSUHVHQFLDGHORVSHTXHxRV\PHGLDQRVSURGXFWRUHVQRVyORHQHOPHUFDGR LQWHUQRVLQRWDPELpQHQODH[SRUWDFLyQ&RQDOWLEDMRVHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHPDQWXYRKDVWDGRQGH FRPHQ]y D GHVPDQWHODUVH HO DFFLRQDU GHO (VWDGR HQ PDWHULD FRPHUFLDO GH JUDQRV /D WDUHD ´OLEHUDOL]DGRUDµILQDOL]yHQFXDQGRDOOLEHUDUVHHOFRPHUFLRGHJUDQRVORVSULQFLSDOHVJUXSRV H[SRUWDGRUHVVHYLHURQEHQHILFLDGRVFRQLPSRUWDQWHVSRUFLRQHVGHOPHUFDGRJUDQDULRTXHDQWHV²HQ YLUWXGGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD-XQWDHVWDEDHQPDQRVGHSURGXFWRUHVQDFLRQDOHV

(10)

,,,(6758&785$<)81&,21(6'(/$-817$1$&,21$/'(*5$126

/DV IXQFLRQHV TXH GHVHPSHxy KLVWyULFDPHQWH OD -1* IXHURQ OD UHJXODFLyQ \ HO FRQWURO GHO FRPHUFLR GH JUDQRV OD SURGXFFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ \ DVHVRUDPLHQWR GH ORV DJHQWHV OD RSHUDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO \ OD RSHUDFLyQ GH OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD /D LQVWLWXFLyQ HVWDED RUJDQL]DGD D SDUWLU GH XQ 'LUHFWRULR HQFDEH]DGR SRU HO 3UHVLGHQWH \ HO 9LFHSUHVLGHQWH FXDWUR YRFDOHV \ XQ FRQMXQWR GH *HUHQFLDV DVRFLDGDV D GLYHUVDV IXQFLRQHV GH ODV FXDOHV ODV PiV UHOHYDQWHV HUDQ OD *HUHQFLD

&RPHUFLDO*(&2\OD*HUHQFLDGH([SORWDFLyQGH(OHYDGRUHV*(;(DGHPiVFRQWDEDFRQXQ iUHDGH6HUYLFLRVEULQGDGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHSRUHO(QWH'HYDULDVGHHVDVJHUHQFLDVFRPRVHYHUi

PiVDGHODQWHVXUJLHURQORVSURSXOVRUHVGHODOLTXLGDFLyQGHODHQWLGDG

La Junta como órgano de regulación y control

(O 'HFUHWR /H\ HVWDEOHFLy TXH ´HV IXQFLyQ GH OD -1* HMHUFHU HO FRQWURO GH WRGDV ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV\HQWLGDGHVTXHLQWHUYHQJDQGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQRRH[WHUQR GH ORV JUDQRV \ VXV VXESURGXFWRV ORV TXH GHEHUiQ DMXVWDU VXV DFWLYLGDGHV D OR GLVSXHVWR HQ HVWH GHFUHWR\DODVUHJODPHQWDFLRQHVSHUWLQHQWHVTXHH[SLGDHO3RGHU(MHFXWLYRµ(QFRQVHFXHQFLDOD QRUPD OHJDO LPSXVR D WRGD SHUVRQD ItVLFD R MXUtGLFD TXH DFW~H HQ HO FRPHUFLR GH JUDQRV OD REOLJDFLyQGHLQVFULELUVHHQHOUHJLVWURGHOD-XQWD6LQHVWHUHTXLVLWRQLQJ~QRSHUDGRUSRGtDUHDOL]DU WUDQVDFFLRQHVLQFOXLGDVODVDXWRULGDGHVDGXDQHUDVTXHQRHVWDEDQDXWRUL]DGDVDH[SHGLUSHUPLVRVGH HPEDUTXH

/D-1*UHJODPHQWDEDORVFRQWUDWRVGHFRPSUDYHQWDXQLIRUPDQGRVXVSURFHGLPLHQWRVGHDFXHUGR D WpFQLFDV DFWXDOL]DGDV $VLPLVPR OD LQVWLWXFLyQ WHQGtD D HVWDEOHFHU SXQWRV GH HTXLOLEULR HQWUH ORV LQWHUHVHVGHODSURGXFFLyQGHOFRPHUFLRGHODLQGXVWULD\GHOFRQVXPRGHOSDtVFRPRDVtWDPELpQ GHORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHOH[WHULRU

(O(QWHHMHUFtDHOFRQWUROGHORVPHGLRVGHSHVDMH\DQiOLVLV\FRQWURODEDODHPLVLyQREOLJDWRULDDORV SURGXFWRUHVGHODVOLTXLGDFLRQHVSULPDULDV(OFHUWLILFDGR$FHUWLILFDGRGHGHSyVLWRGDEDIH GHOSHVR\ODFDOLGDGLQJUHVDGDDORVHOHYDGRUHV(QIRUPDSDUDOHODWDQWRFRRSHUDWLYDV\DFRSLDGRUHV FRPRLQGXVWULDOHVWHQtDQODREOLJDFLyQGHSUHVHQWDUDOD-1*GHFODUDFLRQHVMXUDGDVPHQVXDOHVHQODV TXH FRQVWDUDQ WRGRV VXV PRYLPLHQWRV HQ HVH SHUtRGR (O VHFWRU H[SRUWDGRU D VX YH] WHQtD OD REOLJDFLyQ GH SUHVHQWDU VHPDQDOPHQWH XQD GHFODUDFLyQ GH VXV FRPSUDV HQ ILUPH HQ HO PHUFDGR LQWHUQR /DV YHQWDV GHEtDQ VHU GHFODUDGDV EDMR MXUDPHQWR GHQWUR GHO GtD KiELO VLJXLHQWH D VX FRQFUHFLyQ TXHGDQGR ILMDGRV D HVD IHFKD HO YDORU )2% HO UpJLPHQ WULEXWDULR ODV DOtFXRWDV HO

3 Las Gerencias eran: Gerencia de Administración y Finanzas (GEAF); Gerencia Comercial (GECO); Gerencia

de Estudios Económicos (GESE); Gerencia de Organización y Sistemas (GEOS); Gerencia de Explotación de Elevadores (GEXE); Gerencia de Fiscalización (GEFI); Gerencia Jurídica (GEJA); Gerencia Técnica (GETE).

4 Las áreas de Servicios de la JNG eran: Servicios de Auditoría (SEAU); Servicios de Higiene y Seguridad en el

(11)

WUDWDPLHQWR DUDQFHODULR DVt FRPR ORV UHHPEROVRV \R UHLQWHJURV D TXH SXGLHUD HVWDU VXMHWD OD PHUFDGHUtDDH[SRUWDUVH

/D-XQWDUHDOL]DEDXQULJXURVRFRQWUROGHODVGHFODUDFLRQHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQORTXHVHUHILHUHDORV YDORUHV)2%GDGRTXHORVPLVPRVGHEtDQVHULJXDOHVRVXSHULRUHVDORVYDORUHVtQGLFHV\VRODPHQWH PHGLDQGR VX FRQIRUPLGDG OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ 1DFLRQDO GH $GXDQDV H[WHQGtD ORV SHUPLVRV GH HPEDUTXHVKDELOLWDQWHV

/DFODVLILFDFLyQGHORVJUDQRVFRQVWLWX\yODIXQFLyQWpFQLFDPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHOD-1*/DPLVPDVH UHDOL]DED EDMR FRQGLFLRQHV HVWULFWDV GH QRUPDV GH FDOLGDG \ VLVWHPDV GH FRQWURO HQ OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQWDQWRLQWHUQDFRPRHQODH[SRUWDFLyQGHJUDQRVORTXHOHYDOLyDOD$UJHQWLQDXQD EXHQDUHSXWDFLyQHQHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHJUDQRV

$ SDUWLU GH OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH JUDQRV VH HVWDEOHFLHURQ HVWiQGDUHV SDUD OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSDOHVFHUHDOHVORVTXHHUDQSHULyGLFDPHQWHUHYLVDGRVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODHYROXFLyQGHORV PHUFDGRV\ODVRSLQLRQHVGHORVDJHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOVLVWHPDFRPHUFLDODUJHQWLQR/D-XQWD UHDOL]DED LQVSHFFLRQHV SHULyGLFDV HQ ODV SODQWDV GH DFRSLR GRQGH VH YHULILFDED OD FDQWLGDG \ OD FDOLGDGGHODPHUFDGHUtDGHFODUDGDSRUORVDFRSLDGRUHVHLPSRQtDVHYHUDVVDQFLRQHVDTXLHQWXYLHUD PHUFDGHUtDGHPiVORTXHSRQtDHQHYLGHQFLDODVFRPSUDVHQHOPHUFDGRQHJUR(OFXPSOLPLHQWR GH ORV SDUiPHWURV LPSOLFDED OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH GHVFXHQWRV R ERQLILFDFLRQHV HQ HO SUHFLR 3DUD OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHORVJUDQRVYHQGLGRVHQODVRSHUDFLRQHVSULPDULDVORV5HFLELGRUHVGH *UDQRV DJHQWHV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV HQ OD WLSLILFDFLyQ HQWUHQDGRV \ GLSORPDGRV HQ ODV (VFXHODV GH 5HFLELGRUHVGH*UDQRVGHOD-XQWDWRPDEDQPXHVWUDVHQORVOXJDUHVGHDFRSLRTXHVHDQDOL]DEDQHQ ODERUDWRULRV SULYDGRV R GH OD -1* D RSFLyQ GHO SURGXFWRU /DV PXHVWUDV GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV VHFXQGDULDVVHH[WUDtDQHQORVOXJDUHVGHHQWUHJDHOHYDGRUHVSRUWXDULRVRIiEULFDV\VHDQDOL]DEDQ HQ ORV ODERUDWRULRV GH ODV &iPDUDV $UELWUDOHV GH ODV %ROVDV GH &HUHDOHV /RV HVWDQGDUHV HUDQ UHYLVDGRV WDPELpQ FXDQGR VH GDEDQ FRQGLFLRQHV HVSHFLDOHV HQ ODV FRVHFKDV DO VHU DIHFWDGDV SRU SODJDVRSRUODDEXQGDQFLDGHOOXYLDVHWF(QWRGRVORVFDVRVOD-1*DFWXDEDFRPRiUELWURILQDOQR REVWDQWHH[LVWtDQDSHODFLRQHV/DFDOLGDGGHORVJUDQRVH[SRUWDGRVHVWDEDFRQWURODGDGLUHFWDPHQWH SRULQVSHFWRUHVGHOD-XQWDDORVTXHVHSXHGHDJUHJDUDORVGHODVFRPSDxtDVH[SRUWDGRUDV\HQ DOJXQRVFDVRVSRULQVSHFWRUHVGHORVSDtVHVFRPSUDGRUHVFRPRSRUHMHPSOR,UiQ

La Junta como órgano de información y de asesoramiento

(12)

JUDQRV $TXt FREUDQ HVSHFLDO LPSRUWDQFLD ORV LQIRUPHV HODERUDGRV GH iUHDV VHPEUDGDV \ GHO VHJXLPLHQWRGHODHYROXFLyQGHORVFXOWLYRVSXHVWRTXHHVWRVGDWRVLQFLGHQ HQORVSUHFLRV

(O FRQVWDQWH VHJXLPLHQWR GHO PHUFDGR LQWHUQDFLRQDO OD KDELOLWDED D ILMDU GLDULDPHQWH ORV YDORUHV tQGLFHVGHH[SRUWDFLyQFRQHOHIHFWRGLUHFWRVREUHHOQLYHOGHGLYLVDVLQJUHVDGRVDOSDtV3RURWUR ODGRODLQIRUPDFLyQHODERUDGDSRUOD-XQWDFRQVWLWXtDODEDVHSDUDHOGLVHxRGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHQ HOiUHDDVtFRPRSDUDODVGHFLVLRQHVGHSURGXFFLyQFRPHUFLRHLQGXVWULDDJUDULD

La Junta en su rol de agente comercial

/D-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRVHQWDQWRDJHQWHFRPHUFLDOIXHODFDMDGHUHVRQDQFLDGHODVSROtWLFDV VHJ~QODQRFLyQGHOPHUFDGRTXHLPSHUDVH$VtOD$UJHQWLQDSDVyDH[SHULHQFLDVGHOLEUHFRPHUFLRD HWDSDV GH PRQRSROLR GHO FRPHUFLR LQWHUQR D SHUtRGRV GH OLEHUDOL]DFLyQ R GH FRPHUFLRPL[WRDGLIHUHQFLDGHVXVFRPSHWLGRUHV((88&DQDGi$XVWUDOLD HQ ORV TXH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHO (VWDGR HQ HO FRPHUFLR PDQWXYR XQD OtQHD UHJXODU D WUDYpV GH ORV DxRV

(O GHFUHWR OH\ SUHYp OD IXQFLyQ FRPHUFLDO HVSHFLILFDQGR TXH ´OD -XQWD FXDQGR HO 3RGHU (MHFXWLYRORGLVSRQJDHMHUFHUiHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQR\H[WHUQRGHDTXHOORVJUDQRV\VXESURGXFWRVHQ FX\D FRPSUDYHQWD HO (VWDGR QDFLRQDO GHFLGD LQWHUYHQLU HQ GHIHQVD GH OD SURGXFFLyQ R FXDQGR OD UHJXODFLyQGHOPHUFDGRORKLFLHUDQHFHVDULRµ3DUDHQWHQGHUHODFFLRQDUGHOD-XQWDHQHVWHVHQWLGR PiVDGHODQWHVHHVWDEOHFHQORVHVTXHPDVEiVLFRVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHJUDQRV

La Junta como operador de infraestructura

/D-1*HQXQDGHVXVIXQFLRQHVPiVUHOHYDQWHVDGPLQLVWUDED\RSHUDEDODUHGRILFLDOGHHOHYDGRUHV FRQVWUXLGDDSDUWLUGHORVDxRVWUHLQWD+DVWDODRSHUDFLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVHUDQ JHVWLRQDGRVFDVLH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSRUOD-XQWDQRDVtHQFDPSDxDGRQGHH[LVWtDQRWURVRSHUDGRUHV

HQHVHDxRODPRGLILFDFLyQGHOGHFUHWRSRUSDUWHGHOJRELHUQRGLFWDWRULDOSHUPLWLyODLQVWDODFLyQGH HOHYDGRUHVSULYDGRV

/D -XQWD HUD WDPELpQ SURSLHWDULD GH HOHYDGRUHV GH FDPSDxD GH KHFKR OD PD\RUtD GH ORV VLORV VXEWHUUiQHRVTXHH[LVWHQHQHOSDtVHUDQSURSLHGDGGHOD-XQWDDGHPiVFRQVWUX\yXQDLPSRUWDQWH FDQWLGDG GH SODQWDV GH VLORV GH JUDQ FDSDFLGDG GH DOPDFHQDMH FRQ LQVWDODFLRQHV WDQ PRGHUQDV \ HTXLSDGDVFRPRQRVHFRQRFLHURQHQRWURVSDtVHVFRPHUFLDOL]DGRUHVGHFHUHDOHV$ORQVR /DUHGRILFLDOGHHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVFRQWDEDFRQIXHUWHLQIOXHQFLDHQ]RQDVFODYHGHOHPEDUTXH GH JUDQRV FRPR %DKtD %ODQFD GRQGH OD -XQWD FREUDED WDULIDV SRU ORV VHUYLFLRV GH DOPDFHQDMH DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR\HOHYDFLyQTXHSUHVWDEDIRELQJ

5 En la zona de San Lorenzo / Puerto San Martín (cercano a Rosario) donde había fábricas de aceite de lino y

girasol, la empresa Indo S.A. (propiedad de A. Alsogaray que luego vendería a La Plata Cereal) tenía sus propios puertos.

6 La mercadería que ingresaba a los puertos debía ser “condiciones cámara”, por lo cual no podía estar fuera de

(13)

(QORVDVSHFWRVRSHUDWLYRVWDQWRHQORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVFRPRHQHODFRSLRLQWHUQRUHJtDHO FRQFHSWR GH OD SpUGLGD GH LGHQWLGDG GHO JUDQR LQJUHVDGR HVWDQGR HQ YLJHQFLD XQ VLVWHPD GH SUpVWDPRV GH PHUFDGHUtDV TXH FRQWULEXtD D OD HILFLHQFLD GHO VLVWHPD (O VLVWHPD GH SUpVWDPRV KDELOLWDED D DTXHO H[SRUWDGRU TXH FRQWDUD FRQ YDSRU D OD FDUJD VLQ FRQWDU FRQ OD WRWDOLGDG GH OD PHUFDGHUtDLQJUHVDGDDHIHFWXDUHOHPEDUTXHFRQWUDODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHFRQVWDQFLDVGHFRPSUDHQHO PHUFDGRLQWHUQRSRUXQDFDQWLGDGHTXLYDOHQWHDOSUpVWDPRRFRQWUDXQDYDOEDQFDULRSRUXQPRQWR DVLPLODEOH([LVWtDQGRVPRGDOLGDGHVGHSUpVWDPRVGHOD-XQWD

D SRU&HUWLILFDGRFRQVLVWtDHQHOSUpVWDPRGHODPHUFDGHUtDDOH[SRUWDGRU\QRVHFREUDEDQ LQWHUHVHV QL DOPDFHQDMHV JHQHUDOPHQWH HVWDV FRPSUDV WHQtDQ XQ SUHFLR GLIHUHQFLDO HQ HO PHUFDGRHTXLYDOHQWHDRGyODUHVPiV(O&HUWLILFDGRGHEtDVHUSUHVHQWDGRSRUHODFRSLDGRU TXHYHQGtD

E FRPSUDV FRQ &HUWLILFDGR GH 'HSyVLWR OD -XQWD FREUDED XQ DOPDFHQDMH SRU HO WLHPSR TXH WDUGDEDHQGHYROYHUVHODPHUFDGHUtD(QHVWHFDVRGHEtDSUHVHQWDUVHXQDYDOEDQFDULR6LHPSUH VH GHEtD FHUWLILFDU WHQHU OD WRWDOLGDG GH OD PHUFDGHUtD FRPSUDGD SDUD TXH OD -XQWD DSUREDVH HO SUpVWDPR (VWH VLVWHPD HVWDED UHJODGR SRU OD 5HVROXFLyQ GH OD -XQWD SRU OD FXDO VH HVWDEOHFLy HO UpJLPHQ GH SUpVWDPRV GH PHUFDGHUtDV \ HUD ILVFDOL]DGR SRU OD *HUHQFLD GH ([SRUWDFLRQHV

,9(/6,67(0$&20(5&,$/'(*5$126(1(/020(17235(9,2$/$35,9$7,=$&,Ð1

(OPHUFDGRGHJUDQRVVHHVWUXFWXUDVHJ~QWUHVWLSRVGHRSHUDFLRQHVFRPHUFLDOHVGRVHQHOPHUFDGR LQWHUQR\XQRHQHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDO

Las operaciones primarias

(UDQGHVDUUROODGDVSRUORVSURGXFWRUHVFRPRRIHUHQWHV\ORVDFRSLDGRUHVFRRSHUDWLYDVLQGXVWULDOHV \H[SRUWDGRUHVFRPRGHPDQGDQWHVHQFDGDXQDGHODVFLXGDGHVRORFDOLGDGHVGHOLQWHULRUGHOSDtVHQ ODV TXH GLFKRV DJHQWHV SRVHtDQ LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR \ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH JUDQRV +DFLD ILQHV GH ORV DxRV RFKHQWD OD RIHUWD HUD DWRPL]DGD FRQVWLWXLGD SRU XQ HOHYDGR Q~PHUR GH SURGXFWRUHV\WHQtDXQUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMRSRGHUGHQHJRFLDFLyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRGHORV SURGXFWRUHV PHGLDQRV \ SHTXHxRV TXH UHFLEtDQ ILQDQFLDPLHQWR GH ORV DFRSLDGRUHV \ GH ODV FRRSHUDWLYDV /D GHPDQGD HVWDED FRQVWLWXLGD SRU XQ FRQMXQWR GH DFRSLDGRUHV FRRSHUDWLYDV LQGXVWULDOHV\H[SRUWDGRUHVTXHRSHUDEDHQOD]RQDGHLQIOXHQFLD/RVDFRSLDGRUHV\FRRSHUDWLYDV HVWDEDQYLQFXODGRVFRQORVSURGXFWRUHVQRVyORSRUODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHJUDQRVVLQRTXHDGHPiV DFWXDEDQFRPRSURYHHGRUHVRILQDQFLVWDVGHLQVXPRV\GHELHQHVGHFRQVXPRFRPRPHGLRVSDUD

7 Cabe aclarar que no todos los acopiadores podían vender bajo esta modalidad ya que debían presentar garantías

(14)

PHMRUDUVXSRGHUGHQHJRFLDFLyQIUHQWHDRWURVFRPSHWLGRUHVLQWHJUDGRVYHUWLFDOPHQWHKDFLDDEDMR LQGXVWULDOHV\H[SRUWDGRUHV

+DVWDILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHORFKHQWDH[LVWLyHOVLVWHPDGHOSUHFLRVRVWpQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSDUDHO WULJR/RVSURGXFWRUHVSRGtDQUHDOL]DUODSULPHUDYHQWDDOD-1*PHGLDQWHHO&HUWLILFDGR&DO SUHFLRVRVWpQILMDGRRILFLDOPHQWHHQWUHJDQGR\DVHDHQLQVWDODFLRQHVGHFDPSDxDGHOD-1*RHQ LQVWDODFLRQHV GH ORV DJHQWHV DXWRUL]DGRV DFRSLDGRUHV FRRSHUDWLYDV R HQ ODV SODQWDV GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHORVPROLQRV(OFRVWRGHORVIOHWHVWDQWR´IOHWHFRUWRµGHFDPSRDVLORFRPR ´IOHWHODUJRµGHVLORDSXHUWRHVWDEDQDFDUJRGHOSURGXFWRU/RVSUHFLRVGHFRPSUDGHOD-1*VH ILMDEDQ DO QLYHO GH ODV %ROVDV R SXHUWRV GH UHIHUHQFLD \ HQ ODV OLTXLGDFLRQHV VH GHGXFtDQ ODV FRPLVLRQHV\GHPiVJDVWRVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRGHOJUDQRTXHUHWULEXtDQORV VHUYLFLRVEULQGDGRVSRUORVDJHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQFDGDFDVR

Diagrama nro. 1

&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQSULPDULDGHJUDQRV

2IHUWD'HPDQGD2IHUWD'HPDQGD

$FRSLDGRUHV

3URGXFWRUHVRR-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRV

$FRSLR&RRSHUDWLYDV

'HSULPHUJUDGR

)XHQWH (VWUXFWXUD \ GHVHPSHxR GHO VLVWHPD GH FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ GH JUDQRV \ GHULYDGRV GH $UJHQWLQD 6$*\3,,&$

318'%,5)

Las operaciones secundarias

/DV RSHUDFLRQHV VHFXQGDULDV HUDQ FRQFUHWDGDV GLUHFWD R LQGLUHFWDPHQWH HQ %ROVDV R 0HUFDGRV GH 6HJXQGD9HQWDORFDOL]DGRVHQORVSXHUWRVRFLXGDGHVLPSRUWDQWHVHQORVFXDOHVORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRV GH DFRSLDGRUHV SULYDGRV FRRSHUDWLYDV HWF DFWXDEDQ FRPR RIHUHQWHV \ ORV LQGXVWULDOHV \ H[SRUWDGRUHV VH GHVHPSHxDQ FRPR GHPDQGDQWHV YHU 'LDJUDPD QUR /DV RSHUDFLRQHV VHFXQGDULDV VH GRFXPHQWDEDQ FRQ FRQWUDWRV UHJLVWUDGRV HQ ODV %ROVDV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG QR HV QHFHVDULRUHJLVWUDUODV

/DV%ROVDVDVXYH]UHIOHMDQORVSUHFLRVSDJDGRVHQHOPHUFDGRSDUDORVGLIHUHQWHVSXHUWRVFDEH DFODUDUTXHQRVRQIRUPDGRUDVGHSUHFLRVORVSUHFLRVVHHVWDEOHFHQHQODV´FRPLVLRQHVGHVHPDQDµ GRQGH HVWiQ UHSUHVHQWDGRV WRGRV ORV VHFWRUHV DFRSLDGRUHV PROLQHURV FRUUHGRUHV H[SRUWDGRUHV HWFGHDFXHUGRDORVSUHFLRVGHFODUDGRV\FRQRFLGRVGHODVILUPDV

1º venta

(15)

/DV%ROVDVGH&HUHDOHVFRQVWLWX\HQORVSULQFLSDOHVPHUFDGRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQRVHJXQGDYHQWDORV GH PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD HVWiQ ORFDOL]DGRV HQ ORV SXHUWRV GH %XHQRV $LUHV 5RVDULR \ %DKtD %ODQFD /DV%ROVDVUH~QHQFRPRRIHUHQWHVDORVDFRSLDGRUHV\FRRSHUDWLYDV\RFDVLRQDOPHQWHDOD-1* TXLHQHV SRU LQWHUPHGLR GH ORV FRUUHGRUHV YHQGHQ D ORV GHPDQGDQWHV ILQDOHV LQGXVWULDOHV \ H[SRUWDGRUHV (Q HVWRV PHUFDGRV HO Q~PHUR GH RIHUHQWHV HV PX\ HOHYDGR HQ WRWDO HQ HO SDtV RSHUDEDQXQRVDFRSLDGRUHV\XQDVFRRSHUDWLYDVGHSULPHUJUDGR(QODVHJXQGDPLWDG GHO DxR FRPHUFLDO WULJXHUR OD -1* YHQGtD HQ UHPDWHV HQ ODV %ROVDV SDUWH GHO WULJR DGTXLULGR GXUDQWH HO SHUtRGR LQPHGLDWR D OD FRVHFKD SRU OD LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ GH OD SROtWLFD GH VRVWpQ ODV FRPSUDV GH JUDQR GH OLEUH GLVSRQLELOLGDG TXH QR VH FRPSUDURQ SRU HO UpJLPHQ GH FRPSUDV \ GHSyVLWRHQORVPROLQRV

Diagrama nro. 2

2SHUDFLRQHVVHFXQGDULDVGHJUDQRV

Oferta Demanda

Cooperativas de 2º grado

Acopiadores

Exportación Junta Nacional corredores corredores

De Granos Industria

)XHQWH (VWUXFWXUD \ GHVHPSHxR GHO VLVWHPD GH FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ GH JUDQRV \ GHULYDGRV GH $UJHQWLQD 6$*\3,,&$

318'%,5)

/DV HQWUHYLVWDV D LQIRUPDQWHV FODYHV LQGLFDQ TXH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV VH UHDOL]DEDQ HQ HO 0HUFDGR D 7pUPLQR GRQGH WLHQHQ HVSHFLDO LPSRUWDQFLD ORV FRUUHGRUHV GH JUDQRV UHOHJDQGR D OD %ROVD HO UHJLVWURGHODVRSHUDFLRQHV/DVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDDFFHGHUDODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOD%ROVDGH&HUHDOHV LPSLGHQSURIXQGL]DUHVWHSXQWR

Los mercados de destino

5HILHUHQDODVYHQWDVILQDOHVDRWURVSDtVHVHQODSUiFWLFDVHGLIHUHQFLDHOPHUFDGR)2%GHOPHUFDGR GH GHVWLQR (Q HO PHUFDGR )2% SXHGHQ SDUWLFLSDU WRGDV ODV ILUPDV DXWRUL]DGDV D H[SRUWDU SRU HMHPSORVL1LGHUDFRPSUDHQHOPHUFDGR)2%D/D3ODWD&HUHDORDODPLVPD-XQWDODUHVSRQVDEOH ORJtVWLFDGHOHPEDUTXHHV/D3ODWD&HUHDO(VWHPHFDQLVPRSHUPLWtDDVHJXUDUHPEDUTXHVGH DWRQHODGDVFRPSUiQGRODVHQXQDVRODRSHUDFLyQHYLWDQGRILUPDUYDULRVFRQWUDWRVDLVODGRV

Cooperativas

%ROVDV

žYHQWD

(16)

8Q PLVPR HPEDUTXH SRGtD VHU FRPSUDGRYHQGLGR YDULDV YHFHV ´VWULQJµ HQWUH GLVWLQWDV ILUPDV $ORQVR

/DV YHQWDV D GHVWLQR SRGtDQ VHU GH GLVWLQWD PRGDOLGDG VXMHWR D DFXHUGRV HQWUH ODV SDUWHV )2% PHUFDGHUtDOLEUHDERUGRFRQIOHWHSRUFXHQWDGHO FRPSUDGRU9HQWD&RVWR \)OHWHDFDUJRGHO YHQGHGRUHWF(OPHUFDGR)2%GHJUDQRVKDWHQLGRVLHPSUHXQJUDGRGHGHVDUUROORLPSRUWDQWHD SHVDU GH QR HVWDU VXILFLHQWHPHQWH LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGR /D -1* HUD OD UHVSRQVDEOH GH HQYLDU D ORV PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGLDULDPHQWHODVFRWL]DFLRQHVTXHUHOHYDEDGHORVGLVWLQWRVRSHUDGRUHVGHO PHUFDGR)2%(QODDFWXDOLGDGODLQIRUPDFLyQHVWiFRQFHQWUDGDHQODVJUDQGHVILUPDVTXHDIDOWD GH XQ yUJDQR S~EOLFR GH GLIXVLyQ GH SUHFLRV tQGLFHV PDQHMDQ GLFKD LQIRUPDFLyQ VLQ FULWHULR GH VHUYLFLRS~EOLFR'HHVWDPDQHUDORVSHTXHxRVSURGXFWRUHVVXHOHQQRHVWDUDOWDQWRGHORVSUHFLRV /RVSULQFLSDOHVRIHUHQWHVHQHVWHPHUFDGRDQWHVGHODOLTXLGDFLyQGHOD-1*HUDQODVFRRSHUDWLYDV GHVHJXQGRJUDGRFRPR$&$\OD)HGHUDFLyQ$UJHQWLQDGH&RRSHUDWLYDV$JURSHFXDULDV)$&$\ GHSULPHUJUDGRFRPR$JULFXOWRUHV)HGHUDGRV$UJHQWLQRV$)$ORVH[SRUWDGRUHVORVLQGXVWULDOHV ORV SURGXFWRUHV LQVFULSWRV FRPR H[SRUWDGRUHV \ RFDVLRQDOPHQWH OD -XQWD (O Q~PHUR GH GHPDQGDQWHV HUD UHODWLYDPHQWH PHQRU \ HVWDED FRQVWLWXLGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU ODV ILUPDV H[SRUWDGRUDVGHPD\RUHVGLPHQVLRQHV\RFDVLRQDOPHQWHSRUOD-XQWD\ODVFRRSHUDWLYDVGHVHJXQGR JUDGR

/DGHPDQGDKDFLDHUDPRQRSVyQLFDHQORVFDVRVHQTXHORVLPSRUWDGRUHVFHQWUDOL]DEDQODV FRPSUDVHQRUJDQLVPRVRHPSUHVDVS~EOLFDVSDtVHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQD,UiQ$VLD&KLQDOD8566 \HOUHVWRGHORVSDtVHVGHHFRQRPtDGHSODQLILFDFLyQFHQWUDO/D-1*HUDHOSULQFLSDOH[SRUWDGRUD GHVWLQR ILQDO FRQFHUWDQGR GLUHFWDPHQWH VXV YHQWDV FRQ ODV HQWLGDGHV S~EOLFDV GH ORV SDtVHV TXH FHQWUDOL]DEDQ VXV LPSRUWDFLRQHV HVWDEOHFLHQGR XQD VLWXDFLyQ GH PD\RU HTXLOLEULR DO RSRQHU XQ PRQRSROLR D RWUR 3RU HO FRQWUDULR ´ODV YHQWDV D SDtVHV TXH QR FHQWUDOL]DEDQ VXV LPSRUWDFLRQHV (XURSD -DSyQ HWF VH UHDOL]DEDQ D SDUWLU GH OD RIHUWD GH ODV ILUPDV H[SRUWDGRUDV GH PD\RU GLPHQVLyQ TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV WDPELpQ VRQ ODV LPSRUWDGRUDV ²HQ ORV SDtVHV GH GHVWLQR² GH ODV H[SRUWDFLRQHVGHOD-1*µ5HJ~QDJD(QHVWHVHQWLGROD-1*WHQtDDEVROXWDDXWRQRPtDSDUD JHVWLRQDUODVFRPSUDVYHQWDVFRQORVPHUFDGRVH[WHUQRVVLHQGRVX3UHVLGHQWHHOGHFLVRUHQ~OWLPD LQVWDQFLD'LFKDDXWRQRPtDGDEDOXJDUDJHVWLRQHVVXPDPHQWHHILFLHQWHVTXHDVXPtDQODGHIHQVDGH ORVSUHFLRV\ODFDOLGDGGHORVJUDQRVGHOSDtVFRPRDVtWDPELpQDJHVWLRQHVIUDXGXOHQWDV

(17)

SRU ORV DFRSLDGRUHV DXQTXH ILQDQFLDGRV SRU ORV SURGXFWRUHV \ HQ PHQRU PHGLGD SRU HO SURGXFWRU(QJHQHUDOVHWUDWDEDGHOUHFRUULGRGHGLVWDQFLDVFRUWDVTXHQRH[FHGtDQORVNP /DVLQVWDODFLRQHVGHDFRSLRWDPELpQVHXWLOL]DEDQSDUDHODFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRGHOJUDQRDODVQRUPDV FRPHUFLDOHVH[LJLGDVSRUORVHVWiQGDUHVGHFDOLGDGILMDGRVSRUOD-1*(OORSRGtDLPSOLFDUVHJ~QODV FRQGLFLRQHVGHFRVHFKDHOVHFDGRODOLPSLH]D\HOWUDWDPLHQWRTXtPLFRRODIXPLJDFLyQ/DPD\RU SDUWH GH OD SURGXFFLyQ HUD DFRQGLFLRQDGD HQ ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GH ORV DFRSLDGRUHV TXH SRVHtDQ FDSDFLGDGVXILFLHQWH

/RVJUDQRVHUDQDOPDFHQDGRVSRUORVDFRSLDGRUHVODVFRRSHUDWLYDVODVSODQWDVGHSURGXFWRUHVODV LQVWDODFLRQHVGHFDPSDxD \SRUWXDULDV GHOD-1*\ ODVTXHSRVHtDQORV PROLQRV\RWUDVLQGXVWULDV SURFHVDGRUDV /D FDSDFLGDG GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR WRWDO GHO SDtV HUD GH PLOORQHV GH WRQHODGDV HQ LQFOX\HQGRODVSODQWDVGHSURGXFWRUHVGHFRPHUFLDQWHVGHOD-1*\HOUHVWRGHORVDJHQWHV SULYDGRV&XDQGRHODOPDFHQDPLHQWRHUDUHDOL]DGRHQLQVWDODFLRQHVGHODVLQGXVWULDVOD-XQWDSDJDED XQDUDQFHOSRUDOPDFHQDMHHQFDVRGHTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHDGTXLULHUDODPDWHULDSULPDGHSRVLWDGDVL QRODFRPSUDEDQRSDUWLFLSDEDGHODRSHUDFLyQ$ODOPDFHQDPLHQWROHVHJXtDODHODERUDFLyQGHORV JUDQRV TXH VH KDFtD HQ ODV LQGXVWULDV \ ORV PROLQRV HQ WRGR HO SDtV \ HUD GHVWLQDGD FDVL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D OD GHPDQGD GHO PHUFDGR LQWHUQR (O WUDQVSRUWH GH ORV JUDQRV GHVGH ODV SODQWDV KDVWDODVIiEULFDV\ORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHVVHUHDOL]DEDSRUWUDQVSRUWHDXWRPRWRUHQXQ\SRU IHUURFDUULOHQXQ

/D SROtWLFD FRPHUFLDO LQWHUQD GH OD -XQWD HQ ORV DxRV RFKHQWD DEDUFy SURJUDPDV GH VRVWpQ UHJXODUPHQWH SDUD HO WULJR \ GH DSR\R D ]RQDV PDUJLQDOHV R SHTXHxRV SURGXFWRUHV (O DSR\R D ]RQDVPDUJLQDOHVVHEDVyHQHOLQFHQWLYRPHGLDQWHODDEVRUFLyQGHOGHOIOHWHDODSURGXFFLyQ\ HOFRPHUFLRGHPDt]VRUJRJLUDVRO\VRMDHQODV]RQDVGHOQRUHVWH\GHOQRURHVWHGHOSDtV(QFXDQWR DOILQDQFLDPLHQWRODSURGXFFLyQ\FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQGHJUDQRVUHFLEtDFUpGLWRVSULYDGRVDGtDV SRUORFXDOQRFRQWHPSODEDQWRGRHOSURFHVR&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDXQDSURSRUFLyQHOHYDGDGHOD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ HUD ILQDQFLDGD SRU ORV H[SRUWDGRUHV ORV LQGXVWULDOHV \ OD -XQWD /DV IRUPDV GH ILQDQFLDPLHQWRHUDQGLYHUVDVSUHGRPLQDQGRHO UpJLPHQGHSUHILQDQFLDFLyQ GHH[SRUWDFLRQHV\HO

GHFHUWLILFDGRGHGHSyVLWRGHJUDQRVSDUDH[SRUWDFLyQ

/D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD -XQWD HQ HO PHUFDGR GH WULJR RVFLODED HQWUH XQ \ XQ GHO WRWDO SURGXFLGRDOUHGHGRUGHXQRVPLOORQHVGHWRQHODGDVHVWDQGROLJDGDVVXVFRPSUDVGHVRVWpQGH SUHFLRV D YHQWDV SRVWHULRUHV TXH DVHJXUDQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH HO DEDVWR GH OD LQGXVWULD PROLQHUD \ GHO

8 Sistema por el cual las exportaciones se pagan por adelantado.

9 El certificado de depósito consiste en la entrega de un documento que, con carácter definitivo y como

(18)

PHUFDGR LQWHUQR /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO H[WHUQD GH OD -XQWD FRPSUHQGtD OD IXQFLyQ GH SURPRFLyQHQORVPHUFDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV\ODFRQFUHFLyQRLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHORVDFXHUGRVGH DEDVWHFLPLHQWR JRELHUQR D JRELHUQR /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO GH OD -XQWD SRGtD WHQHU IXHUWH LQFLGHQFLD VREUH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV RSHUDGRUHV \ SRU HQGH VREUH HO QLYHO GH SUHFLRV GHSHQGLHQGRVXLQWHQVLGDGGHODRULHQWDFLyQSROtWLFDLPSHUDQWH.

(QWUH\OD-1*ILMDEDFXSRVGHSURGXFFLyQSRUPROLQRKDULQHUR\FRPSUDEDWULJRSDUD pVWRV YHQGLpQGROR D EDMR SUHFLR FHQWUDOL]DQGR DGHPiV HO FRPHUFLR H[WHULRU $ SDUWLU GH OD LQVWLWXFLyQUHGXMRVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQDOGHODGHPDQGDDQXDOGHODLQGXVWULD+XLFLHWDO(O REMHWLYR GH HVWD UHJXODFLyQ HUD TXH OD LQGXVWULD PROLQHUD FX\D PDWHULD SULPD VH FRQFHQWUD HQ ORV PHVHVGHGLFLHPEUH\HQHURIXHUDDEDVWHFLGDGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR(OILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHVWRFNVWHQtD XQDHOHYDGDLQFLGHQFLDHQODFRPSRVLFLyQGHFRVWRVGHSURGXFFLyQTXHOD-1*D\XGDEDDDEVRUEHU RWRUJiQGRXQVXEVLGLRLPSOtFLWR(QHVWHVLVWHPDGHVDSDUHFLy

&RQ UHVSHFWR DO PHUFDGR H[WHUQR OD -1* UHJXODED ORV YRO~PHQHV GH H[SRUWDFLyQ GH WULJR VLQ LQGXVWULDOL]DU DEULHQGR \ FHUUDQGR HO UHJLVWUR GH H[SRUWDFLRQHV FRPR IRUPD GH HVWDELOL]DU HO PHUFDGR\JDUDQWL]DUHOQRUPDODEDVWHFLPLHQWRGHODLQGXVWULDGRPpVWLFD7DPELpQILMDEDFXSRVDOD H[SRUWDFLyQORTXHGLROXJDUHQODGpFDGDGHORFKHQWDDXQLPSRUWDQWHPRYLPLHQWRGHFRPSUDV IXVLRQHV\DEVRUFLRQHVGHHPSUHVDVRLQFOXVRFUHDFLyQGHHPSUHVDV´IDQWDVPDVµSDUDDVHJXUDUVH XQDPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHH[SRUWDFLRQHVSRUSDUWHGHODVILUPDV$ORQVR

/D ILMDFLyQ GHO SUHFLR VRVWpQ FRPR PtQLPR D SDJDU DO SURGXFWRU HUD XQD GH ODV SROtWLFDV TXH FRQWUDUUHVWDEDHOSRGHUGHODVHPSUHVDVH[SRUWDGRUDVUHVSHFWRGHORVSURGXFWRUHV$OGHVDSDUHFHU OD-XQWDHOFRPHUFLRGHJUDQRVTXHGyOLEUDGRDORVJUDQGHVH[SRUWDGRUHVVLHQGRKDELWXDOTXHHO FRPSUDGRUGHORVFHUHDOHV\ROHDJLQRVRVDUJHQWLQRVFRLQFLGDFRQHOYHQGHGRUVyORTXHGHVGHXQD ILOLDO XELFDGDHQ RWUR SDtV HVWR SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU RSHUDFLRQHV GH PHUFDGR SDUD EDMDU R VXELU ORV SUHFLRVVHJ~QHOSRGHUGHPHUFDGRGHOH[SRUWDGRU8QDGHODVUD]RQHVSRUODVFXDOHVVHLQWHQWy PDQWHQHU HQ ODV OLFLWDFLRQHV GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV D ORV XVXDULRV \ FRRSHUDWLYDV HUD TXH QR IXHUD SRVLEOH HO PDQHMR DUELWUDULR GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV SRU SDUWH GH ODV JUDQGHV FRPSDxtDV HVWR SUiFWLFDPHQWHQRVXFHGLyHQORVHOHYDGRUHVLPSRUWDQWHV

/RVSURJUDPDVGHDSR\RDSHTXHxRVSURGXFWRUHVRD]RQDVPDUJLQDOHVIXHURQHOLPLQDGRVDSDUWLU GH HQ ORV DxRV LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SRVWHULRUHV VH SURGXMR OD TXLHEUD GH XQD FDQWLGDG LPSRUWDQWHGHSURGXFWRUHVGHDUUR]\ODSUiFWLFDGHVDSDULFLyQGHOFXOWLYRGHOOLQR

/$6,78$&,Ð1'(/$*52$),1(6'(/$'e&$'$'(/2&+(17$

(19)

PDGXUDFLyQHQORVRFKHQWDFRQDOWRVQLYHOHVGHSURGXFFLyQ/DVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSURGXFFLyQGHOD DJULFXOWXUDVHPRGLILFDURQHQFXDQWRDORVLQVXPRVWDQWRHOXVRGHVHPLOODVPHMRUDGDVFRPRHQ ORV TXtPLFRV SODJXLFLGDV LQVHFWLGLGDV HWF (Q HVWH IHQyPHQR LQVLGLy IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH OD SROtWLFD FRPHUFLDO H[WHUQD GHO JRELHUQR PLOLWDU DO OLEHUDOL]DU ODV LPSRUWDFLRQHV \ DWUDVDU VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH HO WLSR GH FDPELR (Q HO FDVR GH ODV VHPLOODV pVWH KHFKR WHUPLQy FRQ OD PDGXUDFLyQ GH XQ SURFHVR WHFQROyJLFR GH GpFDGDV \D TXH HQ HO FDVR GH ORV TXtPLFRV IXHURQ LPSRUWDGRVFRPR´SDTXHWHVµHQVXWRWDOLGDG+XLFLHWDO

/DV PRGDOLGDGHV GH SURGXFFLyQ WDPELpQ VH PRGLILFDURQ (O SURFHVR GH DJULFXOWXUL]DFLyQ GH OD UHJLyQ SDPSHDQD R GH DJULFXOWXUD SHUPDQHQWH TXH LPSOLFD KDFHU GRV FXOWLYRV DQXDOHV VLQ FRPELQDU DJULFXOWXUD FRQ JDQDGHUtD LQFUHPHQWy ORV QLYHOHV GH SURGXFFLyQ 8Q FDPELR LPSRUWDQWH RSHUDGR HQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV HPSUHVDULRV GHO VHFWRU VH UHILHUH D OD SUHIHUHQFLD GH LQYHUWLU HQ DFWLYLGDGHV ILQDQFLHUDV ´/DV HPSUHVDV DJURSHFXDULDV PHGLDQDV \ JUDQGHV >«@ VXHOHQ HYDOXDU HQ FDGD FDPSDxD VXV DOWHUQDWLYDV GH LQYHUVLyQ WRPDQGR HQ FXHQWD YDULRVHOHPHQWRV8QRHVGHVGHOXHJRHOFiOFXORGHUHQWDELOLGDGUHODWLYDGHORVGLIHUHQWHVFXOWLYRV \DFWLYLGDGHVTXHSXHGHQOOHYDUDFDERSHURGHVGHKDFHXQRVDxRVRWUDFRPSDUDFLyQHVODGHODV FRQVLGHUDEOHV JDQDQFLDV REWHQLEOHV SRU LQYHUVLRQHV H[WUDSUHGLDOHV GH FRUWR SOD]R FRPR ODV TXH RIUHFHHOPHUFDGRILQDQFLHURµ%DVXDOGR(HWDO1XQHWDO

(QHOSODQRLQWHUQDFLRQDOHQVHSURGXMRXQDDEUXSWDFDtGDGHORVSUHFLRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGH ORVFHUHDOHVHQWUHHO\HO+XLFLHWDO%DUVN\(VWDFULVLVUHFD\yGXUDPHQWH VREUHORVSURGXFWRUHVDJUtFRODVGHPHQRUWDPDxR%DUVN\HQHVSHFLDOVLVHFRQVLGHUDTXH HO GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH JUDQRV VH H[SRUWDED VLQ SURFHVDU /D IXHUWH FDtGD GH ORV SUHFLRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVSXVRHQHYLGHQFLDODIUDJLOLGDGGHOHVTXHPDGHSURGXFFLyQDOWDPHQWHWHFQLILFDGR HLQVXPRLQWHQVLYRDQWHHOGHUUXPEHGHORVSUHFLRVODVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDUHYHUWLUODVLWXDFLyQHQHO PHGLDQR SOD]R \ SRU ~OWLPR OD GLPHQVLyQ TXH WHQtDQ ORV LQJUHVRV SRU H[SRUWDFLRQHV HQ HO ILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHO(VWDGR\ODVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDREWHQHUIXHQWHVDOWHUQDWLYDV3RURWURODGR´ODV FRQGXFWDVGHIHQVLYDVGHODVFRUSRUDFLRQHVDJUDULDVFRQWULEX\HQDGLILFXOWDUDFXHUGRVHVWDEOHVTXH SHUPLWDQ GLVHxDU XQ KRUL]RQWH GH FUHFLPLHQWR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH UHODWLYD HVWDELOLGDGµ %DUVN\

(20)

PHUFDGR LQWHUQDFLRQDO (VWH PHFDQLVPR GHWHULRUD OD SRVLFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HQ HO PHUFDGRPXQGLDODPHGLGDTXHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOLQFUHPHQWRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDSLHUGHVX FRQWUROVREUHORVSUHFLRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVSRUORTXHSDVDDXQQXHYRVLVWHPD

´(Q ORV SUHFLRV RILFLDOHV IXHURQ UHEDMDGRV DO QLYHO GH ORV SUHFLRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV OR FXDO DUUDVWUDDORVSUHFLRVGHPHUFDGR\VHRWRUJDDORVSURGXFWRUHVXQVXEVLGLRGLUHFWRYLQFXODGRDXQ SUHFLRREMHWLYRWDUJHWTXHSHUPLWHDORVSURGXFWRUHVREWHQHUXQLQJUHVRVDWLVIDFWRULR(OPRQWR GHHVWHVXEVLGLRHTXLYDOHDODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHOSUHFLRWDUJHW\HOSUHFLRGHPHUFDGRRHOSUHFLR ORDQVHJ~QFXiOVHDPiVHOHYDGR\HVFXELHUWRFRQIRQGRVS~EOLFRV(VWRSHUPLWHODLJXDODFLyQGH ORVSUHFLRVLQWHUQRVFRQORVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV\HORWRUJDPLHQWRGHOVXEVLGLRTXHGDFRQGLFLRQDGRD OD REOLJDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GH ORV SURGXFWRUHV GH FXPSOLU GHWHUPLQDGDV PHWDV HQ FXDQWR D OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO iUHD FXOWLYDGD (VWR SRVLELOLWD GH PDQHUD VLPXOWiQHDHOFRQWUROGHODRIHUWDµ$UFHR

3RU~OWLPRPLHQWUDVHQOD$UJHQWLQDHUDFXHVWLRQDGDVOD-1*\OD-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH&DUQHV-1& HQ ORV SDtVHV GHVDUUROODGRV FRQWLQXDEDQ IXQFLRQDQGR RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ \ UHJXODFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG DJURSHFXDULD HQ $XVWUDOLD IXQFLRQDQ OD -XQWD GH 7ULJR $XVWUDOLDQD \ OD &RUSRUDFLyQ /DQHUD $XVWUDOLDQD (Q &DQDGi OD -XQWD GHO 7ULJR &DQDGLHQVH OD -XQWD GH (VWDELOL]DFLyQ GH OD $JULFXOWXUD \ ODV -XQWDV GH 5HYLVLyQ GH OD *UDQMD (Q (VWDGRV 8QLGRV OD &RUSRUDFLyQGH&UpGLWRSDUD3URGXFWRVHO3URJUDPDGH'LVPLQXFLyQGH6XSHUILFLH\HO3URJUDPD GH5HVHUYDGHOD3URSLHGDGGH$JULFXOWRUHV(QOD8QLyQ(XURSHDOD&RPLVLyQGH$JULFXOWXUDGHOD 8(FRPSXHVWRSRURUJDQLVPRVHVSHFtILFRVGHORVSDtVHVPLHPEURV\OD3ROtWLFD$JUDULD&RP~Q 3$& (VWH KHFKR PXHVWUD TXH OD DSHUWXUD HQ OD $UJHQWLQD HVWDED GLULJLGD D FHQWUDOL]DU OD SURGXFFLyQDJUDULDHQORVVHFWRUHVPiVFRQFHQWUDGRVPLHQWUDVHQORVSDtVHVFHQWUDOHVORV(VWDGRV PDQWLHQHQSROtWLFDVGHUHGLVWULEXFLyQGHLQJUHVRV

9/26(/(9$'25(67(50,1$/(6'(/$-817$1$&,21$/'(*5$126

/D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV TXH IXHUD LQLFLDGD HQ ORV DxRV WUHLQWD VH SURGXMR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQWUH ORV DxRV \ D LQVWDQFLDV GHO (VWDGR SRVWHULRUPHQWH ODV LQYHUVLRQHVHQWHFQRORJtDVGHFRQWURO\DXWRPDWL]DFLyQIXHURQHVFDVDV

(21)

/D IDOWD GH FDODGR HQ PXFKRV GH HVWRV SXHUWRV FRQWULEX\y D TXH VH HVWDEOHFLHUD XQ VLVWHPD GH ´FRPSOHWDPLHQWRGHFDUJDµEDMRHOFXDOORVEDUFRVLQLFLDEDQODFDUJDHQORVSXHUWRVGHO3DUDQi\OD FRPSOHWDEDQHQORVWUDVERUGDGRUHVIORWDQWHVGH(VFREDUHQOD=RQD$OIDHQSOHQR5tRGHOD3ODWD RHQORVSXHUWRVGH%XHQRV$LUHV4XHTXpQ\%DKtD%ODQFD(OVLVWHPDGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQUHG

GHODVLQVWDODFLRQHVFRQGXMRDODLQWHUUHODFLyQHQWUHORVSXHUWRVDQWHVTXHDODFRPSHWHQFLD-R]DPL

&LHUWDVLQVWDODFLRQHVHUDQFRQVLGHUDGDVHVWUDWpJLFDV\DTXHSRGtDQOOHJDUDLQWURGXFLUGLVWRUVLRQHVHQ HOPHUFDGRVLTXLHQODVPDQHMDEDWHQtDHVHREMHWLYR(VWDIXHXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHVREUHYDOXyODV WHUPLQDOHVDOPRPHQWRGHODSULYDWL]DFLyQPLHQWUDVTXHODVTXHQRHUDQHVWUDWpJLFDVIXHURQYHQGLGDV DSUHFLRVPHQRUHV\HQDOJXQRVFDVRVIXHURQHQWUHJDGDVDODVFRRSHUDWLYDVGHSURGXFWRUHV

/DVLQVWDODFLRQHVFRQVLGHUDGDVHVWUDWpJLFDVHUDQ

• (OHYDGRU7HUPLQDOGHO3XHUWRGH4XHTXpQIXHXQSXHUWRGHSLHVKDVWDTXHIXHOOHYDGRD

SRUGUDJDGR(QHVWHSXHUWRDOLJXDOTXHHOGH%DKtD%ODQFDVLXQH[SRUWDGRUQRGHMDUDFDUJDU DRWURRVLFDUJDEDHQFLHUWRVPRPHQWRVLQIOXtDHQODFRWL]DFLyQGHOFHUHDO8VXDOPHQWHORVEDUFRV DPHGLGDTXHDUULEDQDUDGDVHDQXQFLDQDODDXWRULGDGSRUWXDULDODFXDOHVWDEOHFHXQRUGHQVHJ~Q OOHJDGDTXHHQJHQHUDOHVPX\HVWULFWR/DVH[FHSFLRQHVSRGtDQDSDUHFHUFXDQGRHOH[SRUWDGRUQR WHQtD OD PHUFDGHUtD \ HQWRQFHV OR UHWUDVDED OD H[FHSFLRQDOLGDG WHQtD TXH YHU FRQ TXH HO H[SRUWDGRUWLHQHTXHFRUUHUFRQORVFRVWRVGHOUHWUDVR2WURUHFXUVRGLVWRUVLRQDQWHGHORVSUHFLRV D IDYRU GH ORV YHQGHGRUHV HUD FRQVHJXLU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH TXH XQ H[SRUWDGRU TXH GHEtD HPEDUFDUQRWHQtDODPHUFDGHUtDSDUDORFXDOGHEtDSDJDUYDORUHVSRUHQFLPDGHPHUFDGRSDUD KDFHUVHGHODPLVPDOOHJDQGRDSHUGHUVXPDVVLGHUDOHVSRUHPEDUTXH

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH %DKtD %ODQFD IXH GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR HO ~QLFR SXHUWR

FRQFDODGRGHSLHVKDVWDTXHVHGUDJyHO3XHUWRGH4XHTXpQ/OHJyDFDUJDUPLOORQHVGH WRQHODGDVDQXDOHVHVWHSXHUWRFRQFHQWUDEDWRGRHOVRUJRHOPDt]\HOWULJRGHODVSURYLQFLDVGH %XHQRV$LUHV\/D3DPSD+DFLDORVQRYHQWDFRPSHWtDFRQODVWHUPLQDOHVGH&DUJLOO\2OHDJLQRVD 0RUHQR

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH 5RVDULR 9,, VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHPDQGy YHLQWH DxRV \ VH

SXVR HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR HQ OR TXH OR FRQYHUWtD HQ OD WHUPLQDO JUDQDULD PiV LPSRUWDQWH \ PRGHUQDFRQTXHFRQWDEDHO(VWDGR\KDEtDVLGRFRQFHELGDFRPRXQRGHORVSXHUWRVIXHUWHVGHO SDtV HQ VX FRPSHWHQFLDFRQ 8UXJXD\FRPR WHUPLQDO GH OD KLGURYtD 6$*<3 &XDQGR VH SXVRHQPDUFKD\DKDEtDQYDULDVJUDQGHVIiEULFDVGHDFHLWHTXHRSHUDEDQFRQSXHUWRVSURSLRVHQ 6DQ/RUHQ]R6DQ0DUWtQ

10 Si bien este sistema funcionó era bastante limitado debido al alto costo que implicaba.

(22)

(OUHVWRGHODVLQVWDODFLRQHVHUDQ

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH %XHQRV $LUHV OD SURIXQGLGDG LQWHUPHGLD GH HVWH SXHUWR

SHUPLWtDFRPSOHWDUEXTXHVPHGLDQRV(VWHSXHUWRIXHODVDOLGDQDWXUDOGHOFLQWXUyQPDLFHURGHOD SURYLQFLD GH %XHQRV $LUHV SHUR GHFOLQy HQ LPSRUWDQFLD FRQ HO LQFUHPHQWR GH OD VXSHUILFLH VHPEUDGDGHVRMD\WULJRHQGHWULPHQWRGHOPDt]

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH 6DQ 1LFROiV KDEtD RWUDV LQVWDODFLRQHV S~EOLFDV \ SULYDGDV

FHUFDSHURHUDODWHUPLQDOIOXYLDOPiVHILFLHQWHGHOD-1*UHFLEtDPHUFDGHUtDGHOVXU\QRUWHGHOD 3DPSD +~PHGD (UD HO ~QLFR SXHUWR TXH QR UHTXHUtD UHPROFDGRUHV SDUD OD HQWUDGD \ VDOLGD GH EXTXHV (Q SURPHGLR PDQHMDED XQ PLOOyQ GH WRQHODGDV DQXDOHV D SHVDU GH WHQHU FRPSHWHQFLD FHUFDQD

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH 'LDPDQWH HVWi XELFDGR HQ HO UtR 3DUDQi FXHQWD FRQ XQD

FDSDFLGDGGHDOPDFHQDMHGHWRQHODGDV\WRQHODGDVGHHPEDUTXHSRUKRUD

• (OHYDGRU7HUPLQDOGHO3XHUWRGH6DQWD)H\(OHYDGRUHV,,\,,,GHOD8QLGDG3RUWXDULD,,GHO

3XHUWR GH 6DQWD )( FDSDFLGDG GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR GH WRQHODGDV \ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

• 3XHUWR GH %DUUDQTXHUDV HVWi XELFDGR HQ OD SURYLQFLD GHO &KDFR \ WLHQH XQD FDSDFLGDG GH

DOPDFHQDMHGHWRQHODGDV\GHHPEDUTXHGHWRQHODGDVSRUKRUD

• (OHYDGRU7HUPLQDOGHO3XHUWRGH,QJHQLHUR:KLWHORVHOHYDGRUHVVLWXDGRVHQODSURYLQFLDGH

%XHQRV$LUHVWHQtDQXQDFDSDFLGDGGHDOPDFHQDMHGHWRQHODGDV\GHHPEDUTXHGH WRQHODGDVSRUKRUD

• (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWR GH &RQFHSFLyQ GHO 8UXJXD\ HVWi XELFDGR HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH

(QWUH5tRV\WLHQHXQDFDSDFLGDGGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHWRQHODGDV

• 8QLGDG3RUWXDULD6DQ3HGURFDSDFLGDGGHDOPDFHQDMHGHWRQHODGDVFRQFHQWUDJUDQ

SDUWH GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH OD UHJLyQ SDPSHDQD (V XQ SXHUWR PX\ iJLO SURGXFWR GH XQD EXHQD HVWUXFWXUDORJtVWLFD

(23)

SROtWLFD DFWXDO GH GHPDQWHODPLHQWR GH ORV IHUURFDUULOHV \ OD IDOWD GH LQYHUVLRQHV HVWDWDOHV HQ ORV SXHUWRVµ%DUVN\

9,/$ 35,9$7,=$&,Ð1 '( /26 (/(9$'25(6 7(50,1$/(6 '( /$-817$1$&,21$/ '( *5$126

$QWHVGHUHYLVDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODSULYDWL]DFLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHV\ODSRVWHULRUOLTXLGDFLyQ GHO(QWHHVQHFHVDULRKDFHUUHIHUHQFLDDOFRQWH[WRHQTXHVHSODQWHy\UHDOL]yODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ 7DOYH]SRUTXHQRKDKDELGRGHPDVLDGDVUHIHUHQFLDVDOFRQWH[WRHFRQyPLFRTXHFRQWULEX\yDOD SULYDWL]DFLyQHQIXQFLyQGHFDUJDUWRGRHOSHVRGHORVFDPELRVHQHOPDO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD LQVWLWXFLyQ (Q HIHFWR HQ OXHJR GH ODV FDPSDxD FHUHDOHUD \ ROHJLQRVD GH D HO PHUFDGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOKDEtDH[SHULPHQWDGRODFDtGDDEUXSWDGHSUHFLRVORTXHFRQWULEX\yDTXH ODV H[SRUWDFLRQHV DUJHQWLQDV FD\HUDQ HQXQ UHVSHFWR GHO DxR DQWHULRU GH 86 WQ D WQ )2% &RQLQDJUR E HO LQFUHPHQWR GH ORV VXEVLGLRV D ODV H[SRUWDFLRQHV GH OD PD\RUtDGHORVSDtVHVFHQWUDOHVFODVREUHSURGXFFLyQHQHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQRFRPRUHVSXHVWDDO OODPDGRGHODVDXWRULGDGHVDLQFUHPHQWDUODVFDQWLGDGHVSURGXFLGDVORTXHJHQHUySUREOHPDVGH FRPHUFLOL]DFLyQ H LQFUHPHQWy OD HVWDFLRQDOLGDG G HO LQFUHPHQWR GH ORV FRVWHV GH WUDQVSRUWHV H LQVXPRVHODHVFDVH]GHOFUpGLWRSDUDODSURGXFFLyQ\FXDQGRORVKD\ODVDOWDVWDVDVGHLQWHUpV -1*

Los inicios del debate sobre la privatización

$SDUWLUGHFRPHQ]yDLQVWDODUVHHOGHEDWHDFHUFDGHODQHFHVLGDGGHUHHVWUXFWXUDUODVIXQFLRQHV GHOD-1*/RVRUJDQLVPRVILQDQFLHURVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVLQVWDODURQHLPSXOVDURQIXHUWHPHQWHKDFLD ILQHVGHORVDxRVRFKHQWDODSROtWLFDGHGHVUHJXODFLyQGHORVPHUFDGRVHQWUHHOORVHOGHJUDQRVEDMR HO UD]RQDPLHQWR GH TXH ´HV XQD SROtWLFD FRQGXFHQWH DO DXPHQWR GH OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDG GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH XQ SDtV DO HOLPLQDU UHJODPHQWDFLRQHV TXH FRQVROLGDQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH HVFDVD FRPSHWHQFLD R GH SULYLOHJLR HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH ORV SUHFLRV GH SURGXFWRV \ IDFWRUHV DO UHGXFLU JUDYiPHQHVDVRFLDGRVDOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHRUJDQLVPRVUHJXODWRULRV\DOLQGXFLUDTXHODSURYLVLyQ GH VHUYLFLRV EiVLFRV VH ULMD SRU OH\HV GH PHUFDGRµ 2EVFKDWNR 0LHQWUDV WDQWR &DQDGi \ (VWDGR 8QLGRV VXEVLGLDQ OD SURGXFFLyQ DJURSHFXDULD \ HQ OD 8QLyQ (XURSHD H[LVWH HO 3$& TXH VXEVLGLDHOGHODSURGXFFLyQSULPDULD

(24)

8QD WHUFHUD FXHVWLyQ TXH DFWXDED HQ FRQWUD GHO EXHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR \ SRU HQGH GH OD SHUGXUDELOLGDGGHOD-1*HVWDEDUHIHULGDDODFDSDFLGDGGHODHQWLGDGGHUHDOL]DUFRPSUDVYHQWDV HQHOH[WHULRUHQIRUPDGLUHFWDGHSHQGLHQGRHOSUHFLRGHODFXHUGRHQWUHODVSDUWHVSUHVFLQGHGHOD OLFLWDFLyQSRUWHQHUpVWDODILQDOLGDGFRQWUDULDGHEDMDUORVSUHFLRV(OORSHUPLWtDDO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD -1*DFRUGDUFRQHOQHJRFLDGRUH[WUDQMHURRSHUDFLRQHVGHPDJQLWXGVLQPiVDUELWUDMHVQLFRQWUROHV &RQ OR FXDO QR VyOR FRQWULEX\y D GHIHQGHU HO SUHFLR GH ORV JUDQRV D H[SRUWDU VLQR WDPELpQ D HQFXEULULOtFLWRV(QFDPELRODVFRPSUDVHQHOPHUFDGRLQWHUQRVHUHDOL]DURQSRUOLFLWDFLyQKDVWD

ILQDOL]DUODJHVWLyQ

Las alternativas

(QHOPDUFRGHODQHFHVLGDGGHUHHVWUXFWXUDUHORUJDQLVPRHO3(1FUHyXQD&RPLVLyQ7pFQLFDSDUD HVWXGLDU ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV GH SULYDWL]DFLyQ GH OD JHVWLyQ GH HOHYDFLyQ GH JUDQRV H LQVWDODFLRQHV SRUWXDULDV/DFRPLVLyQIXHLQWHJUDGDSRUUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHOD-1*GH$&$GHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH &HQWURV\(QWLGDGHV*UHPLDOHVGH$FRSLDGRUHVGH*UDQRVGHO&HQWURGH([SRUWDGRUHVGH&HUHDOHV GH OD 5HS~EOLFD $UJHQWLQD \ GH )$&$ (O LQIRUPH ILQDO GH OD &RPLVLyQ SODQWHy OD QHFHVLGDG GH SULYDWL]DUODJHVWLyQFRQVHUYDQGRODSURSLHGDGHVWDWDOGHORVHOHYDGRUHVSDUDDOFDQ]DUFRQGLFLRQHV GHFRPSHWLWLYLGDGHQORVPHUFDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHODH[SORWDFLyQGHSHQGHUtDQGH ´D HO QLYHO GH ODV WDULIDV TXH VH ILMHQ SRU ORV VHUYLFLRV SUHVWDGRV E OD HIHFWLYD UHGXFFLyQ GH ORV FRVWRV GH H[SORWDFLyQ F HO YROXPHQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH JUDQRV TXH D VX YH] HUD IXQFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQGHSUHFLRV\PHUFDGRVµ&DGDXQRGHORVVHFWRUHVFRQVXOWDGRVKL]RSURSXHVWDVHQIXQFLyQ GHVXVLQWHUHVHVFRQFOX\HQGRTXH´ODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD²S~EOLFD\SULYDGDGLVSRQLEOHHQHOVLVWHPDGH HOHYDFLyQ WHUPLQDO VH KDOOD XQ WDQWR VREUHGLPHQVLRQDGD HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR \ HPEDUTXH DFWXDOHV \D VHD SRUTXH GHVDSDUHFLHURQ FXOWLYRV FRPR HO OLQR R SRUTXHGLVPLQX\yODSURGXFFLyQGHRWURV(OORVHPDQLILHVWDHQODEDMDURWDFLyQGHODVH[LVWHQFLDV HQ HO FDUiFWHU FtFOLFR GH OD RSHUDWRULD GH HOHYDFLyQ HQ OD LQHILFLHQWH DVLJQDFLyQ GH ORV IOXMRV GH PHUFDGHUtDVHQWUHLQVWDODFLRQHV\HQODUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMDLQWHQVLGDGGHH[SORWDFLyQµ-1* 'H HOOR VH GHGXMR TXH OD VLWXDFLyQ ySWLPD HUD DTXHOOD GRQGH HO (VWDGR GHWHQWD OD SURSLHGDG \ HO FRQWUROGHORVVHUYLFLRV\ORVDJHQWHVSULYDGRVODJHVWLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHV

6LPXOWiQHDPHQWHOD6$*\3HQFRQYHQLRFRQHO,,&$HO318'\HO%,5)GHVDUUROODURQGLYHUVRV SUR\HFWRVSURGXMHURQLQIRUPHV\GLVHxDURQSROtWLFDVFRQLQWHUYHQFLyQGHH[SHUWRVH[WUDQMHURVTXH DILUPDEDQ OD QHFHVLGDG GH LQLFLDU XQ SURFHVR GH GHVUHJXODFLyQ GHO PHUFDGR GH JUDQRV (Q HVWH

(25)

VHQWLGRVHDILUPDEDTXH´HOVLVWHPDFRPHUFLDOJUDQDULRSUHVHQWDGHILFLHQFLDVHQHOGHVHPSHxRSRU D XQ GHVHTXLOLEULR HQWUH HO SRGHU GH QHJRFLDFLyQ GH OD 2IHUWD \ OD 'HPDQGD E OD H[LVWHQFLD GH HOHYDGRV FRVWRV DO XVXDULR WDULIDV GH DOJXQRV VHUYLFLRV OR TXH GHWHUPLQD PHQRUHV SUHFLRV )2% SXHUWRV DUJHQWLQRV \ PHQRUHV SUHFLRV DO SURGXFWRUµ 5HJ~QDJD (O GHVHTXLOLEULR H[LVWHQWH HQWUH OD RIHUWD \ OD GHPDQGD HVWDED HVWUHFKDPHQWH YLQFXODGR DO GHVHTXLOLEULR H[LVWHQWH HQWUH HO DFFHVRDOILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHDPERVVHFWRUHVODGHPDQGDH[SRUWDGRUHVHLQGXVWULDOHVJR]DEDQGHO UpJLPHQ GH SUHILQDQFLDFLyQ GH GLYLVDV TXH LPSOLFDED D DOWD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH FUpGLWR E WDVDV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMDV\FJUDQGHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHJDQDQFLDVHQHOFLUFXLWRILQDQFLHUR ORFDOPLHQWUDVTXHODRIHUWDSURGXFWRUHVDFRSLDGRUHV\FRRSHUDWLYDVWHQtDFUpGLWRUHVWULQJLGRDOWDV WDVDV GH LQWHUpV EDMD UHQWDELOLGDG \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH SRFD FDSDFLGDG GH JHQHUDFLyQ GH H[FHGHQWHV

3RUVXSDUWH&RQIHGHUDFLyQ,QWHUFRRSHUDWLYD$JURSHFXDULD&RRS/WGD&RQLQDJURHQWUH\ OD SULPHUD PLWDG GH SDUWLFLSy DFWLYDPHQWH HQ OD QHJRFLDFLyQ WHQGLHQWH D ´FRQVWLWXLU HO FRQVRUFLRTXHVHKDUiFDUJRGHODJHVWLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHVSRUWXDULRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDOD-1*>«@ 'HEHUiQ HVWDU UHSUHVHQWDGRV ORV VHFWRUHV FRRSHUDWLYR DFRSLDGRU GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ GH OD H[SRUWDFLyQFRQXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQLJXDOLWDULD>«@/DVREUDVGHPHMRUDPLHQWR\SXHVWDDSXQWRGH OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD ItVLFD GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV WUDQVIHULGRV VHUiQ OOHYDGRV D FDER SRU OD HPSUHVD FRQFHVLRQDULD $ HIHFWRV GH VX ILQDQFLDPLHQWR OD -XQWD VH FRPSURPHWH D REWHQHU FUpGLWRV TXH VHUtDQ DVLJQDGRV D OD FRQFHVLRQDULDµ &RQLQDJUR GH PDU]R GH 3RU ~OWLPR OD HQWLGDG SURSRQtDLQFRUSRUDUHQWUHODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXH´«HO&RQVRUFLRUHFRQRFHDOD-XQWDIDFXOWDGHVGH ILVFDOL]DFLyQGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDGHHOHYDFLyQEDMRFRQFHVLyQµ&RQLQDJURGHPDU]R GH

/DVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHORVWUDEDMRVUHDOL]DGRVDSDUWLUGHOILQDQFLDPLHQWRYtDVSUpVWDPRVGHO%DQFR 0XQGLDO VXJHUtDQ TXH ´«ODV SURSXHVWDV GH FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH XQ VLVWHPD QDFLRQDO GH SODQLILFDFLyQ DJURSHFXDULDFRQWUDVWDQIXHUWHPHQWHFRQODHIHFWLYDSROtWLFDGHGHVPDQWHODPLHQWRUHDOL]DGDFRQORV UHFXUVRV KXPDQRV HVWDEOHV /D UHGXFFLyQ GH ORV VDODULRV D QLYHOHV PX\ EDMRV HQ XQ SDtV TXH KD DOLQHDGR EXHQD SDUWH GH VXV SUHFLRV D QLYHO LQWHUQDFLRQDO FRQWULEX\y D JHQHUDU ODV LQDGHFXDGDV FRQGLFLRQHV GH WUDEDMR DFWXDOHVµ %DUVN\ $VLPLVPR VH GLVPLQX\y OD FDQWLGDG \ FDSDFLGDG WpFQLFDFDSD]GHGDUFRQWLQXLGDGDOGLVHxRGHSROtWLFDVVHJXLPLHQWR\HYDOXDFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVGH UHJXODFLyQHVWDWDO

(26)

El intento de reformar la Junta Nacional de Granos

(Q PD\R GH VH SURGXMHURQ ODV HOHFFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHV TXH GHULYDURQ HQ OD DVXQFLyQ GHO 3UHVLGHQWHHOHFWR&60HQHPHOGHMXOLRGH/D6HFUHWDUtDGH$JULFXOWXUDIXHHQFDEH]DGD SRU HO ,QJ 0DUFHOR 5HJ~QDJD \ OD -XQWD 1DFLRQDO GH *UDQRV TXHGy EDMR OD SUHVLGHQFLD GHO ,QJ *XLOOHUPR 0RRUH GH OD 6HUQD OLJDGR D ORV VHFWRUHV GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ D OD DFFLyQ FRRSHUDWLYD 0DUFHOR 5HJ~QDJD VH KDEtD GHVHPSHxDGR HQ GLYHUVDV JHUHQFLDV GH OD -1* \ GXUDQWH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRVGHODGpFDGDGHORFKHQWDSDUWLFLSyDFWLYDPHQWHHQHOGLVHxRGHDOWHUQDWLYDVTXHPHMRUDUDQHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD -XQWD 1LQJXQR GH ORV LQIRUPHV VXJLULy QL SUHYLy OD OLTXLGDFLyQ pVWD VyOR IRUPySDUWHGHOGLVFXUVRDSDUWLUGHO'HFUHWRGHGHVUHJXODFLyQHFRQyPLFDILUPDGRHQ $XQPHVGHLQLFLDGDODQXHYDJHVWLyQVHDSUREyOD/H\GH5HIRUPDGHO(VWDGRTXHLQFOX\y DOD-XQWDHQHODQH[RGHRUJDQLVPRVDUHHVWUXFWXUDU/RVDSRUWHVGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDV GHODJURIXHURQGLULJLGRVDHODERUDUXQSURJUDPDGHSULYDWL]DFLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV\OD UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQHV GHO (QWH &RQ HVH REMHWLYR VH DMXVWDURQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV EXURFUiWLFDV \ RSHUDWLYDV GH OD -1* FRQ HO ILQ GH HILFLHQWL]DUODV \ PRGHUQL]DUODV LQFRUSRUDQGR FDSLWDOSULYDGRHQODHOHYDFLyQGHJUDQRV$GHPiVVHHVSHUDEDSULYDWL]DUODJHVWLyQ\DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV VLQ GHXGDV QL SDVLYRV TXH SXGLHUDQ TXHGDU D FDUJR GHO (VWDGR %DMR HVWD FRQVLJQD HQ VH YHQGLHURQ ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GH OD -XQWD HQ &RQFHSFLyQ GHO 8UXJXD\ D OD )HGHUDFLyQGH&RRSHUDWLYDV$UURFHUDVDXQSUHFLRVLPEyOLFREDVDGRHQODDXVHQFLDGHLQYHUVLRQHV\ HQODHVFDVDUHQWDELOLGDGIXWXUDGHOQHJRFLR7DPELpQVHYHQGLHURQ VLORVGHFDPSDxDHQGLVWLQWDV SURYLQFLDVEDMRPRGDOLGDGHVVLPLODUHV

3RURWUDSDUWHVHDYDQ]yHQODTXLWDGHOFXSRGHPDWHULDSULPDRWRUJDGDDORVPROLQRVKDULQHURV SXHVWR TXH HQ OD SUiFWLFDFRQVWLWXtD XQ VXEVLGLR HQFXELHUWR (O SURFHGLPLHQWR FRQVLVWtD HQ TXH OD -1*GHSRVLWDEDPDWHULDSULPDHQORVVLORVGHORVPROLQRVKDULQHURV\SDJDEDSRUHODOPDFHQDMHGH JUDQRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHTXHOXHJRHOSURSLRPROLQRFRPSUDUDHOJUDQRGHSRVLWDGR

(27)

/D-XQWDKDEtDDEDQGRQDGRHQHOPRQRSROLRGHOFRPHUFLRH[WHULRUGHFHUHDOHVRSHUDQGRVyOR FRPRDJHQWHFRUUHFWRUGHORVGHVHTXLOLEULRVGHOOLEUHPHUFDGRSHUPLWLHQGRSDUWLFLSDUGHOPHUFDGR H[WHUQRDDJHQWHVTXHSRUVtPLVPRVQRORKDUtDQHVWDEOHFLHQGRJXtDVGHSUHFLRVGHH[SRUWDFLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ XQ LQWHQWR GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQHV GH IRPHQWR D OD SURGXFFLyQ VH FUHDURQDPHGLDGRVGH&RPLVLRQHVGH&RPHUFLDOL]DFLyQHQFDGDGLVWULWRFRPSXHVWDVSRUXQ UHSUHVHQWDQWH GHO DFRSLR XQR GHO VHFWRU FRRSHUDWLYR \ GRV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GHO VHFWRU SURGXFWRU EDMR OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH XQ MHIH GH GLVWULWR (O REMHWLYR GH ODV PLVPDV HUD GDU WUDQVSDUHQFLD D ODV DFFLRQHV TXH LQWHJUDQ HO FRPHUFLR GH JUDQRV UHFLELU LQTXLHWXGHV GH ORV SURGXFWRUHV \ UHFDEDU LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHDFWRVRSURFHGLPLHQWRVLOtFLWRVSDUDHUUDGLFDUORV

/RVUHSUHVHQWDQWHV GHGLYHUVDVHQWLGDGHVFRQWLQXDEDQHODERUDQGR SURSXHVWDV\KDFLHQGRS~EOLFDV VXV RSFLRQHV GH SULYDWL]DFLyQ GH FLHUWDV IXQFLRQHV GHO RUJDQLVPR (Q WRGRV ORV FDVRV OD -1* VHJXLUtD VLHQGR HO DJHQWH HVWDWDO GH FRQWUDORU 0LHQWUDV HO SULPHU LQWHUYHQWRUOLTXLGDGRU HO ,QJ *XLOOHUPR0RRUHGHOD6HUQDDYDQ]DEDHQHOSURFHVRSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUODJHVWLyQS~EOLFRSULYDGD GHORVHOHYDGRUHVHO3RGHU(MHFXWLYRGLyDFRQRFHUHOGHFUHWRSRUHOFXDOVHHVWDEOHFLyOD DEVROXWDFRPSHWHQFLDGHO0263SDUDSURFHGHUDODYHQWDGHELHQHVPXHEOHV\UH]DJRV\GHELHQHV LQPXHEOHVGHO(VWDGRDVLPLVPRGLVSRQtDTXHORVIRQGRVTXHVHREWXYLHUDQHQFRQFHSWRGHYHQWD LQJUHVDUtDQ D 5HQWDV *HQHUDOHV \ VH GHSRVLWDUtDQ HQ OD WHVRUHUtD *HQHUDO GH OD 1DFLyQ /D -1* UHVSRQGLyLQPHGLDWDPHQWHSXHVWRTXHDIHFWDUtDQHJDWLYDPHQWHHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORUJDQLVPRDO SULYDUORGHVXFDSDFLGDGGHGLVSRQHUGHVXVELHQHVPHQRVFDEDQGRHOSDWULPRQLRGHORUJDQLVPR(O SUHVLGHQWHGHO(QWHKL]ROOHJDUXQFRPXQLFDGRDO3UHVLGHQWHGRQGHH[SUHVDEDTXH´/D-1*HQVX FDUiFWHU GH (QWH $XWiUTXLFR QR KD LQIOXLGR QHJDWLYDPHQWH HQ ORV GpILFLWV GHO (VWDGR \ VH KD EDVWDGR ILQDQFLHUDPHQWH SRU Vt PLVPD >«@ /D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD UHG RILFLDO GH (OHYDGRUHV GH &DPSDxD\3RUWXDULRVVHUHDOL]yFRQUHFXUVRVGHULYDGRVGHFRQWULEXFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDVGHOD/H\GH *UDQRV\FRQHOGHLPSXHVWRVREUHORVLPSRUWHVGHYHQWDVGHH[SRUWDFLyQGHWDO PRGR TXH HO HVIXHU]R FRQWULEXWLYR UHFD\y HQ ORV SURGXFWRUHV DJUtFRODV GHO SDtV TXLHQHV SRGUtDQ UHFODPDUFRQDXWRULGDGVREUHHVWDVPHGLGDV\VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVµ/RQJ-1*/DILUPDGHO GHFUHWR GHQRWD OD YROXQWDG GHO JRELHUQR FRLQFLGHQWH FRQ ORV VHFWRUHV PiV FRQFHQWUDGRV GHO FRPHUFLRGHJUDQRVGHFRQWULEXLUDODGHJUDGDFLyQGHOHQWHFXHVWLyQTXHQRDSDUHFtDHQHOHVSHFWUR GHSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHPDQHMDEDQORVVHFWRUHVGHODSURGXFFLyQQLODVSURSLDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVYLQFXODGDV DODJUR

(28)

LQVXILFLHQWHVTXHOOHYDURQDOPDOGHVHPSHxRGHFLHUWDVIXQFLRQHVHODXWRILQDQFLDPLHQWRDWUDYpVGHO FREURGHDUDQFHOHVWDPSRFROHSHUPLWtDFRPSHWLUDWUDYpVGHOSUHFLRFRQORVHOHYDGRUHVSULYDGRV (Q HVH PDUFR GHEH SHQVDUVH OD LQHILFDFLD GHO GHEDWH OD LQGLIHUHQFLD SRU ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV TXH SUHVHQWDURQ ORV VHFWRUHV LQYROXFUDGRV HO HVFDVR LPSDFWR GH ODV UHIRUPDV WHQGLHQWHV D PHMRUDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODLQVWLWXFLyQ\ILQDOPHQWHODOLTXLGDFLyQPHGLDQWHGHFUHWR

La privatización y posterior liquidación del Ente

+DVWDHOGHEDWHHQFDUQDGREiVLFDPHQWHHQODVDVRFLDFLRQHVGHSURGXFWRUHVJLUDEDHQWRUQRD OD PRGDOLGDG TXH SRGUtD WHQHU OD SULYDWL]DFLyQ GH OD JHVWLyQ \ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV WHUPLQDOHV OLPLWDQGR OD -XQWD 1DFLRQDO GH *UDQRV D XQ PtQLPR GH IXQFLRQHV DVRFLDGDV D OD LQWHUYHQFLyQUHJXODFLyQ GHO PHUFDGR GH FHUHDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR HO GH RFWXEUH GH HO LQWHUYHQWRUOLTXLGDGRU IXH QRWLILFDGR SRU OD SUHQVD DFHUFD GH TXH HO HQWRQFHV 0LQLVWUR GH (FRQRPtD 'RPLQJR &DYDOOR KDEtD ILUPDGR HO'HFUHWR QUR GH GHVUHJXODFLyQSRU HO FXDOVHOLTXLGDUtDOD-XQWD1DFLRQDOGH*UDQRVHQXQODSVRGHWUHVPHVHV/RVSULQFLSLRVUHFWRUHV

GHO SURJUDPD GH GHVUHJXODFLyQ HUDQ ´D HQ HO FRPHUFLR H[WHULRU OD GHURJDFLyQ GH WRGDV ODV UHVWULFFLRQHVFXDQWLWDWLYDV RFXDOLWDWLYDVDODVH[SRUWDFLRQHVHLPSRUWDFLRQHVGHELHQHVRVHUYLFLRV DVt FRPR ORV SHUPLVRV SUHYLRV \ RWUDV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV GHO (VWDGR E HQ ODV SROtWLFDV UHJXODWRULDV S~EOLFDV \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ HVWDWDO OD GHURJDFLyQ GH WRGD OHJLVODFLyQ UHJXODWRULD TXH SHVDED VREUH ORV PHUFDGRV GH SURGXFWRV DJUtFRODV UHJLRQDOHV \ DJURSHFXDULRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV OD GLVROXFLyQ \ OD SULYDWL]DFLyQ GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GH WRGRV ORV HQWHV S~EOLFRV GLH] HQ WRWDO HQFDUJDGRV GH DGPLQLVWUDUODVUHJXODFLRQHV VXSULPLGDV\ VLPXOWiQHPHQWHHO UHIRU]DPLHQWRGHORVHQWHVS~EOLFRV UHVSRQVDEOHV GHO FRQWURO VDQLWDULR \ GH OD FDOLGDG GH ORV SURGXFWRV GHO DJUR HVSHFLDOPHQWH ORV RULHQWDGRVDODH[SRUWDFLyQµ'RPHQLFRQLHWDO&RPRVHYHUiDOILQDOGHDSDUWDGR9,VyOR KXERXQDSDUWHTXHQRVHFXPSOLyTXHIXHHO´UHIRU]DPLHQWRGHORVHQWHVS~EOLFRVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHO FRQWUROVDQLWDULR\GHODFDOLGDGGHORVSURGXFWRVGHODJURµ

0LHQWUDV XQD SDUWH GH ORV VHFWRUHV GHO DJUR VH HQFRQWUDEDQ DERFDGRV D GLVFXWLU \ OHJLWLPDU OD PRGDOLGDGGHGHVUHJXODFLyQGHOPHUFDGRGHJUDQRVVHSURGXMRODOLTXLGDFLyQGHOD-XQWD\FRQHOOD OD GHVDSDULFLyQ HQ XQ ODSVR VXPDPHQWH FRUWR GH WRGDV ODV QRUPDV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH UHJtDQ HO FRPHUFLRGHJUDQRVORFXDOGLRSDVRDODYLJHQFLDSOHQDGH´ODVOH\HVGHOPHUFDGRµFRQYLUWLHQGRDO HQWH HQ XQD GLiVSRUD \ OLEUDQGR HO PHUFDGR GH JUDQRV D OD SXMD GH OD FXDO VH EHQHILFLDURQ ODV HPSUHVDV PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV (O SUHVLGHQWH GH OD OLTXLGDGD -1* H[SUHVD HQ OD UHQXQFLD ´«FUHR

14 Consultado el Dr. Moore de la Serna acerca de porqué la gestión habría seguido ese cauce responde que “la JNG era un obtáculo para el comportamiento de las empresas transnacionales de comercio de granos” a las cuales les es indiferente a qué país le venden y a cuál le compran.

15 En varias instituciones creadas a tal fin, es posible encontrar funcionarios que aún no conocen exactamente

(29)

KRQHVWDPHQWHTXHODVUD]RQHVGHODGLVROXFLyQGHOD-1*KD\TXHEXVFDUODVHQSODQWHRVLGHROyJLFRV RLQWHUHVHVVHFWRULDOHVSHURQRHQORVFRQVLGHUDQGRVGHOUHIHULGRGHFUHWR$OOtVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLD\VH HOLPLQDQ LPSXHVWRV TXH JUDYDQ OD SURGXFFLyQ DJUtFROD TXH WHyULFDPHQWH FREUDED OD -1* (VWRV LPSXHVWRVPHQFLRQDGRVHQHODUWKDFHPiVGHGLH]DxRVIXHURQDEROLGRV>«@'HVHJXLUHVWH FDPLQRDVLVWLUHPRVDXQGHVSHGD]DPLHQWRLQ~WLOGRQGHSUHYDOHFHUiQORLQWHUHVHVGHXQDEXURFUDFLD VLQWUDQVSDUHQFLDRGHJUXSRVHFRQyPLFRVFRQVXVVHGHVIXHUDGHOSDtVDORVFXDOHVODSUHVHQFLDGH XQRUJDQLVPRFRPROD-XQWDPROHVWDEDµ&DUWDGHUHQXQFLDGHO3WH'HOD-1*,QJ*0RRUHGH OD6HUQDDO6HFUHWDULRGH$JULFXOWXUD*DQDGHUtD\3HVFD,QJ$JU05HJ~QDJDGHQRYLHPEUH GH

/D IRUPD HQ TXH VH OLTXLGy OD -1* FRQWUDGLFH OD FRUUHFWD SUiFWLFD GH ODV UHIRUPDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV WHQGLHQWHVD´SRWHQFLDUODVIXHU]DVGHOPHUFDGRµSXHVWRTXHH[LJHQFDSDFLGDGHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV\ WpFQLFDVHQSHUVRQDOGHQLYHOEDMR\PHGLRFRQHGXFDFLyQDGHFXDGDHQWUHQDPLHQWRHVSHFLDOL]DGRGH IXQFLRQDULRVWpFQLFRVGHDOWRQLYHO\FDSDFLGDGSDUDODUHFROHFFLyQSURFHVDPLHQWR\GLIXVLyQGHOD LQIRUPDFLyQ ´/D SURSLD OLEHUDOL]DFLyQ GHPDQGD XQ UHIXHU]R GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GHO (VWDGRµ +DJJDUG\.DXIPDQSDUDFRQFLOLDULQWHUHVHVFRQWUDGLFWRULRV\SDUDHYLWDUODFRQIRUPDFLyQ GHEXURFUDFLDVDOWHUQDWLYDVTXHJDUDQWLFHQH[FHSFLRQHVDGHWHUPLQDGRVDJHQWHVGHOVHFWRUSULYDGR (OSURFHVRGHOLTXLGDFLyQFRPHQ]yHQQRYLHPEUHGH\ILQDOL]yHQPDU]RGH(OSURFHVR GHSULYDWL]DFLyQDOFDQ]yODV8QLGDGHVGH&DPSDxDTXHTXHGDEDQHQSRGHUGHOD-1*TXHIXHURQ YHQGLGDVHQVXEDVWDS~EOLFDHQHO%DQFR&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV/DVXQLGDGHVWHUPLQDOHVHQWRWDO IXHURQ VH YHQGLHURQ D XQ PRQWR WRWDO GH XV 0H\RVS \ HVWDEDQ XELFDGDV SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHHQODVSURYLQFLDVGH%XHQRV$LUHV\&yUGREDDGHPiVGH6DQWD)H6DOWD\/D 3DPSD

/DGRFXPHQWDFLyQTXHOD-XQWDKDEtDSURGXFLGR\DFXPXODGRGXUDQWHPiVGHFLQFXHQWDDxRVGH H[LVWHQFLDIXHSXHVWDDGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHGHVHPSHxDEDQIXQFLRQHVHQHOODSRUOR TXHEXHQDSDUWHGHODVSXEOLFDFLRQHVSDVDURQDLQWHJUDUODVELEOLRWHFDVSULYDGDVGHVXVHPSOHDGRV 3DUHOHODPHQWH PXFKD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH FRQVHUYy JUDFLDV D TXH ORV HPSOHDGRV OD HQWUHJDURQ D OD 6HFUHWDUtDGH$JULFXOWXUDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHODVHVWDGtVWLFDVTXHSUiFWLFDPHQWHHUDQGHVFRQRFLGDVSRU ORVGLUHFWLYRVGHOD6HFUHWDUtD(OUHVWRIXHWUDVODGDGRHQYROTXHWHVDORVGHSyVLWRVGHOD-1*HQHO 3XHUWRGH%XHQRV$LUHV8QRVPHVHVGHVSXpVHOPDWHULDOIXHGHVWUXLGROLTXLGiQGRVHGHHVWDIRUPD OD PHPRULD GH OD LQVWLWXFLyQ $VLPLVPR QR TXHGD UHJLVWUR R VH FRQVHUYy PX\ SRFR GH OD

HVWUXFWXUDGLQiPLFD\IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHO(QWHQLGHVXVp[LWRV\QLGHVXVIUDFDVRV$FWXDOPHQWH VHEDUDMDODSRVLELOLGDGGHFUHDUXQRUJDQLVPRVLPLODUDOD-XQWDHPSHURQRSRGUiFDSLWDOL]DUVHOD

(30)

H[SHULHQFLD DQWHULRU SRUTXH QR VREUHYLYLy UHJLVWUR DOJXQR VREUH HO FXDO EDVDUVH (Q HVH VHQWLGR PXFKDVGHODVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDREWHQHUODLQIRUPDFLyQSDUDHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVWiQDVRFLDGDVDOD GHVWUXFFLyQGHORVDUFKLYRV

Las características de la privatización

6LJXLHQGRODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDV VHUHDOL]DURQODVFRQFHVLRQHVGHORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV GHOD-1*(QJHQHUDOVHWUDWyGHFRQFHVLRQHVDyDxRVTXHIXHURQH[WHQGLGDVHQORVFDVRVHQ ORVTXHHOPRQWRGHODVLQYHUVLRQHVQRVHUtDDPRUWL]DGRHQHOSHUtRGRGHFRQFHVLyQ/DMXVWLILFDFLyQ GH OD H[WHQVLyQ TXH UHGXQGy HQ XQD UHQHJRFLDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWUDWRU HUD TXH VL QR VH H[WHQGtD HO SHUtRGRGHFRQVHFLyQQRVHKDUtDQODVLQYHUVLRQHVODSUHQGDGHQHJRFLDFLyQIXHURQORVFiQRQHV/D SUHVLyQ UHVXOWy HQ OD DFHSWDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO (VWDGR GH ODV SUyUURJDV H[LJLGDV SRU ORV DGMXGLFDWDULRV(O&XDGURQURFDUDFWHUL]DHOWLSRGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDDOVHFWRUSULYDGR\HOPRPHQWR HQTXHVHUHDOL]y

&XDGURQUR

&RQFHVLyQGHORVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV)HFKD\WLSRGHDGMXGLFDFLyQ

(OHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV )HFKD 7LSRGHDGMXGLFDFLyQ (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO

3XHUWRGH%XHQRV$LUHV

$JRVWRGH &RQFHVLyQ SRU DxRV 86 WRQ HPEDUFDGD \ FDQRQGH86

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWRGH4XHTXpQ

$JRVWRGH &RQFHVLyQ SRU DxRV 86 WRQ HPEDUFDGD \ FDQRQGH86

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GH 9LOOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ

-XOLRGH /RFDFLyQFDQRQ86

(OHYDGRUHV GHO 3XHUWR GH,QJHQLHUR:KLWH

0DU]RGH &RQFHVLyQSRUDxRV

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWRGH0DUGHO3ODWD

1RYLHPEUHGH &RQFHVLyQ FDQRQ WRWDO GXUDQWH OD FRQFHVLyQ 86 SRUHOHOHYDGRU\8 SRUHOXVRGH ODVRILFLQDVDG\DFHQWHV

7HUPLQDOHV 9, \ 9,, GH 5RVDULR

2FWXEUHGH &RQFHVLyQ SRU DxRV FDQRQ GH 86 SRU WRQHODGDFDUJDGD

7HUPLQDO\31XHYR 6HWLHPEUHGH &RQFHVLyQSRUDxRV 7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR -XOLRGH &RQFHVLyQSRUDxRV 7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR -XOLRGH &RQFHVLyQSRUDxRV 7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR -XOLRGH &RQFHVLyQSRUDxRV

Fuente: Secretaría de Comercio e Inversión, 1994.

/DWRWDOLGDGGHODVWUDQVIHUHQFLDVVHUHDOL]yHQHOODSVRGHGRVDxRVTXHYDQGHDJRVWRGHD VHSWLHPEUHGH(VHYLGHQWHTXHODXUJHQFLDFRQTXHVHUHDOL]yHOSURFHVRIXHFRQWUDODEXHQD SUiFWLFDGHODUHIRUPD\ODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHOLFLWDFLyQ

(O&XDGUR QUR GD FXHQWD GH ODV HPSUHVDV DGMXGLFDWDULDV GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV WHUPLQDOHV $OOt VH SXHGH YHU TXH ORV HOHYDGRUHV WHUPLQDOHV HVWUDWpJLFRV FRPR %XHQRV $LUHV 4XHTXpQ H ,QJ :KLWH WLHQHQ DFFLRQLVWDV FRPXQHV %ROVD GH &HUHDOHV GH %XHQRV $LUHV &RQLQDJUR $&$ \ )$&$ &RQIHGHUDFLRQHV 5XUDOHV $UJHQWLQDV 6RFLHGDG 5XUDO $UJHQWLQD 6$ *HQDUR *DUFtD $VLPLVPR

(31)

1LGHUDSDUWLFLSDGHODFRQFHVLyQGH4XHTXpQH,QJ:KLWHHVHOFDVRWDPELpQGH% %&RPHUFLDO\ GH 3URGXFWRV 6XGDPHULFDQRV (Q HVWH FDVR VH SURGXMR XQ SURFHVR GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GRQGH XQ UHGXFLGRQ~PHURGHH[SRUWDGRUHVIXHDGMXGLFDWDULRGHORVHOHYDGRUHV\FRQHOORVGHODH[SRUWDFLyQ GHJUDQRVGHOSDtV

&XDGURQUR

/RVHOHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV\VXVDGMXGLFDWDULRV (OHYDGRUHVWHUPLQDOHV &RQFHVLRQDULRV

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWRGH%XHQRV$LUHV

%ROVD GH &HUHDOHV GH %XHQRV $LUHV &HQWUR GH &RUUHGRUHV \ &RPLVLRQLVWDV GH &HUHDOHV GH %XHQRV $LUHV &RQIHGHUDFLyQ ,QWHUFRRSHUDWLYD $JURSHFXDULD &RRS /WGD &RQIHGHUDFLRQHV 5XUDOHV $UJHQWLQDV 6RFLHGDG 5XUDO $UJHQWLQD 6$ *HQDUR *DUFtD /D 3ODWD &HUHDO &R 6$&,$)HO0HUFDGRD7pUPLQRGH%XHQRV$LUHV\7UDQVSRUWDGRUD\$OPDFHQDGRUDD*UDQHO 6$&\)

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWRGH4XHTXpQ

%ROVD GH &HUHDOHV GH %V$V &HQWUR GH $FRSLDGRUHV GH &HUHDOHV =RQD 3XHUWR 4XHTXpQ &HQWURGH&RUUHGRUHV\&RPLVLRQLVWDVGH&HUHDOHVGH%V$V&RQIHGHUDFLyQ,QWHUFRRSHUDWLYD $JURSHFXDULD &RRS /WGD &RQIHGHUDFLRQHV 5XUDOHV $UJHQWLQDV 6RFLHGDG 5XUDO $UJHQWLQD $VRFLDFLyQ GH &RRSHUDWLYDV $UJHQWLQDV &RRS /WGD $&$ %XQJH \ %RUQ &RPHUFLDO 6$ 6$ *HQDUR *DUFtD /D 1HFRFKHD 4XHTXpQ 6$ /D 3ODWD &HUHDO 6$&,$)HO 0HUFDGR D 7pUPLQR GH %XHQRV $LUHV 1LGHUD $UJHQWLQD 6$ 3URGXFWRV 6XGDPHULFDQRV 6$ \ 7UDGLJUDLQ6$

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GH 9LOOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ

6HUYLFLRV3RUWXDULRV

(OHYDGRUHV GHO 3XHUWR GH ,QJHQLHUR:KLWH

%XQJH \ %RUQ &RPHUFLDO 6$ 7HFKLQW 1LGHUD $UJHQWLQD 6$ $VRFLDFLyQ GH &RRSHUDWLYDV $JUDULDV3URGXFWRV6XGDPHULFDQRV6$6RFLHGDG&RPHUFLDOGHO3ODWD6$*HQDUR*DUFtD %ROVD GH &HUHDOHV GH %DKtD %ODQFD %ROVD GH &HUHDOHV GH %XHQRV $LUHV &RQLQDJUR &RQIHGHUDFLRQHV5XUDOHV$UJHQWLQDV\6RFLHGDG5XUDO$UJHQWLQD

(OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDO GHO 3XHUWRGH0DUGHO3ODWD

&RQVRUFLRLQWHJUDGRSRU3LDFHQWLQR&RPSDxtD$UJHQWLQDGH&RPHUFLR6$-XDQ)&DVHURV 5DPRV0HMtD3DEOR5DPRV0HMtD6DQWLDJR5DPRV0HMtD\6DUD5DPRV0HMtD

7HUPLQDOHV 9, \ 9,, GH 5RVDULR

87(IRUPDGDSRU6HUFLFLRV3RUWXDULRV6$\7HUPLQDO3XHUWR6DQ1LFROiV

7HUPLQDO\3WR1YR 5LYHU 3ODWH &RQWDLQHU 7HUPLQDO 6$ 0XUFKLVRQ 6$ (VWLEDMHV \ &DUJDV 5RPDQ 0DUtWLPD 6$

7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR 7HUPLQDOHV3RUWXDULDV$UJHQWLQDV6$

7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR *DEULHO \ &tD 65/ (PSUHVD *XLOOHUPR 0DUWtQH] 6$&\) *UDQHOHV 3RUWXDULRV 6$ 3ODWDFKDUW6$

7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR %XHQRV$LUHV&RQWDLQHU7HUPLQDO6HUYLFHV6$

7HUPLQDO3WR1XHYR 7HUPLQDO3RUWXDULD,QWHIHPDGH%XHQRV$LUHV6$

)XHQWH6HFUHWDUtDGH&RPHUFLRH,QYHUVLyQ

/RV DGMXGLFDWDULRV GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV GH ,QJ :KLWH 7HFKLQW \ 6RFLHGDG &RPHUFLDO GHO 3ODWD VRQ WDPELpQORVFRQFHVLRQDULRVGHOUDPDOIHUURYLDULR5RVDULR²%DKtD%ODQFDGHQRPLQDGR)HUURH[SUHVR 3DPSHDQR'LFKRIHUURFDUULOH[SORWDHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHUDPDOFHUHDOHURGH.PGHVGHHO GH QRYLHPEUH GH FRQ OR TXH VH SURGXMR XQ SURFHVR GH LQWHJUDFLyQ YHUWLFDO GHO SURFHVR SURGXFWLYRDGHPiVGHODFXRWDGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOPHUFDGRGHJUDQRV(OFRQWUDWRGHFRQFHVLyQ VHILUPyHOGHDEULOGH\HOFRQVRUFLRHVWiLQWHJUDGRWDPELpQSRU,RZD&KDVH0DQKDWWDQ 5LREDQN ,QWHUQDWLRQDO *HVLHPHV \ (PSUHVD $UJHQWLQD GH &HPHQWR $UPDGR (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG OR RSHUDQ5LREDQN\7HFKLQW\,RZDHVHORSHUDGRUWpFQLFRFRQXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQPHQRU

17 Terminales Portuarias Argentinas S.A. es un consorcio integrado por Autotransporte Antártida ATA S.A., Mijack Products Incorporate, Arpetro S.A. y Rogge Marine Consulting G.M.B.H.

(32)

(O FRQWUDWR GH FRQFHVLyQ GHO IHUURFDUULO LQFOXtD OD RSHUDFLyQ IHUURYLDULD GHO SXHUWR ,QJ :KLWH GH %DKtD%ODQFD\GHOGH5RVDULR(VWDLQIRUPDFLyQQRVHGLRDFRQRFHUDQWHVGHODILUPDGHOFRQWUDWR \ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVDJUDULDVWRPDURQFRQRFLPLHQWRSRUODSUHQVD(OGHPD\RGHFXDQGR\D HVWDEDILUPDGRHODFXHUGR&RQLQDJURODQ]DXQFRPXQLFDGRGRQGHGHQXQFLDHVWDVLWXDFLyQ\DOHUWD ´« VREUH OD QHFHVLGDG GH SUHVHUYDU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ORV XVXDULRV GHO FRUUHGRU IHUURYLDULR GH FDUJDV>«@&RQLQDJURGDODYR]GHDODUPDDQWHODLQPLQHQFLDGHORWRUJDPLHQWRGHXQDFRQFHVLyQ PRQRSyOLFDGHWUiQVLWRH[FOXVLYRVREUHWDQYLWDOYtDGHWUDQVSRUWHDFFHVR\PRYLPLHQWRSRUWXDULR /ODPDODDWHQFLyQXQDYH]PiVDIXQFLRQDULRV\DXWRULGDGHVVREUHODQHFHVLGDGGHSUHVHUYDUODOLEUH FRQSHWHQFLD\FRQFXUUHQFLDDORVPHUFDGRV\DOHUWDDODRSLQLyQS~EOLFDDFHUFDGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGH XQDGHFLVLyQTXHSXHGHFRPSURPHWHUDPiVGHXQDJHQHUDFLyQGHSURGXFWRUHVDJURSHFXDULRV\D YDVWDV]RQDVGHOSDtVµ&RQLQDJUR

(OUHFODPRVHKL]RH[WHQVLYRDODSUHVWDFLyQGHWRGRVORVVHUYLFLRVHQHVSHFLDOODHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD TXH LEDQ DGTXLULHQGR XQ SDWUyQ GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR FRP~Q LQFUHPHQWRV \ UHHVWUXFWXUDFLRQHV WDULIDULRV SUHYLRV D OD SULYDWL]DFLyQ OD GRODUL]DFLyQ GH ODV WDULIDV OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH PHFDQLVPRV GH DFWXDOL]DFLyQWDULIDULDTXHFRQWUDGHFtDQODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHOD/H\GH&RQYHUWLELOLGDGODGHELOLGDG GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV GH FRQWUDORU OD UHFXUUHQFLD D OD UHQHJRFLDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWUDWRV RULJLQDOHV GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD R FRQFHVLyQ \ SRU WRGR OR DQWHULRU XQD HYROXFLyQ TXH WLHQGH D SHUMXGLFDU D ORV VHFWRUHVSURGXFWRUHVGHELHQHV$EHOHV/RVFDQRQHVHQJHQHUDOVHUHQHJRFLDURQ\D~QDVt PX\SRFRVORVSDJDURQHQHOFDVRGH7HFKLQWGXUDQWHDxRVSRUXQFRQIOLFWRILFWLFLRQRSDJy ORV FDQRQHV\HQPRPHQWRVGHIXHUWHVSHUGLGDVHVWXYRDSXQWRGHUHVFLQGLUHOFRQWUDWRGHFRQFHVLyQ 8Q HIHFWR DGLFLRQDO TXH WXYR OD DGMXGLFDFLyQ GH ORV HOHYDGRUHV \ GH ODV OtQHDV IHUURYLDULDV D ORV PLVPRVJUXSRVIXHTXHVHGHVFXLGDURQRDQXODURQORVWUDPRVGHUHFRUULGRTXHQRHUDQIXQFLRQDOHV DO WUDVODGR GH JUDQRV $Vt XQD VHULH GH SXHEORV TXH KDEtDQ FUHFLGR HQ ODV SUR[LPLGDGHV GH ODV HVWDFLRQHVIHUURYLDULDVSHUGLHURQVXSULQFLSDOIRUPDGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHLQFOXVRHMHGLQDPL]DGRU GH GLFKDV SREODFLRQHV (O FRQVRUFLR TXH HQ VX PRPHQWR REWXYR OD FRQFHVLyQ GHO (OHYDGRU 7HUPLQDOGHO3XHUWRGH0DUGHO3ODWDIXHGHVSOD]DGRGHODRSHUDFLyQSRU5LFKFR&HUHDOHVTXHOR PHQHMDHQODDFWXDOLGDG

6L OD OLEHUDOL]DFLyQ GH FXDOTXLHU PHUFDGR H[LJH HO UHIRU]DPLHQWR GHO SHUVRQDO GH ORV QLYHOHV LQWHUPHGLRV GHO (VWDGR SDUD FRQFLOLDU LQWHUHVHV FRQWUDGLFWRULRV \ SDUD HYLWDU TXH VH IRUPHQ EXURFUDFLDVDOWHUQDWLYDVTXHJDUDQWLFHQH[FHSFLRQHVDGHWHUPLQDGRVDJHQWHVGHOVHFWRUSULYDGRHQ HVWHFDVRSRUHOFRQWUDULRVHSURGXMRXQDJUDQGLiVSRUDGHOSHUVRQDO²TXHQRIXHSULYDWLYDGHOiUHD GHDJULFXOWXUDTXHLPSLGLyFXDOTXLHUFRQWURO\GHMyOLEUDGDODGLVSXWDGHLQWHUHVHVDORVJUXSRVGH SUHVLyQ HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VH UHLWHUy HQ YDULDV SULYDWL]DFLRQHV 2WUR IDFWRU TXH DWHQWy FRQWUD OD

Referencias

Documento similar

Where possible, the EU IG and more specifically the data fields and associated business rules present in Chapter 2 –Data elements for the electronic submission of information

The 'On-boarding of users to Substance, Product, Organisation and Referentials (SPOR) data services' document must be considered the reference guidance, as this document includes the

In medicinal products containing more than one manufactured item (e.g., contraceptive having different strengths and fixed dose combination as part of the same medicinal

Products Management Services (PMS) - Implementation of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for the identification of medicinal products (IDMP) in

Products Management Services (PMS) - Implementation of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for the identification of medicinal products (IDMP) in

This section provides guidance with examples on encoding medicinal product packaging information, together with the relationship between Pack Size, Package Item (container)

Package Item (Container) Type : Vial (100000073563) Quantity Operator: equal to (100000000049) Package Item (Container) Quantity : 1 Material : Glass type I (200000003204)

Ho prghodgr frqfhswxdo wlhqh sru remhwlyr ho hvwdeohfhu orv uhtxlvlwrv ixqflrqdohv gho vlv0 whpd1 Ho prghor frqfhswxdo hvwdeohfh ho yðqfxor hqwuh ho hvsdflr gho sureohpd | ho hvsdflr