Dde\_TUDUcYc*
3URSXHVWDGH3URFHVRGH*HVWLyQGH5HFXUVRV+XPDQRV
FRQEDVHHQOD1RUPD,62
3_]YcY^BUfYc_bQ*
=3=QbQ7eQTQ\e`U?RbUW^Cv^SXUj
4b:eQ^9W^QSY_BUiUc7QbSQ
4b>YS_\vcB_TbWeUj@UbUW_
=35\_cQ98Ub^v^TUjCQ^deQbY_
=37eY\\Ub]_@}bUjFvjaeUj
AeU`bUcU^dQ`QbQ_RdU^UbU\WbQT_TU=QUcdbQU^1T]Y^YcdbQSY^*
1HOVRQ$UWXUR3LxyQ&DEUHUD
""TUcU`dYU]RbUTU" %
E^YTQT@b_VUcY_^Q\9^dUbTYcSY`\Y^QbYQTU9^WU^YUbQ
3YU^SYQcC_SYQ\Uci1T]Y^YcdbQdYfQc
CUSSY^TU5cdeTY_cTU@_cWbQT_U9^fUcdYWQSY^
Índice
3iJ
Resumen.
Abstract.
Introducción.
Planteamiento del problema.
Justificación Objetivo.
Alcances y Limitaciones.
L LLL LY Y YL
Capítulo 1.
Antecedentes Teóricos de la administración de Recursos Humanos.
!! ?bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc
!" 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^
!# 1^dUSUTU^dUcXYcdbYS_ciUcSeU\QcTU\Q1T]Y^YcdbQSY^
!#! @Ubc_^QZUcaeUY^V\eU^SYQb_^U\S_^SU`d_TU1T]Y^YcdbQSY^
"
#
'
(
!#!!1TQ]C]YdX (
!#!"6bUTUbYS[GY^c\_gDQi\_b )
!#!#8U^bY6Qi_\ !
!#!$=QhGURUb !!
!#!%3XUcdUb92Qb^QbT !!
!#!&5\d_^=Qi_ !"
!#!'1RbQXQ]=Qc\_g
!#!(4_eW\Qc=S7bUW_b
!#
!$
!$ 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^i3Q\YTQT
!%
!$!G5TgQbTc4U]Y^Wi\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^TU\QSQ\YTQT !&
!$!!<_cSQd_bSU`bY^SY`Y_cTU\QSQ\YTQT !&
!$":_cU`X=:ebQ^ !'
!$#@XY\\Y`23b_cRi !(
!$$;_RQiQicXY*1T]Y^YcdbQSY^SbUQdYfQ !)
!$%;Q_be9cXY[QgQ*5\U^V_aeUTU\QSQ\YTQTd_dQ\ "
!%&DU_bQJTUGY\\YQ]?eSXY "
Capítulo 2.
Administración de recursos humanos y la
Gestión Total de la Calidad.
"! 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
"$
"!! 5\`b_SUc_TU1T]Y^YcdbQSY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
"!!! 1^v\YcYcTU`eUcd_c
"!!" @\Q^YVYSQSY^ TU \Qc ^USUcYTQTUc TU ]Q^_ TU
_RbQ
"!!# CU\USSY^TU\_cSQ^TYTQd_cQ\`eUcd_
"!!$ ?bYU^dQSY^iSQ`QSYdQSY^Q^eUf_cU]`\UQT_c
"!!% 3_]`U^cQSY^ QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU ceU\T_c i
cQ\QbY_c
"!!& =_dYfQSY^`b_fUUbY^SU^dYf_ci`bUcdQSY_^Uc
"!!' 5fQ\eQSY^TU\TUcU]`U _
")
")
")
#
#
#!
#!
#"
"" <Q3Q\YTQT
""! 5f_\eSY^TU\S_^SU`d_TUSQ\YTQT
""" 8QSYQe^QSe\debQTU\QSQ\YTQT
""# 5\]}d_T_WUbU^SYQ\4U]Y^W
""#! <_cSQd_bSU`e^d_c
""#" <QccYUdUU^VUb]UTQTUc]_bdQ\Uc
""## 5\SYS\_4U]Y^W
##
#%
#&
$
$
$"
$#
"# <Q7UcdY^D_dQ\TU\Q3Q\YTQT
"#! 3_^SU`d_TU7UcdY^
"#" @bY^SY`Y_cTU7UcdY^TU\Q3Q\YTQT
"#"! 6QSd_bUc UcU^SYQ\Uc `QbQ Y^db_TeSYb \Q 7UcdY^
D_dQ\TU\QSQ\YTQT
"#"" <Qc%cµ
"#"# 3Q]RY_?bWQ^YjQSY_^Q\3XQ^WU=Q^QWU]U^d
"#"$ 5]`bUcQcY^dU\YWU^dUc
$$
$%
$&
$(
$)
$)
%
Capítulo 3.
La Norma ISO 9001:2000 como alternativa de solución.
#! 7}^UcYciUf_\eSY^TU\Qc>_b]Qc9C?
#" <QcUbYUTU>_b]Qc9C?)
##<Q>_b]Q9C?) !*"
##! <Q7UcdY^TU\Q3Q\YTQTU^\Q9C?) !*"
##" D}b]Y^_cRvcYS_c`QbQ\Q9C?) !*"
### 3UbdYVYSQSY^U^7UcdY^TU\Q3Q\YTQT
#$ 5^V_aeURQcQT_U^@b_SUc_c
#$! 2U^UVYSY_cTU\U^V_aeURQcQT_U^`b_SUc_c
#$" 1`\YSQSY^TU\U^V_aeUTU`b_SUc_c
#% 5^V_aeUTUcYcdU]Qc`QbQ\Q7UcdY^TU\QSQ\YTQT
#%! 2U^UVYSY_c TU\ U^V_aeU TU cYcdU]Qc `QbQ \Q WUcdY^ TU \Q
SQ\YTQT
#%" 1`\YSQSY^ TU\ U^V_aeU TU cYcdU]Qc `QbQ \Q WUcdY^ TU \Q
SQ\YTQT
%$
%&
%'
%(
%)
&"
&#
&$
&%
&&
&&
&'
Capítulo 4.
Propuesta de Proceso de Gestión de Recursos Humanos con base en la Norma ISO 9001:2000.
$ @b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ TU 7UcdY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c S_^ RQcU U^ \Q
>_b]Q9C?) !*"
$! CecdU^d_TU\Q@b_`eUcdQ
$" @b_`eUcdQTU@b_SUc_TU7UcdY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_cS_^RQcUU^\Q
>_b]Q9C?) !*"
$"! 5dQ`QTU@\Q^UQb
$"" 5dQ`QTU8QSUb
$"# 5dQ`QTUFUbYVYSQb
$"$ 5dQ`QTU1SdeQb
$# @b_SUc_TUWUcdY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
3_^S\ecY_^Uc
2YR\Y_WbQVQ
'#
'$
'&
(
($
(&
((
))
! "
Resumen.
4UcTU aeU U\X_]RbU Q`QbUSYU^ \QdYUbbQ XQ dbQRQZQT_dbQdQ^T_ TU\_WbQb U^ cec
QSdYfYTQTUc \Q ]Qi_b UVUSdYfYTQT `_cYR\U+ S_^ \Q Q`QbYSY^ TU \_c Wbe`_c c_SYQ\Uc i U\ cUTU^dQbYc]_
cebWYUb_^ \Q SYU^SYQ \Q \YdUbQdebQ \Q bU\YWY^ i \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ `_\dYSQ+ \_c QfQ^SUc TU UcdQc
SYfY\YjQSY_^UccU\_WbQb_^U^WbQ^`QbdUQdbQf}cTU\QedY\YjQSY^TU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^\QSeQ\cUd_b^Q
Y^TYc`U^cQR\U U^ U\ ]Q^UZ_ TU SeQ\aeYUb dY`_ TU U]`bUcQ S_^ U\ dYU]`_ TYVUbU^dUc `_cdebQc TU
dUbYS_c `Ub]YdYUb_^ aeU UcdQ QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ SYU^dVYSQ Uf_\eSY_^QbQ i S_^dU]`\QbQ `_b `bY]UbQ fUj
e^bUSebc_aeUcUYW^_bQRQ*U\BUSebc_8e]Q^_
<Q `bvSdYSQ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c XQ Uf_\eSY_^QT_ TUcTU aeU cU
UcdQR\USYS_]_SYU^SYQXQcdQUcdUcYW\_U^aeUiQ^_cUXQR\Qc\_TUQT]Y^YcdbQbcU]U^SY_^QicU
fYfU\Q}`_SQTU\Q7UcdY^1T]Y^YcdbQdYfQTU\_cBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c`Ub_`QbQ`_TUbU^dU^TUbUcdQ
dbQ^cYSY^ Uc ^USUcQbY_ S_^_SUb \QUf_\eSY^ TU\ S_^SU`d_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c8e]Q^_cQ
dbQf}c TU\ dYU]`_ i TU \Qc TYVUbU^dUc UcSeU\Qc TU `U^cQ]YU^d_ `QbQ `_TUb S_^dU]`\Qb i U^dU^TUb U\
S_^SU`d_TU7UcdY^icebU\QSY^S_^\QSQ\YTQTbUcQ\dQ^T_aeU\QSQ\YTQT^_cUS_^db_\QcUTYcU Q
icU`b_TeSUiU^UcQ`b_TeSSY^TURUUcdQbS_]`b_]UdYT_d_T_U\`Ubc_^Q\TU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^cUQ^
Ucd_cTYbUSdYf_cce`UbfYc_bUc_dbQRQZQT_bUcSeQ\aeYUbQcUQceQSdYfYTQT_vbUQTUdbQRQZ_
5^ U\ \dY]_ TUSU^Y_ \Q ^_SY^ TU ²SQ\YTQT³ cU XQ S_^fUbdYT_ U^ e^ dU]Q SU^dbQ\ `QbQ
U]`bUcQc cUbfYSY_c `R\YS_c i _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc ^_ \eSbQdYfQc U^ d_T_ U\ ]e^T_ E^_ TU \_c XUSX_c
]vc fYcYR\Uc TU UcdQ ²]_TQ TU \Q SQ\YTQT³ XQ cYT_ \Q SUbdYVYSQSY^ TU _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc edY\YjQ^T_ \Qc
TU^_]Y^QTQc>_b]Qc9C?) S_]_WQbQ^dQTUSQ\YTQTUc`_bUc_aeU\Q>_b]Q9C?) !*"
cUbv \Q RQcU aeU cecdU^dQbv \Q @b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ aeU cU TUcQbb_\\Q U^ UcdQ DUcYc 1\ ]Yc]_
dYU]`_ cU `bUcU^dQ TYSXQ >_b]Q S_^ \Q VY^Q\YTQT TU Yb QS_dQ^T_ \Q `b_`eUcdQ aeU cU XQSU `Ub_
c_RbUd_T_ TU S_]`b_RQb U^ `bY]UbQ Y^cdQ^SYQ aeU U\ @b_SUc_ TU 7UcdY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c
`eUTUedY\YjQbQUcdQ>_b]QS_]_XY\_S_^TeSd_b`QbQ]UZ_bQbcecQSdYfYTQTUc
<Q `b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ TU 7UcdY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c S_^ RQcU U^ \Q >_b]Q 9C?
) !*" aeUcUU\QR_bQU^UcdUdbQRQZ_`bUdU^TUTU]_cdbQbaeUS_^e^`b_SUc_TU7UcdY^TU\Q
3Q\YTQT \Q 7UcdY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c Q`b_fUSXQbv Q\ ]vhY]_ \Qc SQ`QSYTQTUc TU SQTQ e^_ TU
cec ]YU]Rb_c i Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ VQSY\YdQbv i UVYSYU^dQbv d_T_c \_c `b_SUTY]YU^d_c aeU cU TURU^
\\UfQbQSQR_TU^db_TU\]Yc]_TU`QbdQ]U^d_
CU RecSQ aeU S_^ \Q @b_`eUcdQ cU \_WbU e^ ]UZ_bQ]YU^d_ U^ U\ TUcU]`U _ i U^ \Qc
Q`_bdQSY_^Uc TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ RU^UVYSYv^T_\Q S_^ e^Q UcdbeSdebQ QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQ UVYSYU^dU
U]`\UQT_c SQ`QSUc dbQd_ UaeYdQdYf_ i _`_bde^YTQTUc TU `b_WbUc_ dQ^d_ `QbQ \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ S_]_
`QbQSQTQe^_TUcecU]`\UQT_c
6Y^Q\]U^dU cU `bUdU^TU aeU Q\ VY^Q\YjQb TU \UUb UcdQ @b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ SeQ\aeYUb
_bWQ^YjQSY^ `eUTQ cU^dYbcU SQ`Qj TU 7UcdY_^Qb cec BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c RQZ_ e^ ^_fUT_c_ U^V_aeU
aeU \Uc `eUTQ WQbQ^dYjQb e^Q ]UZ_bQ S_^dY^eQ U^ U\ `b_SUc_ i `_b S_^cYWeYU^dU ^eUf_c ^YfU\Uc TU
UVUSdYfYTQTiBUSebc_c8e]Q^_cSQ`QSUciS_]`UdYdYf_c
Abstract.
CY^SU ]Q^ Q``UQbUT _^ UQbdX XU XQc g_b[UT dbiY^W d_ QSXYUfU Y^ XYc QSdYfYdYUc dXU RUcd
UVVUSdYfU^Ucc+gYdXdXUQ``QbYdY_^_VdXUc_SYQ\Wb_e`cQ^TdXUcUTU^dQbi`Ubc_^ccSYU^SU\YdUbQdebU
bU\YWY_^Q^TdXU`_\YdYSQ\_bWQ^YjQdY_^U]UbWUT+dXUQTfQ^SUc_VdXUcUSYfY\YjQdY_^cgXUbU`UbV_b]UTY^
WbUQd `Qbd dXb_eWX dXU ecU _V dXU QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^ gXYSX RUS_]Uc UccU^dYQ\ Y^ dXU XQ^T\Y^W _V Q^i
di`U _V U^dUb`bYcU Qc dY]U gU^d Ri TYVVUbU^d YTUQc _V dXU_bYSQ\c \Ud dXYc cSYU^dYVYS QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^ d_
SXQ^WUQ^Td_\__[QdQbUc_ebSUdXQdgQcYW^_bUT*dXU8e]Q^BUc_ebSU
DXU`bQSdYSU_VdXUQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^_V8e]Q^BUc_ebSUcXQcUf_\fUTcY^SUYdgQcUcdQR\YcXUT
Qc Q cSYU^SU e^dY\ dXYc SU^debi Y^ gXYSX Ydµc ^_d _^\i ]U^dY_^UT Qc d_ QT]Y^YcdUb Ydµc ]U^dY_^UT Q^T
\YfUc Qc dXU QWU _V 1T]Y^YcdbQdYfU =Q^QWU]U^d _V 8e]Q^ BUc_ebSUc Red d_ e^TUbcdQ^T dXYc
dbQ^cYdY_^Ydµc^USUccQbid_[^_gdXUUf_\edY_^_VdXUS_^SU`d_VQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^_V8e]Q^BUc_ebSUc
dXb_eWX dY]U Q^T dXU TYVVUbU^d cSX__\c _V dXY^[Y^W+ d_ RU QR\U d_ S_^dU]`\QdU Q^T e^TUbcdQ^T dXU
S_^SU`d _V =Q^QWU]U^d Q^T Ydc bU\QdY_^ gYdX aeQ\Ydi `_Y^dY^W _ed dXQd aeQ\Ydi Yc^µd S_^db_\\UT Ydµc
TUcYW^UT Q^T `b_TeSUT Q^T Y^ dXQd `b_TeSdY_^ Q\\ dXU ]U]RUbc _V dXU U^dUb`bYcU ]ecd RU
S_]]YddUT gXUdXUb dXUi QbU ]Q^QWUbc ce`UbfYc_bc _b g_b[Ubc Ydµc T_Uc^µd ]QddUb gXYSX Yc dXUYb
QSdYfYdiQ^Tg_b[Y^WQbUQ
9^dXU\QcddU^iUQbcdXU^_dY_^_V²aeQ\Ydi³XQcRUS_]UQSU^dbQ\d_`YSV_bU^dUb`bYcUc`eR\YS
cUbfYSUc Q^T ^_^\eSbQdYfU _bWQ^YjQdY_^c Q\\ Qb_e^T dXU g_b\T ?^U _V dXU ]_cd fYcYR\U VQSd _V dXYc
²VQcXY_^ _V aeQ\Ydi³ XQc RUU^ dXU SUbdYVYSQdY_^ _V _bWQ^YjQdY_^c ecY^W dXU c_SQ\\UT >_b]c 9C? )
Qc Q WeQbQ^di V_b aeQ\Ydi DXQd Yc gXi dXU >_b] 9C? ) !* " gY\\ RU dXU RQcYc dXQd gY\\ X_\T dXU
@b_`_cQ\_V@b_SUccdXQdgY\\RUTUfU\_`UTY^dXYcdXUcYc1ddXUcQ]UdY]UdXQd^_b]Yc`bUcU^dUT
gYdX dXU QY] _V dXU `b_`_cQ\ dXQd Yc ]QTU Red QR_fU Q\\ d_ `b_fU Y^ VYbcd `\QSU dXQd dXU `b_SUcc _V
]Q^QWU]U^d_V8e]Q^BUc_ebSUcSQ^ecUdXYc^_b]Qc]QY^`_Y^dd_Y]`b_fUYdcQSdYfYdYUc
<Q
3URSXHVWDGH3URFHVRGH*HVWLyQGH5HFXUVRV+XPDQRVFRQEDVHHQOD1RUPD,62
dXQd Yc ]QTU Y^ dXYc g_b[ `bUdU^Tc d_ cX_g dXQd gYdX Q `b_SUcc _V ]Q^QWU]U^d _V aeQ\Ydi dXU
]Q^QWU]U^d _V 8e]Q^ BUc_ebSUc gY\\ dQ[U ]QhY]e] QTfQ^dQWU _V dXU QRY\YdYUc _V UQSX _^U _V Ydc
]U]RUbc Q^T Qd dXU cQ]U dY]U gY\\ VQSY\YdQdU Q^T Y]`b_fU Q\\ dXU `b_SUTebUc dXQd ]ecd RU T_^U
gYdXY^dXUcQ]UTU`Qbd]U^d
GYdX dXYc @b_`_cQ\ Yd Yc cUU[UT d_ QSXYUfU Q^ Y]`b_fU]U^d Y^ dXU `UbV_b]Q^SU Q^T Y^ dXU
S_^dbYRedY_^ _V dXU _bWQ^YjQdY_^ d_ RU^UVYd Yd gYdX Q^ UVVYSYU^d QT]Y^YcdbQdYfU cdbeSdebU SQ`QR\U
U]`\_iUUcUaeYdQdYfUdbUQd]U^dQ^T_``_bde^YdYUc_V`b_WbUccV_bdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^QcgU\\QcV_bdXU
g_b[Ubc
6Y^Q\\i Yd Yc `bUdU^TUT dXQd QVdUb bUQTY^W dXYc @b_`_cQ\ _V @b_SUcc Q^i _bWQ^YjQdY_^ SQ^ VUU\
SQ`QR\U _V ]Q^QWY^W Ydc 8e]Q^ BUc_ebSUc gYdX Q ^Ug Q``b_QSX dXQd SQ^ WeQbQ^dUU Q S_^dY^e_ec
Y]`b_fU]U^dY^dXU`b_SUccQ^TdXec^Ug\UfU\c_VUVVUSdYfU^UccQ^TSQ`QR\UQ^TS_]`UdYdYfU8e]Q^
BUc_ebSUc
Introducción.
4UcTU aeU U\X_]RbU Q`QbUSYU^ \QdYUbbQ XQ dbQRQZQT_dbQdQ^T_ TU\_WbQb U^ cec
QSdYfYTQTUc \Q ]Qi_b UVUSdYfYTQT `_cYR\U+ `QbQ U\\_ XQ edY\YjQT_ U^ SYUbd_ WbQT_ Q \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^
3_^\QQ`QbYSY^TU\_cWbe`_cc_SYQ\UciU\cUTU^dQbYc]_cebWYUb_^\QSYU^SYQ\Q\YdUbQdebQ\QbU\YWY^
\Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ `_\dYSQ \Q UcSbYdebQ i U\ ebRQ^Yc]_+ Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ cU ]Q^YVUcd U\ cebWY]YU^d_ TU
S\QcUcc_SYQ\Uc
<_c `bUSebc_bUc TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ ]_TUb^QVeUb_^\_c Ve^SY_^QbY_cU^SQbWQT_c TU Q`\YSQb
\Qc `_\dYSQc dbYRedQbYQc TU\ UcdQT_ i TU ]Q^UZQb Q Wbe`_c U^ \Q S_^cdbeSSY^ TU WbQ^TUc _RbQc
QbaeYdUSd^YSQc <_c QfQ^SUc TU UcdQc SYfY\YjQSY_^Uc cU \_WbQb_^ U^ WbQ^ `QbdU Q dbQf}c TU \Q
edY\YjQSY^ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ `Ub_ \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ cUWeQ SQbUSYU^T_ TU RQcUc SYU^dVYSQc UbQ
e^QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^TUdY`_S_UbSYdYf_Y^V\eYTQ`_bU\Uc`bYde\YRUbQ\TU\Q}`_SQ
5^ U\ c H9H XeR_ e^ WbQ^ TUcQbb_\\_ dUS^_\WYS_ U Y^TecdbYQ\ i `_b S_^cYWeYU^dU cU \_Wb \Q
S_^c_\YTQSY^TU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^+Q`bY^SY`Y_cTUUcUcYW\_cebWU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^SYU^dVYSQcYU^T_
6bUTUbYS[ GY^c\_g DQi\_b ce Y^YSYQT_b 3_]_ cU `bUcU^dQ U^ U\ `bY]Ub SQ`de\_ TU UcdQ dUcYc \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ cU d_b^Q Y^TYc`U^cQR\U U^ U\ ]Q^UZ_ TU SeQ\aeYUb dY`_ TU U]`bUcQ S_^ U\ dYU]`_
TYVUbU^dUc `_cdebQc TU dUbYS_c `Ub]YdYUb_^ aeU UcdQ QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ SYU^dVYSQ Uf_\eSY_^QbQ i
S_^dU]`\QbQ`_b`bY]UbQfUje^bUSebc_aeUcUYW^_bQRQ*U\BUSebc_8e]Q^_
<Q `bvSdYSQ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c XQ Uf_\eSY_^QT_ TUcTU aeU cU
UcdQR\USYS_]_SYU^SYQXQcdQUcdUcYW\_U^aeUiQ^_cUXQR\Qc\_TUQT]Y^YcdbQbcU]U^SY_^QicU
fYfU\Q}`_SQTU\Q7UcdY^1T]Y^YcdbQdYfQTU\_cBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
5\ U^V_aeU TU TYfUbcQc UcSeU\Qc XQ^ `Ub]YdYT_ UcdQ Uf_\eSY^ i \Q dbQ^cYSY^ U^ U\ ]e^T_ TU\
S_^SU`d_ TU 1T]Y^YcdbQb Q 7UcdY_^Qb `Ub_ `QbQ `_TUb U^dU^TUb UcdQ dbQ^cYSY^ Uc ^USUcQbY_
S_^_SUb \Q Uf_\eSY^ TU\ S_^SU`d_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c Q dbQf}c TU\ dYU]`_ i TU
\QcTYVUbU^dUcUcSeU\QcTU`U^cQ]YU^d_`QbQ`_TUbS_^dU]`\QbiU^dU^TUbU^U\cYWeYU^dUSQ`de\_U\
S_^SU`d_TU7UcdY^U\SeQ\Y^V\eiUU^d_TQ\Q`b_`eUcdQTUUcdUdbQRQZ_
<Q SQ\YTQT ^_ cU S_^db_\Q cU TYcU Q i cU `b_TeSU i U^ UcQ `b_TeSSY^ TURU UcdQb
S_]`b_]UdYT_d_T_U\`Ubc_^Q\cUQ^Ucd_cTYbUSdYf_cce`UbfYc_bUc_dbQRQZQT_bUcSeQ\aeYUbQcUQ
ce QSdYfYTQT _ vbUQ TU dbQRQZ_ D_T_c c_^ bUc`_^cQR\Uc dQ^d_ TU Qed_fUbYVYSQb cec `b_`YQc
\QR_bUc S_]_ Qc dQ]RY}^ \Q TU fUbYVYSQb Q cec `b_fUUT_bUc Y^dUb^_c S_]`b_]UdY}^T_cU Q ^_
bUSYRYb `b_SUcQb i U^dbUWQb Y^ce]_c `b_TeSd_c _ Y^V_b]QSY^ aeU ^_ bUc`_^TQ^ Q \Qc
Uc`USYVYSQSY_^Uc1TU]vcTURUbv^cUbbUc`_^cQR\Uc^_c\_TUQ\UbdQbTUQ^_]Q\QccY^_dQ]RY}^
TU `QbdYSY`Qb `\U^Q]U^dU U^ \Q ]UZ_bQ TU \_c `b_SUc_c ]UTYQ^dU cec ceWUbU^SYQc i QSdYfYTQTUc U^
SbSe\_cTUSQ\YTQT
<Q SQ\YTQT \Q XQSU^ d_T_c ^_ c\_ U\ _RbUb_ TU \Q `\Q^dQ cY^_ dQ]RY}^ U\ bUc`_^cQR\U TU
U]YdYb \Q VQSdebQ i \Q dU\UV_^YcdQ aeU QdYU^TU \_c `UTYT_c i bUS\Q]_c <Q SQ\YTQT ^_ c\_ Ucdv
S_^dU]`\QTQ U^ \Qc SQbQSdUbcdYSQc TU \_c `b_TeSd_c cY^_ dQ]RY}^ U^ \Q QdU^SY^ Q\ S\YU^dU cUQ
}cdU Y^dUb^_ _ UhdUb^_ <Q SQ\YTQT TURU \\UfQb Q e^Q ]Qi_b WU^UbQSY^ TU fQ\_b QWbUWQT_ U^ SQTQ
QSdYfYTQTTU\QU]`bUcQ
3_\QR_bQb S_^ Y^V_b]QSY^ S_^dbYReYb Q TQb e^Q ReU^Q Y]QWU^ TU \Q U]`bUcQ `bUcdQb e^
]UZ_bcUbfYSY_Q\S\YU^dUiXQSUbe^QReU^Q`eR\YSYTQT_bUS_]U^TQSY^TU\QS_]`Q QUcQ\W_U^\_
SeQ\ d_T_c TURU^ UcdQb d_dQ\]U^dU S_]`b_]UdYT_c bQj^ `_b \Q SeQ\ U\ BUSebc_ 8e]Q^_ Uc
Q^Q\YjQT_iS_]U^dQT_U^U\SQ`de\_"TUUcdUdbQRQZ_
8QSUb VQSdYR\U U\ S_]`b_]Yc_ TU d_T_c XQSU ]U^UcdUb dU^Ub e^Q Se\debQ _bWQ^YjQSY_^Q\
aeU \Q XQWQ VQSdYR\U 5cQ Se\debQ TURU Q`_iQb iRQcQbcU dQ^d_ U^ U\ dbQRQZ_ U^UaeY`_ S_]_U^ \Q
Se\debQ S_^ e^ U^V_aeU XQSYQ \Q SQ\YTQT 5cdU dbQRQZ_ U^ UaeY`_ TURU U^dU^TUbcU i S_]`bU^TUbcU
S_]_ U\ dbQRQZ_ ]Q^S_]e^QT_ TU d_T_c \_c ]YU]Rb_c TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ S_]_ e^ d_T_ XQSUb U\\_
VQSdYR\U Y]`\YSQ dQ^d_ U\ S_]`b_]Yc_ S_]_ \Q \UQ\dQT S_^ SYUbd_c `bY^SY`Y_c i fQ\_bUc TU SQ\YTQT TU
\_cSeQ\UcV_b]Q^`QbdUQSdYfQ]U^dU
5^ U\ \dY]_ TUSU^Y_ \Q ^_SY^ TU ²SQ\YTQT³ cU XQ S_^fUbdYT_ U^ e^ dU]Q SU^dbQ\ `QbQ
U]`bUcQc cUbfYSY_c `R\YS_c i _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc ^_ \eSbQdYfQc U^ d_T_ U\ ]e^T_ E^_ TU \_c XUSX_c
]vc fYcYR\Uc TU UcdQ ²]_TQ TU \Q SQ\YTQT³ XQ cYT_ \Q SUbdYVYSQSY^ TU _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc edY\YjQ^T_ \Qc
TU^_]Y^QTQc>_b]Qc9C?) S_]_WQbQ^dQTUSQ\YTQT
5cdQ V_b]Q TU SUbdYVYSQSY^ cU Ucdv S_^fYbdYU^T_ dvSdYSQ]U^dU U^ \Q ^_b]Q RvcYSQ TU \Q
SQ\YTQT `QbQ ^e]Ub_c_c cUSd_bUc <Qc ^_b]Qc 9C? ) cU YTUQb_^ _bYWY^Q\]U^dU `QbQ U]`bUcQc
TU \Q Y^TecdbYQ TU VQRbYSQSY^ ^_ _RcdQ^dU TUcTU S_]YU^j_c TU\ TUSU^Y_ TU !)) ce Q`\YSQSY^ cU
UcdvTYVe^TYU^T_bv`YTQ]U^dUQ_db_ccUSd_bUcY^S\eiU^T_\_cTUcUbfYSY_
5\ dUbSUb SQ`de\_ dYU^U `_b _RZUdYf_ Q^Q\YjQb \Qc >_b]Qc 9C? ) `Ub_ c_RbUd_T_
`bUcU^dQb ceSY^dQ]U^dU Q \Q >_b]Q 9C? ) !*" \Q SeQ\ cUbv \Q RQcU aeU cecdU^dQbv \Q
@b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ aeU cU `bUdU^TU TUcQbb_\\Qb 1\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ UcdU SQ`de\_ `bUcU^dQbv \_c
bUaeUbY]YU^d_c aeU `bUcU^dQ TYSXQ >_b]Q S_^ \Q VY^Q\YTQT TU Yb QS_dQ^T_ \Q `b_`eUcdQ aeU cU XQSU
`Ub_ c_RbUd_T_ TU S_]`b_RQb U^ `bY]UbQ Y^cdQ^SYQ aeU U\ @b_SUc_ TU 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c
8e]Q^_c`eUTUedY\YjQbQUcdQ>_b]QS_]_XY\_S_^TeSd_b`QbQ]UZ_bQbcecQSdYfYTQTUc
6Y^Q\]U^dU U^ U\ \dY]_ SQ`de\_ cU TUcQbb_\\Qbv \Q `b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ TU 7UcdY^ TU
bUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c S_^ RQcU U^ \Q >_b]Q 9C? ) !*" \Q SeQ\ `bUdU^TU TU]_cdbQb aeU S_^ e^
`b_SUc_TU7UcdY^TU\Q3Q\YTQT\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_cQ`b_fUSXQbvQ\]vhY]_\Qc
SQ`QSYTQTUc TU SQTQ e^_ TU cec ]YU]Rb_c i Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ VQSY\YdQbv i UVYSYU^dQbv d_T_c \_c
`b_SUTY]YU^d_c aeU cU TURU^ \\UfQb Q SQR_ TU^db_ TU\ ]Yc]_ TU`QbdQ]U^d_ @QbQ U\QR_bQb UcdQ
`b_`eUcdQ cU bUd_]Q U\ @b_SUc_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU bUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c `bUcU^dQT_ `_b 4Ucc\Ub
`QbQ e^Yb\_ Q\ SYS\_ @8F1 TU 4U]Y^W i S_^ Ucd_ `_TUbcecdU^dQb i TQb V_b]Q Q d_TQ \Q `b_`eUcdQ TU
@b_SUc_aeUcU`bUcU^dQU^UcdQDUcYc
CU RecSQ aeU S_^ UcdU @b_SUc_ cU \_WbU e^ ]UZ_bQ]YU^d_ U^ U\ TUcU]`U _ i U^ \Qc
Q`_bdQSY_^Uc TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ RU^UVYSYv^T_\Q S_^ e^Q UcdbeSdebQ QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQ UVYSYU^dU
U]`\UQT_c SQ`QSUc dbQd_ UaeYdQdYf_ i _`_bde^YTQTUc TU `b_WbUc_ dQ^d_ `QbQ \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ S_]_
`QbQSQTQe^_TUcecU]`\UQT_c
6Y^Q\]U^dU cU `bUdU^TU aeU Q\ VY^Q\YjQb TU \UUb UcdQ @b_`eUcdQ TU @b_SUc_ SeQ\aeYUb
_bWQ^YjQSY^ `eUTQ cU^dYbcU SQ`Qj TU 7UcdY_^Qb cec BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c RQZ_ e^ ^_fUT_c_ U^V_aeU
aeU \Uc `eUTQ WQbQ^dYjQb e^Q ]UZ_bQ S_^dY^eQ U^ U\ `b_SUc_ i `_b S_^cYWeYU^dU ^eUf_c ^YfU\Uc TU
UVUSdYfYTQTiU]`\UQT_cSQ`QSUciS_]`UdYdYf_c
Planteamiento del Problema.
D_TQ_bWQ^YjQSY^ `_cUU e^TU`QbdQ]U^d_ TU BUSebc_c8e]Q^_c UcdU TU`QbdQ]U^d_
Se]`\US_^TYfUbcQcVe^SY_^UcTU^db_TU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^TU`U^TYU^T_TUcedQ]Q _iS_]`\UZYTQT
5\ _RZUdYf_ TU dQ\Uc Ve^SY_^Uc S_^cYcdU U^ TUcQbb_\\Qb i QT]Y^YcdbQb `_\dYSQc `b_WbQ]Qc i
`b_SUTY]YU^d_c `QbQ `b_fUUb e^Q UcdbeSdebQ QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQ UVYSYU^dU U]`\UQT_c SQ`QSUc dbQd_
UaeYdQdYf_ _`_bde^YTQTUc TU `b_WbUc_ cQdYcVQSSY^ U^ U\ dbQRQZ_ i e^Q QTUSeQTQ cUWebYTQT U^ U\
]Yc]_ SeYTQ^T_ U\ Se]`\Y]YU^d_ TU cec _RZUdYf_c aeU bUTe^TQbv U^ RU^UVYSY_ TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ \_c
dbQRQZQT_bUci\QS_\USdYfYTQT
8_iTQU^]eSXQc_bWQ^YjQSY_^UcUcdQcVe^SY_^UcXQ^cYT_]Y^Y]YjQTQciU^Q\We^_cSQc_c
XQcdQ YW^_bQTQc cU SeU^dQ^ S_^ `b_SUTY]YU^d_c TU cU\USSY^ UcdQ^TQbYjQT_c Uc TUSYb ^_
Y]`_bdQ^T_U\`eUcd_Q\SeQ\Qc`YbUe^c_\YSYdQ^dUcUQQ^YfU\_`UbQdYf__Q^YfU\WUbU^SYQ\cYU]`bUcU
edY\YjQ^\Qc]Yc]Qc`beURQc
<Q WU^dU aeU \QR_bQ U^ Ucd_c TU`QbdQ]U^d_c fU^ UcdU `b_SUc_ S_]_ bedY^QbY_ i U^W_bb_c_
TUSYTY}^T_cUU^]eSXQc_SQcY_^Uc`_bU\aeU²S_RbU]U^_c³
4UYWeQ\V_b]Q\Y]YdQ^cecVe^SY_^Ucc\_Q\QS_^dbQdQSY^_\fYTQ^T_U\bUcd_TUQSdYfYTQTUc
Y^XUbU^dUc ?\fYTQ^ `_b S_]`\Ud_ Ve^SY_^Uc S_]_ \Q Y^dUWbQSY^ `b_]_SY^ i dbQ^cVUbU^SYQ TU \_c
U]`\UQT_c iQ S_^dbQdQT_c TUZQ^T_ UcdQ bUc`_^cQRY\YTQT U^ \Qc ]Q^_c TU \_c ZUVUc Y^]UTYQd_c i U^
]eSX_cSQc_cQ\QjQb
4U \Q ]Yc]Q V_b]Q _\fYTQ^ e^Q bUdb_Q\Y]U^dQSY^ S_^ \Q VY^Q\YTQT TU ]UZ_bQb ce \QR_b TU^db_
TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ `_b UZU]`\_* SeQ^T_ cU `b_TeSU \Q dUb]Y^QSY^ TU \Q bU\QSY^ TU dbQRQZ_ ^_
`bQSdYSQ^e^QU^dbUfYcdQVY^Q\QUVUSd_TUS_^_SUb\_c`e^d_cTUfYcdQTU\aeUcUbUdYbQiQ`b_fUSXQb
\QY^V_b]QSY^S_^cYTUbQ^T_\_cbUce\dQT_c_RdU^YT_c`_bSQTQ`Ubc_^QU^bU\QSY^S_^\_c_RZUdYf_c
TUce`eUcd_iTU`QbdQ]U^d_
DQ]RY}^ Uc TU Y]`_bdQ^SYQ bUcQ\dQb aeU ^_ `bUcdQ^ QdU^SY^ Q \Qc bU\QSY_^Uc Y^dUb^Qc Ucd_
S_^\QVY^Q\YTQTTU \_WbQbaeUdQ^d_\QcbU\QSY_^UcUcdQR\USYTQcU^dbU\QTYbUSSY^iU\`Ubc_^Q\S_]_
\Q cQdYcVQSSY^ U^ U\ dbQRQZ_ i \Qc _`_bde^YTQTUc TU `b_WbUc_ TU\ dbQRQZQT_b cUQ^ TUcQbb_\\QTQc i
]Q^dU^YTQcS_^SY\YQ^T_\_cY^dUbUcUcTUQ]RQc`QbdUc
Justificación.
BUd_]Q^T_ \_ Uh`eUcd_ U^ U\ @\Q^dUQ]YU^d_ TU\ @b_R\U]Q i d_]Q^T_ U^ SeU^dQ aeU d_TQc
\Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc `_cUU^ e^ U\U]U^d_ S_]^* Ucdv^ Y^dUWbQTQc `_b `Ubc_^Qc i aeU ^_ cU SeU^dQ
S_^ e^ `b_SUc_ QTUSeQT_ `QbQ Se]`\Yb U^ ce d_dQ\YTQT S_^ \Qc Ve^SY_^Uc TU\ 4U`QbdQ]U^d_ XQi aeU
bUcQ\dQb* \Qc `Ubc_^Qc \\UfQ^ Q SQR_ \_cQSYUbd_c \_c QfQ^SUc i \_c \_Wb_c TU cec_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc+ `_b
Uc_^_UcUhQWUbQT_QVYb]QbaeUS_^cdYdeiU^U\bUSebc_]vc`bUSYQT_
CY Q\WeYU^ TYc`ecYUbQ TU SeQ^dY_c_c SQ`YdQ\Uc UaeY`_c ]_TUb^_c U Y^cdQ\QSY_^Uc Y]`USQR\Uc
`Ub_ SQbUSYUbQ TU e^ S_^Ze^d_ TU `Ubc_^Qc _ }cdQc cU S_^cYTUbQbQ^ ]Q\ TYbYWYTQc S_^ UcSQc_c
Q\YSYU^dUcS_^]^Y]Q]_dYfQSY^`QbQTUcU]`U QbcecVe^SY_^UcU\}hYd_cUbQY]`_cYR\U
<Q fUbTQTUbQ Y]`_bdQ^SYQ TU \_c bUSebc_c Xe]Q^_c TU d_TQ \Q U]`bUcQ cU U^SeU^dbQ U^ ce
XQRY\YTQT `QbQ bUc`_^TUb VQf_bQR\U]U^dU i S_^ f_\e^dQT Q \_c _RZUdYf_c TU\ TUcU]`U _ i \Qc
_`_bde^YTQTUciU^Ucd_cUcVeUbj_c_RdU^UbcQdYcVQSSY^dQ^d_`_bSe]`\YbS_^U\dbQRQZ_S_]_`_b
U^S_^dbQbcU U^ U\ Q]RYU^dU TU\ ]Yc]_ 5cd_ bUaeYUbU aeU WU^dU QTUSeQTQ S_^ \Q S_]RY^QSY^
S_bbUSdQ TU S_^_SY]YU^d_c i XQRY\YTQTUc cU U^SeU^dbU U^ U\ \eWQb i U^ U\ ]_]U^d_ QTUSeQT_c `QbQ
TUcU]`U QbU\dbQRQZ_^USUcQbY_
E^Q U]`bUcQ Ucdv S_]`eUcdQ TU cUbUc Xe]Q^_c aeU cU e^U^ `QbQ RU^UVYSY_ ]ede_ i \Q
U]`bUcQcUV_b]Q_cUTUcdbeiU`_b\QSQ\YTQT_U\S_]`_bdQ]YU^d_TUceWU^dU
<_ aeU TYcdY^WeU Q e^Q U]`bUcQ Uc ce `Ubc_^Q\ aeU `_cUU XQRY\YTQTUc `QbQ ecQb
S_^_SY]YU^d_cTUd_TQcS\QcUc+c\_UcQdbQf}cTU\_cbUSebc_cXe]Q^_caeU\_cTU]vcbUSebc_ccU
`eUTU^edY\YjQbS_^UVUSdYfYTQT
5c Qc aeU Uc ^USUcQbY_ S_^dQb S_^ e^ `b_SUc_ QTUSeQT_ `QbQ Se]`\Yb S_^ d_TQc \Qc
Ve^SY_^Uc TU\ 4U`QbdQ]U^d_ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c i Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ `b_`_bSY_^Qb e^ dbQd_
UaeYdQdYf_ _`_bde^YTQTUc TU `b_WbUc_ cQdYcVQSSY^ U^ U\ dbQRQZ_ i e^Q QTUSeQTQ cUWebYTQT U^ U\
]Yc]_
Objetivo.
CU `bUdU^TU TU]_cdbQb aeU edY\YjQ^T_ e^ `b_SUc_ TU WUcdY^ TU SQ\YTQT \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^TUbUSebc_cXe]Q^_cQ`b_fUSXQbvQ\]vhY]_\QcSQ`QSYTQTUcTUSQTQe^_TU
cec ]YU]Rb_c i Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ VQSY\YdQbv i UVYSYU^dQbv d_T_c \_c `b_SUTY]YU^d_c aeU cU
TURU^\\UfQbQSQR_TU^db_TU\]Yc]_TU`QbdQ]U^d_@QbQ\_WbQb\_cU`b_`_^Tbve^`b_SUc_
SbUQT_S_^RQcUU^\Q>_b]Q9C?) !*"
3_^ \Q Q`\YSQSY^ TU \Q ^_b]Q 9C? ) !*" U\ `b_SUc_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU\
4U`QbdQ]U^d_TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_ccUbve^QQ\dUb^QdYfQe^YfUbcQ\`QbQSeQ\aeYUb`UaeU Q
_]UTYQ^QU]`bUcQTU^db_TUe^`b_SUc_TU7UcdY^TU3Q\YTQT
1\ SQ]RYQb U\ `b_SUc_ dbQTYSY_^Q\ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ cU \_WbQbv e^ ]UZ_bQ]YU^d_ U^ U\
TUcU]`U _ i U^ \Qc Q`_bdQSY_^Uc TU\ `Ubc_^Q\ Q \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ RU^UVYSYv^T_\Q S_^ e^Q
UcdbeSdebQ QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQ UVYSYU^dU U]`\UQT_c SQ`QSUc dbQd_ UaeYdQdYf_ i _`_bde^YTQTUc
TU`b_WbUc_dQ^d_`QbQ\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^S_]_`QbQSQTQe^_TUcecU]`\UQT_c
Alcances y Limitaciones.
4URYT_Q\Q^QdebQ\UjQTU\`b_R\U]QQUcdeTYQbUc]eiVvSY\SbUQbe^`b_iUSd_]eiQ]RYSY_c_
`_b S_^cYWeYU^dU Uc Y]`_bdQ^dU YTU^dYVYSQb aeU U\ `b_SUc_ aeU cU `bUcU^dQbv cU `bUdU^TU `eUTQ
Ve^SY_^Qb `QbQ SeQ\aeYUb `UaeU Q _ ]UTYQ^Q U]`bUcQ\Qc SeQ\Uc TURUbv^ `bUcU^dQb SYUbdQc
SQbQSdUbcdYSQc aeU cU TUVY^Ybv^ S_^V_b]U \Q `b_`eUcdQ TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c cU
TUcQbb_\\U
CU cU\USSY_^Q^ Ucd_c T_c dY`_c TU U]`bUcQc iQ aeU Uc T_^TU VbUSeU^dU]U^dU U^ \_c
TU`QbdQ]U^d_c TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c cU `eUTU^ U^S_^dbQb d_T_c \_c fYSY_c aeU SQecQ^ e^ bUdbQc_
U^U\ReU^Ve^SY_^Q]YU^d_TU\]Yc]_TU`QbdQ]U^d_
CU`bUdU^TUaeUU\`b_SUc_`b_`eUcd_Ve^SY_^U`QbQSeQ\aeYUbU]`bUcQ^_Y]`_bdQ^T_U\RYU^
_cUbfYSY_aeU`b_TejSQUcTUSYbcURecSQaeUe^`b_SUc_Uc`USVYS_cUQSbUQT_S_^RQcUU^e^Q9C?
`QbQ bUc_\fUb \Q `b_R\U]vdYSQ YTU^dYVYSQTQ TU^db_ TU \_c 4U`QbdQ]U^d_c TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c `_b
S_^cYWeYU^dU Q\ YWeQ\ aeU \Q 9C? cU RecSQ e^Q ²e^YfUbcQ\YTQT³ TU\ ]Yc]_ cY^ Y]`_bdQb U\ W}^Ub_ TU\
`b_TeSd_VY^Q\aeUcU_VbUSUQ\S\YU^dU
1\ `QbUSUb Ucd_c Q\SQ^SUc c_^ ]ei Q]RYSY_c_c `Ub_ cY cU Q^Q\YjQ^ cU S_]`beURQ aeU cU
RecSQ e^ `b_SUc_ aeU Ve^SY_^U `QbQ SeQ\aeYUb U]`bUcQ e _bWQ^YjQSY^ `Ub_ c_RbUd_T_ aeU \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU^db_ TU e^ 4U`QbdQ]U^d_ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c cUQ \Q `dY]Q RecSQ^T_ U^ d_T_
]_]U^d_aeU\_c`b_SUc_ccUQTUSeU^QSQTQe^QTU\Qc^USUcYTQTUcTU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^+S\Qb_Ucdv
UcdQcQTUSeQSY_^UcTURUbv^cUb\Qc`UbdY^U^dUcTUQSeUbT_Q\dQ]Q _TU\QU]`bUcQiTU\`Ubc_^Q\Q
S_^dbQdQbQcS_]_TU\_c_RZUdYf_cTU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^
1X_bQRYU^U^`bY]UbQY^cdQ^SYQUcY]`_bdQ^dUQS\QbQbaeUQe^aeUcU`bUdU^TU`b_`_^Ube^Q
Q\dUb^QdYfQ TU `b_SUc_ ²e^YfUbcQ\³ °cY^ Y]`_bdQb U\ `b_TeSd_ VY^Q\ S_]_ Q^dUc cU Uh`ec_ Uc ]ei
TYVSY\ aeU_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc dbQ^c^QSY_^Q\Uc\_ QT_`dU^ iQaeUU^ ce]Qi_bQ `_cUU^`b_SUc_c
`bUfYQ]U^dU`b_RQT_cUY^cdYdeSY_^Q\YjQT_cU^\QcSQcQc]QdbYSUcTU_bYWU^U^U\UhdbQ^ZUb_QTU]vc
TUaeUU^ce]Qi_bQ}cdQc_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc^_c_^^Y`UaeU Qc^Y]UTYQ^Qcc_^WbQ^TUcS_^c_bSY_c
UcTUSYbaeUTQ^VeUbQTU\_cQ\SQ^SUcTUUcdUUcdeTY_
CU TURU dU^Ub S\Qb_ aeU ^_ d_TQc \Qc U]`bUcQc ]UTYQ^Qc _ `UaeU Qc Ucdv^ TYc`eUcdQc Q
SQ]RYQb ce V_b]Q TU S_^dbQdQSY^ i TU bU\QSY^ S_^ cec U]`\UQT_c Q dbQf}c TU\ 4U`QbdQ]U^d_ TU
BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c+ Uc TYVSY\ b_]`Ub S_^ fYSY_c i S_cde]RbUc ]ei QbbQYWQT_c ]eSX_c TU U\\_c
V_]U^dQT_c`_b\Q]Yc]QSe\debQaeUb_TUQQ\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^
8Qi aeU d_]Qb U^ SeU^dQ aeU cUbv ]ei TYVSY\ fU^SUb \Q YTUQ TU aeU \Qc 9C? c_^ c\_ XUSXQc
`QbQ `b_SUc_c Y^TecdbYQ\Uc _ TU `b_TeSSY^ _ aeU c\_ cU edY\YjQ^ `QbQ \_WbQb e^Q SUbdYVYSQSY^ cU
TURUbv dbQRQZQb `QbQ b_]`Ub U\ UcdYW]Q `\Q^dUQT_ i \_WbQb aeU cU U^dYU^TQ aeU \Q 9C? Uc e^Q
XUbbQ]YU^dQdY\`QbQ]UZ_bQbSeQ\aeYUb`b_SUc_
6Y^Q\]U^dU ^_ `_TU]_c _\fYTQb aeU U\ VQSd_b Xe]Q^_ U^ SQTQ 4U`QbdQ]U^d_ TU BUSebc_c
8e]Q^_c cUbv \Q \Y]YdQ^dU ]vc Y]`_bdQ^dU Q fU^SUb+ YTU_\_WQc S_cde]RbUc fYSY_c Se\debQc °U^dbU
_db_c VQSd_bUc ^_ c_^ c\_ \Y]YdQ^dUc dQ]RY}^ c_^ V_b]Qc TU fYTQ i S_]_ dQ\Uc c_^ ]vc TYVSY\Uc
TUSQ]RYQb
Capítulo 1.
Antecedentes Teóricos de la
Administración de Recursos Humanos.
/DFLHQFLDKXPDQDFRQVLVWHPiVHQGHVWUXLUHUURUHV
TXHHQGHVFXEULUYHUGDGHV«
6yFUDWHV
5cdU `bY]Ub SQ`de\_ `bUcU^dQbv ceSY^dQ]U^dU \Q Uf_\eSY^ aeU XQ dU^YT_ \Q
1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ Q dbQf}c TU\ dYU]`_ Q \Q `Qb TU \Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc i TU \Qc ^USUcYTQTUc
c_SYQ\Uc TU\ ]_]U^d_ XYcdbYS_ aeU cU fYfQ S_^ \Q VY^Q\YTQT TU U^dU^TUb U^ ae} `Ub_T_ \_c
BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c cU f_\fYUb_^ Y]`bUcSY^TYR\Uc Q\ ]_]U^d_ TU `\Q^UQb \Q UcdbeSdebQ i
Ve^SY_^Q]YU^d_TUd_TQ_bWQ^YjQSY^
1\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ cU `bUdU^TU aeU Ucd_c Q^dUSUTU^dUc cYbfQ^ `QbQ VQSY\YdQb U\
U^dU^TY]YU^d_ TU \Q dbQ^cYSY^ TU \_ aeU cU S_^_SU S_]_ 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ Q \_ aeU X_i TQ U^
U\]e^T_cU\U\\Q]QicUUZUbSUS_]_7UcdY^
5\SQ`de\_`bUcU^dQe^QRbUfU TUVY^YSY^TU\Qc_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc±U^dYTQTUcU^T_^TU
cU UZUbSU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ _ 7UcdY^ TU \_c BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c± `_cdUbY_b]U^dU cU
bUfYcQ^ TYVUbU^dUc TUVY^YSY_^Uc TU 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ `QbQ `bUcU^dQb \Q aeU cU edY\YjQbv S_]_
bUVUbU^SYQ TebQ^dU d_T_ UcdU dbQRQZ_ i VY^Q\]U^dU XQSUb e^ bUS_bbYT_ `_b \Qc aeU cU
S_^cYTUb VeUb_^ \Qc ]vc Y]`_bdQ^dUc S_bbYU^dUc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc U^ \Qc aeU cU U^SeU^dbQ^
\_c Q^dUSUTU^dUc TU \Q 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c iQ aeU U^ U\\Qc cU `eUTU^
fYc\e]RbQb Y^dU^d_c TU fQ\_bQb Q\ dbQRQZQT_b S_]_ e^ U\U]U^d_ Y]`_bdQ^dU `QbQ U\
TUcU]`U _TU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^cUd_]U^SeU^dQ\QXYcd_bYQTU\QXe]Q^YTQTS_]_`e^d_TU
`QbdYTQ XQcdQ \\UWQb Q UcdU cYW\_ HH9 `QbQ UcdbeSdebQb \Q Y^V\eU^SYQ TU TYVUbU^dUc `Ubc_^QZUc
U^\Q1T]Y^YcdbQSY^TUBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
1.1. Organizaciones.
4UcTU aeU U\ cUb Xe]Q^_ Q`QbUSY U^ \Q dYUbbQ RecS V_b]Qb Qc_SYQSY_^Uc _ cY^UbWYQc
`QbQ \_WbQb ce ce`UbfYfU^SYQ U^ \Q dYUbbQ 3_^V_b]U VeU `QcQ^T_ U\ dYU]`_ UcdU dY`_ TU
Qc_SYQSY_^UcVeUb_^]vcVbUSeU^dUci UcQcaeU\_cX_]RbUcRecSQb_^dbQRQZQb U^S_^Ze^d_
`QbQQ\SQ^jQb\Qc]UdQcaeU\QS_]e^YTQTXQRQ`b_`eUcd_cYU^T_}cdQ\Q`bY]UbQfUjaeUU\
cUb Xe]Q^_ cU _bWQ^YjQ TU\UWQ^T_ Ve^SY_^Uc Uc`USVYSQc Q SQTQ ]YU]Rb_ TU\ Wbe`_ _ S\Q^ i
UhYcdYU^T_Q\We^_c]YU]Rb_caeUcUU^SQbWQRQ^TUS__bTY^Qb\_cUcVeUbj_ci\_Wb_cTU\bUcd_
TU \Q S_]e^YTQT TQ^T_ _bYWU^ Q \_c `bY]Ub_c ce`UbfYc_bUc UcdQ cYdeQSY^ \Q S_]U^dQ
B_RRY^cSeQ^T_]U^SY_^QaeU
ORVHVIXHU]RVRUJDQL]DGRVTXHVRQVXSHUYLVDGRVSRUORVHQFDUJDGRV
GHSODQHDUORVRUJDQL]DUORVGLULJLUORV\FRQWURODUORVKDQH[LVWLGRSRUPLOHVGHDxRV
1\`Qc_TU\ dYU]`_ UcdQc cY^UbWYQc V_b]QTQc `_b U\ cUb Xe]Q^_ XQ^ cYT_ \\Q]QTQc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc
<Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc XQ^ RecSQT_ WU^UbQb RYU^Uc _ cUbfYSY_c aeU cQdYcVQWQ^ \Qc ^USUcYTQTUc
TU \_c Y^TYfYTe_c aeU V_b]Q^ `QbdU TU e^Q c_SYUTQT TUcTU \Qc ]vc RvcYSQc XQcdQ \Qc aeU
X_i TQ c_^ S_^cYTUbQTQc S_]_ fQ^Qc _ ce`UbV\eQc Uc ]vc cU fYfU U^ e^ ]e^T_ b_TUQT_ i
S_]`eUcd_ TU _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc
ODV QDFLRQHV PRGHUQDV XWLOL]DQ ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FRPR XQ
192 Stephen P. Robbins. Administración: teoría y práctica. Ed. Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana, S. A., México, 1987. p. 22.
LQVWUXPHQWRLPSRUWDQWHHQHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVVLVWHPDVSROtWLFRVHFRQyPLFRVVRFLDOHV\
PLOLWDUHV
D_TQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ RecSQ aeU \Q c_SYUTQT cUQ RU^UVYSYQTQ i Uc `_b Uc_ aeU d_TQ
_bWQ^YjQSY^ TURU cUb TYbYWYTQ S_^ UVYSQSYQ i UVYSYU^SYQ _ \_ aeU Uc \_ ]Yc]_ d_TQc \Qc
_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc
YLHQHQREOLJDGDVDFXPSOLUORVREMHWLYRVPDUFDGRVFRQXQHPSOHRFRUUHFWRGHORV
UHFXUVRVXWLOL]DGRV
@QbQ aeU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ Ve^SY_^U S_bbUSdQ]U^dU i \Q TYbUSSY^ TU \Q]Yc]Q U^ fUbTQT UZUbjQce Ve^SY^ U^ d_T_c\_c ^YfU\UcUc ^USUcQbY_ bUS_^_SUb cec
SQbQSdUbcdYSQc `QbQ `_TUb U^dU^TUb Q SQTQ e^Q TU U\\Qc i `_b S_^cYWeYU^dU RecSQb \Qc
d}S^YSQc QTUSeQTQc `QbQ TYbYWYb\Qc+ ^_ cU TURU RecSQb e^Q TYbUSSY^ YT}^dYSQ `QbQ `\Q^YVYSQb
\QUS_^_]QVQ]Y\YQbQ\QTYbUSSY^TUe^QU]`bUcQ^UW_SY__e^`QbdYT_`_\dYS_
D_TQc\Qc_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc_U]`bUcQcdYU^U^U\U]U^d_cS_]e^UcS_]_c_^*
• 6LVWHPDVSVLFRVRFLDOHVHVGHFLUIRUPDGRVSRUSHUVRQDVTXHWUDEDMDQHQJUXSRSRUXQ
REMHWLYRHQFRP~Q
• 6LVWHPDVWpFQLFRVSXHVWRTXHODVSHUVRQDVTXHWUDEDMDQHQHOODVXWLOL]DQFRQRFLPLHQWRV
\WpFQLFDV
• 8QD HVWUXFWXUD TXH FRRUGLQD WRGRV ORV HVIXHU]RV SDUD DOFDQ]DU ORV REMHWLYRV
SODQWHDGRV
4U`U^TYU^T_ TU \Qc ^_b]Qc bU\QSY_^Uc ZUbvbaeYSQc i \Q TYfYcY^ TU\ dbQRQZ_ TU SQTQ
_bWQ^YjQSY^ cU TURU RecSQb \Q V_b]Q ]vc QTUSeQTQ `QbQ TYbYWYb\Q i `QbQ _`UbQb\Q iQ aeU ^_
d_T_c \_c cUbUc Xe]Q^_c aeU V_b]Q^ `QbdU TU e^Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ \Q TYbYWU^ ^Y d_T_c \_c
Y^TYfYTe_c aeU dbQRQZQ^ U^ U\\Qc _`UbQ^ i cYWeU^ \Qc Y^cdbeSSY_^Uc TU \_c TYbUSdYf_c Uc TUSYb
\_c Y^TYfYTe_c aeU S_]`_^U^ d_TQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ cU `eUTU^ S\QcYVYSQb `bY^SY`Q\]U^dU U^ T_c
Wbe`_c* _`UbQdYf_c i TYbYWU^dUc _ QT]Y^YcdbQT_bUc+ TUVY^YU^T_ Q \_c _`UbQdYf_c S_]_*
WRGRV
DTXHOORV TXH WUDEDMDQ GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ FXDOTXLHU WUDEDMR R WDUHD \ TXH QR WLHQHQ OD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHVXSHUYLVDUODODERUGHRWURV
\DORVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVFRPRDTXHOORVTXH
GLULJHQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH RWURV
Uc TUSYb c_^ \_c U^SQbWQT_c TU QT]Y^YcdbQb \Qc_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc
193 Richard H., Hall. Organizaciones: estructura y proceso. Ed. Prentice Hall, Madrid, 1973
p. 3.
194 Enrique de Miguel Fernández, Introducción a la gestión (Management), Vol. 1. Ediciones Universidad Politécnica de Valencia / Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, 1998. p. 41.
195 Ibidem. p. 42.
196 Richard H. Hall. Op. Cit. p. 3.
197 Ibidem. p. 3.
1.2. Administración.
4UcTU cYU]`bU U\ cUb Xe]Q^_ XQ UcdQT_ S_^cSYU^dU TU aeU \Q _RdU^SY^ TU UVYSYU^SYQ
c\_ Uc `_cYR\U Q dbQf}c TU\ _bTU^Q]YU^d_ i S__bTY^QSY^ bQSY_^Q\ TU d_T_c \_c bUSebc_c aeU
V_b]Q^`QbdUTU\Wbe`_c_SYQ\+UcdQQSdYfYTQTcUTU^_]Y^Q*1T]Y^YcdbQSY^
3_^cYTUbQ^T_ aeU \Q 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ cebWU U^ `QbQ\U\_ Q \Q Q`QbYSY^ TU \Q Xe]Q^YTQT
cUTU^dQbYQ ^_ Ucdv ]ei RYU^ U^dU^TYTQ Q^ SeQ^T_ Uc ^USUcQbYQ T_^TU aeYUbQ aeU UhYcdU
e^QQSdYfYTQTXe]Q^Q_bWQ^YjQTQd_TQfQ^_cU U^dYU^TU U\cU^dYT_bUQ\ aeUdYU^UQcS_]_
cec Q`\YSQSY_^Uc 5c e^ XUSX_ UcdQR\USYT_ aeU d_TQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ Xe]Q^Q _ c_SYQ\ TURU cUb
QT]Y^YcdbQTQ\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^Uc^USUcQbYQ `QbQ\QcQSdYfYTQTUc\Q`b_TeSSY^TURYU^Uci
\Q `bUcdQSY^ TU cUbfYSY_c+ U^ \Qc U]`bUcQc `R\YSQc i `bYfQTQc+ U^ \_c Wbe`_c WbQ^TUc i
`UaeU _c TU XUSX_ \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ Uc ^USUcQbYQ T_^TUaeYUbQ aeU \Q WU^dU dbQRQZU Ze^dQ
`QbQ dbQdQb TU Q\SQ^jQb e^Q ]UdQ S_]^
<Qc Ve^SY_^Uc TU \Q 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ c_^
RvcYSQ]U^dU \Qc ]Yc]Qc `QbQ SeQ\aeYUb S\QcU TU _bWQ^YjQSY^+ Q^ SeQ^T_ `eUTU^ Q`\YSQbcU
U^V_b]QcTYVUbU^dUc`_b\_cTYcdY^d_cWUbU^dUc\QcVe^SY_^UccYWeU^cYU^T_\Qc]Yc]Qc
<Q 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ Uc e^Q ]QdUbYQ Y^dUbUcQ^dU `_baeU cU bUVYUbU Q\ UcdQR\USY]YU^d_
RcaeUTQ i \_Wb_ TU _RZUdYf_c UcdQR\USYT_c `_b e^Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ D_T_c \_c cUbUc Xe]Q^_c
c_^ QT]Y^YcdbQT_bUc TU cec `b_`YQc fYTQc i \Q `bvSdYSQ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ cU U^SeU^dbQ
U^ SQTQ e^Q TU \Qc VQSUdQc TU \Q QSdYfYTQT Xe]Q^Q* VQ]Y\YQc UcSeU\Qc ^UW_SY_c YW\UcYQc
W_RYUb^_cY^TYSQd_cVeUbjQcQb]QTQcUdS
5^ d_T_ dY`_ TU _bWQ^YjQSY^ Xe]Q^Q UhYcdU Q\We^Q V_b]Q TU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ d_T_c
\_c cUbUc Xe]Q^_c c_^ QVUSdQT_c `_b \Qc ReU^Qc _ ]Q\Qc `bvSdYSQc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc i U^
S_^cUSeU^SYQ cU TURU Q`bU^TUb Q bUS_^_SUb i Q Y^V\eYb U^ \Q SQ\YTQT TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ aeU
QVUSdQcecfYTQc
<Q `Q\QRbQ 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ dYU^U fQbY_c cU^dYT_c U^ \Q \U^WeQ Uc`Q _\Q 4UbYfQ TU\
\Qd^ ²1T]Y^YcdbQdY_^Yc³ aeU Uh`bUcQ QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ W_RYUb^_ ]Q^UZ_ i TYbUSSY^
²1T]Y^YcdbQdY_³ Uc e^ cecdQ^dYf_ fUbRQ\ TU\ fUbR_ ²QT]Y^Ycdb_QbU³ aeU cYW^YVYSQRQ ²QieTQb _
cUbfYb³ 5^ Uc`Q _\ Uc f_j Se\dQ Y^db_TeSYTQ U^ U\ cYW\_ H9F d_]QTQ TU\ d}b]Y^_ \QdY^_+ U\
cYW^YVYSQT_ Y^YSYQ\ TU QT]Y^YcdbQT_b UbQ
DTXHOTXHFXLGDEDORVELHQHVGHXQSURSLHWDULRDTXLHQ
GDEDFXHQWDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRV
3_^V_b]U\QS_]`\UZYTQTTU\Qc_bWQ^YjQSY_^UcVeUQe]U^dQ^T_ U\ cYW^YVYSQT_ TU \Q `Q\QRbQ QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ dQ]RY}^ VeU SQ]RYQ^T_ `QbQ
QTQ`dQbcU Q \Qc ^USUcYTQTUc TU \Qc ]Yc]Qc TU`U^TYU^T_ \Q Y^dUb`bUdQSY^ TU UcdU
cYW^YVYSQT_dQ]RY}^TU\QUcSeU\QTU`U^cQ]YU^d_QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_
5hYcdU^ ^e]Ub_cQc TUVY^YSY_^Uc TU 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ aeYjv \Q ]vc `_`e\Qb aeU cU SYdQ
S_^ VbUSeU^SYQ Uc \_WbQb aeU cU XQWQ^ \Qc S_cQc ]UTYQ^dU _dbQc `Ubc_^Qc i Q\ YWeQ\ aeU
198 Megginson / Mosley / Pietri. Administración: conceptos y aplicaciones. Ed. Compañía Editorial Continental, S. A. de C. V.
“CECSA”, México, 1988. p. 30.
199 E. J. Couture. Vocabulario jurídico. Editorial Porrúa, México, 1976. p. 24.
d_TQc \Qc TUVY^YSY_^Uc aeU `eUTQ^ TQb \_c dUbYS_c dYU^U e^ WbQ^ ]}bYd_ i cU Q\Q^ Qc`USd_c
Y]`_bdQ^dUcTU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^
@QbQ U\ `b_`cYd_ TU UcdU dbQRQZ_ cU edY\YjQbv \Q TUVY^YSY^ XUSXQ `_b ;__^dj i
GUYXbYSXU^ce\YRb_²5\U]U^d_cTU1T]Y^YcdbQSY^³*
´/D$GPLQLVWUDFLyQHVHOSURFHVRGHGLVHxDU\PDQWHQHUXQDPELHQWHHQHOFXDOODV SHUVRQDVWUDEDMDQGRMXQWDVHQJUXSRVDOFDQ]DQFRQHILFLHQFLDPHWDVVHOHFFLRQDGDVµ
CU cU\USSY_^Q UcdQ TUVY^YSY^ iQ aeU S_]_ Uh`\YSQ^ \_c Qed_bUc \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ cU
Q`\YSQ Q SeQ\aeYUb _bWQ^YjQSY^ RecSQ \Q `b_TeSdYfYTQT ±Y]`\YSQ^T_ UVYSYU^SYQ i UVYSQSYQ± i
SeQ\aeYUb WUbU^dU _ `Ubc_^Q aeU UZUbjQ \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ bUQ\YjQ \Qc Ve^SY_^Uc WUbU^SYQ\Uc
UcdQc Ve^SY_^Uc Q \Qc aeU cU XQSU bUVUbU^SYQ c_^ \Qc SeQdb_ Ve^SY_^Uc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc aeU
`Ub]YdYbv^Q\SQ^jQb\_c_RZUdYf_c*`\Q^UQSY^_bWQ^YjQSY^UZUSeSY^iS_^db_\6YWebQ!!
@b_SUc_TU1T]Y^YcdbQSY^
6YWebQ!!
Fuente: Terry / Franklin. Principios de Administración. Ed. CECSA, México, 1987. p. 22.
?RcUbfQ^T_ \Q VYWebQ ! cU `eUTU U^VQdYjQb aeU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ Uc e^Q QSdYfYTQT aeU
S_^fYUbdU Q \_c bUSebc_c Xe]Q^_c i VcYS_c TUc_bWQ^YjQT_c U^ bUce\dQT_c dY\Uc i UVUSdYf_c
200 Koontz / Weihrich. Elementos de Administración, 5ª. ed. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana, México, 1991. p. 4.
RECURSOS BÁSICOS FUNCIONES FUNDAMENTALES OBJETIVOS DECLARADOS
Hombres y mujeres Materiales
Máquinas Métodos Dinero Mercados
Planeación Ejecución
Organización Control
<Q1T]Y^YcdbQSY^XQSUaeU\_cUcVeUbj_cXe]Q^_ccUQ^]vc`b_TeSdYf_cQ`_bdQQ^eUcdbQ
c_SYUTQT ]UZ_b UaeY`_ `\Q^dQc _VYSY^Qc `b_TeSd_c cUbfYSY_c i bU\QSY_^Uc Xe]Q^Qc <Q
1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ \\UfQ Q\ _bTU^ Q \_c UcVeUbj_c S_]RY^Q^T_ \_c ceSUc_c QYc\QT_c i \Q
Y^V_b]QSY^ TUcQbdYSe\QTQ U^ bU\QSY_^Uc cYW^YVYSQdYfQc \Qc SeQ\Uc _`UbQ^ TUc`e}c `QbQ
c_\eSY_^Qb`b_R\U]QciQ\SQ^jQb\_c_RZUdYf_c
4URYT_ Q \Q S_]`\UZYTQT TU \Qc _`UbQSY_^Uc aeU bUQ\YjQ^ \Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc }cdQc
^USUcYdQ^cUbQT]Y^YcdbQTQcUcdU`b_SUc_bUaeYUbUe^S_^Ze^d_TU`Ubc_^QcTYcdbYReYTQcU^
TYfUbc_c ^YfU\Uc ZUbvbaeYS_c aeU cU _Se`Q^ TU TYVUbU^dUc Qce^d_c <Q 1T]Y^YcdbQSY^ Uc \Q
S_^TeSSY^ bQSY_^Q\ TU \Qc QSdYfYTQTUc TU e^Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ S_^ _ cY^ v^Y]_ TU \eSb_+ `_b
dQ^d_\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^UcY]`bUcSY^TYR\U`QbQ\QUhYcdU^SYQ\Qce`UbfYfU^SYQiU\}hYd_TU\Qc
_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc cY^ U\\Q \Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc ZQ]vc U^S_^dbQbQ^ S_^TYSY_^Uc `QbQ UhYcdYb i
SbUSUb
>_UhYcdU^T_c_bWQ^YjQSY_^UcYWeQ\UcQcS_]_^_UhYcdU^T_c`Ubc_^QcYT}^dYSQcSQTQe^Q
dYU^U cec _RZUdYf_c ce SQ]`_ TU QSdYfYTQT cec TYbUSdYf_c i ce `Ubc_^Q\ cec `b_R\U]Qc Y^dUb^_c i
UhdUb^_cce]UbSQT_cecYdeQSY^VY^Q^SYUbQUdS
5^ SQTQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ U\ QT]Y^YcdbQT_b c_\eSY_^Q `b_R\U]Qc TY]U^cY_^Q bUSebc_c `\Q^UQ ce
Q`\YSQSY^TUcQbb_\\QUcdbQdUWYQcTYQW^_cdYSQcYdeQSY_^UcUdS5^SeQ\aeYUb_bWQ^YjQSY^U\dbQRQZ_
TU\ QT]Y^YcdbQT_b cUQ e^ ce`UbfYc_b TU `bY]UbQ \^UQ _ U\ TYbYWU^dU ]vhY]_ TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ Uc
UcU^SYQ\]U^dU U\ ]Yc]_+ Y^TU`U^TYU^dU]U^dU TU \Q `_cYSY^ _ U\ ^YfU\ aeU _Se`U U\ QT]Y^YcdbQT_b
SeQ^T_ }cdU TURU bUc`_^TUb `_b \Q `QbdYSY`QSY^ TU \_c ceR_bTY^QT_c iQ aeU c\_ `eUTU Q\SQ^jQb
bUce\dQT_cQdbQf}cTU\QUVUSdYfQS__`UbQSY^TU}cd_c
D_TQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ cUQ Y^TecdbYQ\ _ TU SeQ\aeYUb dY`_ TU cUbfYSY_ ^USUcYdQ cUb QT]Y^YcdbQTQ
TU ]_T_ QTUSeQT_ `QbQ Q\SQ^jQb cec _RZUdYf_c S_^ ]Qi_b UVYSYU^SYQ i US_^_]Q TU QSSY^ i TU
bUSebc_c 4URYT_ Q cec \Y]YdQSY_^Uc VcYSQc RY_\WYSQc i `caeYSQc U\ X_]RbU ^USUcYdQ S__`UbQb S_^
_db_c X_]RbUc `QbQ Q\SQ^jQb _RZUdYf_c U^ S_^Ze^d_+ SeQ\UcaeYUbQ cUQ^ Ucd_c _RZUdYf_c
U]`bUcQbYQ\UcS_]UbSYQ\Uc]Y\YdQbUcbU\YWY_c_cUTeSQdYf_c\QS__bTY^QSY^TU\UcVeUbj_Xe]Q^_Uc
e^Qce^d_UcU^SYQ\]U^dUQT]Y^YcdbQdYf_
3eQ^T_ cU bUaeYUbQ \Q S__`UbQSY^ _bWQ^YjQTQ i V_b]Q\ TU \_c Y^TYfYTe_c `QbQ Q\SQ^jQb e^_ _
]vc _RZUdYf_c S_]e^Uc U\ S_]`_^U^dU RvcYS_ i Ve^TQ]U^dQ\ TU UcQ Qc_SYQSY^ Uc \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^
±\QVe^SY^TU\_WbQbaeU\Qc`Ubc_^QcbUQ\YSU^]eiRYU^\QcQSdYfYTQTUcS_^`dY]_cbUce\dQT_c±
D_TQ _bWQ^YjQSY^ _ U]`bUcQ ^USUcYdQ aeU \_c QT]Y^YcdbQT_bUc bUQ\YSU^ ^e]Ub_cQc
QSdYfYTQTUc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc _bYU^dQTQc XQSYQ vbUQc _ `b_R\U]Qc Uc`USVYS_c+ TU QX U\ SQbvSdUb
U]Y^U^dU]U^dUe^YfUbcQ\TU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^*SQTQU]`bUcQ^USUcYdQ^_c\_e^QT]Y^YcdbQT_bcY^_
e^ UaeY`_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQT_bUc U^ \_c TYVUbU^dUc ^YfU\Uc vbUQc i Ve^SY_^Uc `QbQ cQSQb QTU\Q^dU \Qc
TYfUbcQc Uc`USYQ\YTQTUc TU^db_ TU e^ S_^Ze^d_ Y^dUWbQT_ i Qb]_^Y_c_ TU QSdYfYTQTUc _bYU^dQTQc Q
Q\SQ^jQb\_c_RZUdYf_cTU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^
<Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ ^_ Uc e^ VY^ U^ c ]Yc]Q `Ub_ c e^ ]UTY_ `QbQ \_WbQb aeU \Qc S_cQc cU
bUQ\YSU^TU\Q]UZ_b]Q^UbQ`_cYR\UQ\]U^_bS_cd_iS_^\Q]Qi_bUVYSYU^SYQiUVYSQSYQ
<Qc Ve^SY_^Uc TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ ±UcU^SYQ\]U^dU± c_^ \Qc ]Yc]Qc U^ d_T_c
\QT_c U^ d_TQc \Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc i U^ SeQ\aeYUb }`_SQ Uc `_b Uc_ aeU cU TYSU aeU \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^Uce^YfUbcQ\<QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^Uce^YfUbcQ\`_baeU
XVDXQFXHUSRVLVWHPiWLFR
GHFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHLQFOX\HQOH\HVSULQFLSLRV\FRQFHSWRVTXHWLHQGHQDVHUYHUtGLFRVHQWRGDV
ODVVLWXDFLRQHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDV
D_T_c Ucd_c S_^_SY]YU^d_c `eUTU^ Q`\YSQbcU Q d_T_c \_cUcVeUbj_cXe]Q^_c_bWQ^YjQT_ciQcUdbQdUTU^UW_SY_cW_RYUb^_UTeSQdYf_cUdS
<Q c_SYUTQT QSdeQ\ Ucdv S_^cdYdeYTQ `_b _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc ±Ve^TQ]U^dQ\]U^dU± Uc
`_bUc_aeU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^QieTQQ]UZ_bQb\QSQ\YTQTTUfYTQQ\`b_`_^UbfQc]vcdY\Uc
`QbQ \\UWQb Q \Qc ]UdQc `\Q^dUQTQc dQ^d_ `Ubc_^Q\]U^dU S_]_ \Qc Y]`eUcdQc `_b \Qc
_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc Q \Qc aeU cU `UbdU^USU+ TU \Q ]Yc]Q V_b]Q \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ QieTQ Q \Qc
WbQ^TUc_bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc9W\UcYQUZ}bSYd_cUSbUdQbQcUdSQU^S_^dbQb]UZ_bUcc_\eSY_^UcQ
\_cTYVUbU^dUc`b_R\U]QcS_dYTYQ^_c
<Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ `_cUU SYUbdQc SQbQSdUbcdYSQc Y^XUbU^dUc aeU \Q TYVUbU^SYQ^ TU
_dbQcTYcSY`\Y^Qc*
D 8QLYHUVDOLGDGH[LVWHHQFXDOTXLHUJUXSRVRFLDO\HVVXVFHSWLEOHGHDSOLFDUVHORPLVPRHQ
XQDHPSUHVDLQGXVWULDOTXHHQHOHMpUFLWRRHQXQHYHQWRGHSRUWLYR
E 9DORU,QVWUXPHQWDOGDGRTXHVXILQDOLGDGHVHPLQHQWHPHQWHSUiFWLFDODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ
UHVXOWDVHUXQPHGLRSDUDORJUDUXQILQ\QRXQILQHQVtPLVPDHVWRHVEXVFDREWHQHU
GHWHUPLQDGRVUHVXOWDGRV
F 8QLGDG7HPSRUDODXQTXHSDUDILQHVGLGiFWLFRVVHGLVWLQJDQGLYHUVDVIDVHV\HWDSDVHQHO
SURFHVRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHVWRQRVLJQLILFDTXHH[LVWDQDLVODGDPHQWH/DDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHV
XQSURFHVRGLQiPLFRHQHOTXHWRGDVVXVSDUWHVH[LVWHQVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH
T
$PSOLWXGGH(MHUFLFLRVHDSOLFDHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVRVXEVLVWHPDVGHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQ
IRUPDO
H (VSHFLILFLGDG DXQTXH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ VH DX[LOLH GH RWUDV FLHQFLDV \ WpFQLFDV WLHQH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV TXH OH SURSRUFLRQDQ VX FDUiFWHU HVSHFtILFR HV GHFLU QR SXHGH
FRQIXQGLUVHFRQRWUDVGLVFLSOLQDVDILQHV
I ,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDG OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ HV DItQ D WRGDV DTXHOODV FLHQFLDV \ WpFQLFDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODHILFLHQFLDHQHOWUDEDMR
J )OH[LELOLGDG/RVSULQFLSLRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVVHDGDSWDQDODVQHFHVLGDGHVSURSLDVGHFDGD
JUXSRVRFLDOHQGRQGHVHDSOLFDQ/DULJLGH]HQODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHVLQRSHUDQWH
3_^ Ucd_ cU `eUTU QVYb]Qb aeU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ `_b cec SQbQSdUbcdYSQcUc TU WbQ^
dbQcSU^TU^SYQ U^ \Q fYTQ TU\ X_]RbU+ S_]_ cU Uh`ec_ \Q e^YfUbcQ\YTQT TU \Q ]Yc]Q Uc
Y]`bUcSY^TYR\U `QbQ U\ QTUSeQT_ Ve^SY_^Q]YU^d_ TU SeQ\aeYUb _bWQ^Yc]_ c_SYQ\ Qe^aeU
\WYSQ]U^dUcUQ]vc^USUcQbYQU^\_cWbe`_c]vcWbQ^TUc
5\ QSd_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQb cY]`\YVYSQ U\ dbQRQZ_ Q\ UcdQR\USUb `bY^SY`Y_c ]}d_T_c i
`b_SUTY]YU^d_c `QbQ \_WbQb ]Qi_b bQ`YTUj i UVUSdYfYTQT <Q `b_TeSdYfYTQT i UVYSYU^SYQ TU SeQ\aeYUb
201 Megginson / Mosley / Pietri. Op. Cit. p. 31.
202 Ibidem. pp. 30-44.
U]`bUcQ Ucdv^ U^ bU\QSY^ TYbUSdQ S_^ \Q Q`\YSQSY^ TU e^Q ReU^Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ 1 dbQf}c TU cec
`bY^SY`Y_cS_^dbYReiUQ\RYU^UcdQbTU\QS_]e^YTQTiQaeU`b_`_bSY_^Q\Y^UQ]YU^d_c`QbQ_`dY]YjQbU\
Q`b_fUSXQ]YU^d_TU\_cbUSebc_c`QbQ]UZ_bQb\QcbU\QSY_^UcXe]Q^QciWU^UbQbU]`\U_c
5cfUbTQTaeU\_c`bY^SY`Y_cQT]Y^YcdbQdYf_caeUQX_bQcUS_^_SU^^_c_^\_c]Yc]_c
aeUcUQ`\YSQRQ^SeQ^T_cebWY\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^Ucd_c`bY^SY`Y_cXQ^YT_Uf_\eSY_^Q^T_iQ\
]Yc]_ dYU]`_ U^bYaeUSY}^T_cU S_^ \Qc TYfUbcQc UcSeU\Qc i dU_bQc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc aeU Q\
`Qc_ TU \_c Q _c XQ^ cebWYT_ `QbQ dbQdQb TU UVYSYU^dQb U\ `b_SUc_ TU QT]Y^YcdbQb `Ub_
c_RbUd_T_U\TUcU]`U _TU\_cBUSebc_c8e]Q^_cTUSeQ\aeYUb_bWQ^YjQSY^
1.3. Antecedentes históricos y escuelas de la Administración.
<Q `bvSdYSQ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ XQ UhYcdYT_ TUcTU \_c dYU]`_c ]vc bU]_d_c+ \_c
bU\Qd_c ZeTU_SbYcdYQ^_c TU >_} 1RbQXQ] i cec TUcSU^TYU^dUc Y^TYSQ^ U\ ]Q^UZ_ TU
WbQ^TUc ^]Ub_c TU `Ubc_^Qc i bUSebc_c `QbQ Q\SQ^jQb e^Q fQbYUTQT TU _RZUdYf_c TUcTU \Q
S_^cdbeSSY^ TU QbSQc XQcdQ W_RUb^Qb SYeTQTUc i WQ^Qb WeUbbQc
!
=eSX_c dUhd_c
QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_cSYdQ^Q:Udb_U\ceUWb_TU=_Yc}cS_]_U\`bY]UbS_^ce\d_bQT]Y^YcdbQdYf_
}\ U^cU Q =_Yc}c \_c S_^SU`d_c TU \Q TU\UWQSY^ \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ `_b UhSU`SY^ i U\
Q\SQ^SUTU\S_^db_\
#"
<Qc `bY]UbQc Q`_bdQSY_^Uc Q\ `U^cQ]YU^d_ c_RbU QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ bUWYcdbQTQc
T_Se]U^dQ\]U^dU cU bU]_^dQ^ Q \_c Q^dYWe_c UWY`SY_c UhdU^TY}^T_cU XQcdQ !# 13 \Qc
Y^dUb`bUdQSY_^Uc TU \_c `bY]Ub_c `Q`Yb_c UWY`SY_c ]eUcdbQ^ \Q Y]`_bdQ^SYQ TU \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ i \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ U^ \Q Q^dYWUTQT 5hYcdU^ bUWYcdb_c S_]`QbQR\Uc TU \Q
Q^dYWeQ 3XY^Q U^ \_c aeU \Qc `QbvR_\Qc TU 3_^VeSY_ S_^dYU^U^ ceWUbU^SYQc Q`b_`YQTQc `QbQ
\Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ `R\YSQ @_cdUbY_b]U^dU \Qc Q^dYWeQc SYfY\YjQSY_^Uc TU =Uc_`_dQ]YQ
7bUSYQiB_]Q]_cdbQb_^\_cbUce\dQT_c]QbQfY\\_c_cTUe^QReU^Q`bvSdYSQQT]Y^YcdbQdYfQ
U^ \Q S_^TeSSY^ TU \_c Qce^d_c `_\dYS_c U^ \Q S_^cdbeSSY^ TU SQ]Y^_c i UcdbeSdebQc
]QcYfQciU\TUcQbb_\\_TUcYcdU]QcU\QR_bQT_cTUS_^dQRY\YTQT
<Q SYfY\YjQSY^ _SSYTU^dQ\ XQ cYT_ QVUSdQTQ `_b \Q YW\UcYQ SQd\YSQ i `_b \Q YW\UcYQ
`b_dUcdQ^dU aeU XQ^ TUcQbb_\\QT_ UcdbeSdebQc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Q\Uc ]e^TYQ\Uc edY\YjQ^T_ \_c
S_^SU`d_c QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_c 3_^ U\ QTfU^Y]YU^d_ TU\ SbYcdYQ^Yc]_ \Q YW\UcYQ SQd\YSQ cU
S_^fYbdY U^ \Q cYWeYU^dU VeUbjQ Y]`_bdQ^dU U^ \Q UcdbeSdebQSY^ TU\ `U^cQ]YU^d_
QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_+ }cdQ Uc \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ V_b]Q\ ]vc UVYSQj TU \Q XYcd_bYQ TU \Q SYfY\YjQSY^
_SSYTU^dQ\
!
<Q SbUQSY^ TU \Q ZUbQbaeQ TU Qed_bYTQT U\ `b_SUc_ TU `b_]_SY^ TUcTU
QTU^db_ U\ UcdeTY_ TU `b_R\U]Qc `_b S_]YcY_^Uc \Q Uc`USYQ\YjQSY^ TU QSdYfYTQTUc TU
QSeUbT_ S_^ \^UQc Ve^SY_^Q\Uc i \Q edY\YjQSY^ TU S_^cUZ_ TU\ `Ubc_^Q\ QcUc_b c_^ `bvSdYSQc
QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc S_]e^Uc aeU U^ \Q QSdeQ\YTQT U]`\UQ^ \Qc U]`bUcQc+ Uc TYVSY\ SbUUb aeU Uc
203 Biblia de Jerusalén, “Génesis 1-37”. Desclé de Brouwer, España, 1984.
204 Ibidem. “Éxodo, 18, 13-27”.
205 Stephen P. Robbins. Op. Cit.. p. 23.
XQcdQ UcdU cYW\_ aeU \Qc U]`bUcQc S_]U^jQb_^ Q U]`\UQb UcdQc ²Y^^_fQSY_^Uc³
QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc
1TU]vcTU\Q9W\UcYQ\Q]Y\YSYQXQTUcU]`U QT_e^Y]`_bdQ^dU`Q`U\U^\QU\QR_bQSY^
TU `bY^SY`Y_c QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_c \Q XYcd_bYQ Ucdv \\U^Q TU TYbYWU^dUc ]Y\YdQbUc aeU S_]e^YSQb_^
cec`\Q^Uci_RZUdYf_cQcecceR_bTY^QT_c+Qc]Yc]_\_c]Y\YdQbUcXQ^cYT_Y^cdbe]U^d_cU^
\Q `bvSdYSQ TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ \Y^UQ\ i U^ \Q edY\YjQSY^ TU Ve^SY_^Uc TU QcUc_bQ 1\We^Qc TU
\Qc SQbQSdUbcdYSQc aeUcU U^SeU^dbQ^ Uc aeU ^QSU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ \Y^UQ\U^ U\ UZ}bSYd_ cU TQ
U\`bY^SY`Y_TUe^YTQTTU ]Q^T_+UhYcdUZUbQbaeQTUQed_bYTQT+XQiSU^dbQ\YjQSY^UcTUSYbU\
aeU_Se`QU\^YfU\]vcQ\d_UcU\aeUfQQd_]Qb\QcTUSYcY_^Uc+TUcSU^dbQ\YjQSY^iTYbUSSY^
UcTUSYbaeUSQTQaeYU^cQRU\_aeUfQQXQSUb
1.3.1. Personajes que influenciaron el concepto de Administración.
1 dbQf}c TU \Q XYcd_bYQ TU \Q Xe]Q^YTQT i TU`U^TYU^T_ TU\ S_^dUhd_ aeU cU fYfQ U^
SQTQ cYW\_ UhYcdYUb_^ e^Q cUbYU TU S_bbYU^dUc VY\_cVYSQc Qc S_]_ TU `U^cQT_bUc aeU
UhdUb^Qb_^ cec bUV\UhY_^Uc Y^V\eU^SYQ^T_ U\ `U^cQ]YU^d_ i \Q V_b]Q TU dbQRQZ_ TU ]eSX_c
_RbUb_ci`Qdb_^UcU^TYfUbc_ccUSd_bUcTU\QcY^TecdbYQc5^UcdUQ`QbdQT_cU]U^SY_^Qbv
c\_ Q \_c aeU cU S_^cYTUbQ TUZQb_^ e^Q `QedQ `QbQ Y]YdQb i aeU SQ]RYQb_^ ±U^ Q\We^Q
V_b]Q±U\TUcQbb_\\_TU\`U^cQ]YU^d_QT]Y^YcdbQdYf_S_^bUc`USd_Q\_cBUSebc_c8e]Q^_c
1.3.1.1. Adam Smith. (1723 - 1790). 206
CU S_^_SU `_b cec S_^dbYReSY_^Uc Q \Q T_SdbY^Q TU \Q US_^_]Q S\vcYSQ `Ub_ ce Q^v\YcYc U^ U\
\YRb_
´/D5LTXH]DGHODV1DFLRQHVµ
aeU cU `eR\YS U^ !''& Y^S\eQ e^ QbWe]U^d_ c_RbU \Qc fU^dQZQcUS_^]YSQc aeU \Qc _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc i \Q c_SYUTQT `_TbQ^ _RdU^Ub TU \Q TYfYcY^ TU\ dbQRQZ_ C]YdX
S_^S\ei aeU
ODGLYLVLyQGHOWUDEDMRLQFUHPHQWDEDODSURGXFWLYLGDGDODXPHQWDUODKDELOLGDG\GHVWUH]D
GHFDGDWUDEDMDGRUDKRUUDQGRWLHPSRTXHVHSLHUGHHQHOFDPELRGHWDUHDV\DWUDYpVGHLQYHQWRVTXH
DKRUUDQ WUDEDMR \ PDTXLQDULD
$%& <Q Q]`\YQ `_`e\QbYTQT QSdeQ\ TU \Q Uc`USYQ\YjQSY^ TU\ dbQRQZ_dQ^d_ U^ `eUcd_c TU cUbfYSY_ S_]_U^ \Q U^cU Q^jQ i U^ \Q ]UTYSY^Q S_]_U^ \Qc \^UQc TU U^cQ]R\U
U^ \Qc `\Q^dQc TU Qed_]fY\Uc cU TURU cY^ \eWQb Q TeTQ Q \Qc fU^dQZQc aeU SYdQbQ XQSU ]vc TU "
Q _c1TQ]C]YdX
5^ ce \YRb_ ²<Q bYaeUjQc TU \Qc >QSY_^Uc³ Q`QbUSU \Q T_SdbY^Q TU\ <QYccUj6QYbU TUZQb XQSUb
TUZQb`QcQbaeUcYbfYTURQcUVY\_cVYSQQ\QbUf_\eSY^Y^TecdbYQ\iaeUXQdU^YT_ceQ`\YSQSY^U^\Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^iU^\QUS_^_]Q5^UcdQ]Yc]Q_RbQC]YdXbUcQ\dQaeU`QbQaeU\QUc`USYQ\YjQSY^
TU\dbQRQZ_cU\_WbUUc^USUcQbY_`_^Ub}^VQcYcU^\QUTeSQSY^aeU\_cdbQRQZQT_bUcTURU^bUSYRYbiQ
aeU Qe^aeU
ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVKRPEUHVVHSHUIHFFLRQDQQHFHVDULDPHQWHFRQHO
HMHUFLFLRGHVXVPLVPRVHPSOHRV
']U^SY_^Q aeU Uc ^USUcQbY_ aeU ^_ Y]`_bdQ^T_ aeU dQ^ Xe]Y\TUc206 Adam Smith. La Riqueza de las Naciones. Ed. IPN; México, 1996. pp. 366-397.
207 Ibidem. p. 390.
208 Ibidem. p. 391.
cUQ^cec\QR_bUcTURU^
DGTXLULUODGHVWUH]DGHVXRILFLRSHFXOLDUDH[SHQVDVGHVXVSRWHQFLDVLQWHOHFWXDOHV
FLYLOHV\PDUFLDOHV
()#*
1.3.1.2. Frederick Winslow Taylor. (1856 - 1915). 210
@_b \_ WU^UbQ\ cU bUS_^_SU Q DQi\_b S_]_ ²U\ `QTbU TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ SYU^dVYSQ³+
cec Uh`UbYU^SYQc S_]_ Q`bU^TYj S_]_ _RbUb_ S_]^ SQ`QdQj ]QUcdb_ ]USv^YS_ i \eUW_
Y^WU^YUb_ U^ ZUVU TU e^Q S_]`Q Q QSUbUbQ \U TYUb_^ e^Q Q]`\YQ _`_bde^YTQT `QbQ S_^_SUb TU
`bY]UbQ]Q^_\_c`b_R\U]Qci\QcQSdYdeTUcTU\_cdbQRQZQT_bUciQ\]Yc]_dYU]`__RcUbfQb
\QcWbQ^TUc`_cYRY\YTQTUc`QbQ]UZ_bQb\QSQ\YTQTTU\QQT]Y^YcdbQSY^
DQi\_b `eR\YSQ U^ !)!!
´3ULQFLSOHVRI6FLHQWLILF0DQDJHPHQWµ
U^ T_^TU Ve^TQ]U^dQ \Q1T]Y^YcdbQSY^3YU^dVYSQU^e^Wbe`_TU_R\YWQSY_^UcQWbe`QTQcU^SeQdb_SQdUW_bQc*
&UHDQXQDFLHQFLDSDUDFDGDHOHPHQWRGHWUDEDMRGHOREUHURFLHQFLDTXHYLHQHD
VXVWLWXLUHOVLVWHPDHPStULFR
(VFRJHQ FLHQWtILFDPHQWH \ OXHJR DGLHVWUDQ HQVHxDQ \ IRUPDQ DO WUDEDMDGRU
PLHQWUDVTXHHQHOSDVDGRHVWHVHHVFRJtDVXSURSLRWUDEDMR\VHDGLHVWUDEDOR
PHMRUTXHSRGtD
&RODERUDQ FRUGLDOPHQWH FRQ ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV SDUD DVHJXUDUVH GH TXH WRGR HO
WUDEDMRVHKDUiGHDFXHUGRFRQORVSULQFLSLRVGHODFLHQFLDTXHVHKDLGRFUHDQGR
+D\ XQD GLYLVLyQ FDVL SRU LJXDO GHO WUDEDMR \ GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HQWUH OD
GLUHFFLyQ\ORVWUDEDMDGRUHV/RVHOHPHQWRVGHODGLUHFFLyQWRPDQSDUDVtWRGRHO
WUDEDMRSDUDHOTXHHVWiQPHMRUGRWDGRVTXHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVPLHQWUDVTXHHQHO
SDVDGRFDVLWRGRHOWUDEDMR\ODPD\RUSDUWHGHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGVHFDUJDEDQ
VREUHORVKRPEURVGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHV
<_c Qed_bUc 1\UZQ^Tb_ B_TQc i =QbQ 1bb_i_ cY^dUdYjQ^ Ucd_c `bY^SY`Y_c `QbQ ce ]UZ_b
S_]`bU^cY^*
3ULQFLSLRGHSODQHDFLyQ6XVWLWXLUHQHOWUDEDMDGRUODLPSURYLVDFLyQ
3ULQFLSLR GH SUHSDUDFLyQ 3UHSDUDU D ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV \ HQWUHQDUORV SDUD TXH
SURGX]FDQPHMRU
3ULQFLSLR GH FRQWURO &RQWURODU HO WUDEDMR SDUD FHUFLRUDUVH GH TXH HVWi VLHQGR
HMHFXWDGR
3ULQFLSLRGHHMHFXFLyQ'LVWULEXLUODVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVGHOWUDEDMR
(+(
CU _RcUbfQbv aeUUcd_c `bUSU`d_c ^_ cUU^SeU^dbQ^ ]ei Q\UZQT_cTU \Qc SbUU^SYQc
Ve^TQ]U^dQ\Uc TU \_ aeU XQSU U\ ]_TUb^_ QT]Y^YcdbQT_b Uc SYUbd_ aeU Q\We^Qc TU \Qc d}S^YSQc TU
209 Ibidem. p. 391.
210 Frederick W. Taylor. Principios de la Administración Científica. Ed. Herrero hermanos, S. A., México, 1965.
211 Ibidem. p. 41.
212 Alejandro R. Rodas y María F. Arroyo de Rodas. Administración Básica, 3ª ed. Ed. LIMUSA S. A. de C. V., México, 2005. p. 54.
DQi\_b i cec S_\UWQc i cUWeYT_bUc cU TUcQbb_\\Qb_^ S_^ U\ VY^ TU `_^Ub U^ `bvSdYSQ ce VY\_c_VQ i
`bY^SY`Y_caeUdYU^U^SYUbd_cQc`USd_c]USQ^YSYcdQc`Ub_dQ]RY}^UcSYUbd_aeUUcd_`b_`YSYaeUcU
fYUbQ Q\ cUb Xe]Q^_ S_]_ e^ U\U]U^d_ ]vc U^ U\ `b_SUc_ TU `b_TeSSY^ i S_]_ dQ\ UbQ `_cYR\U
RecSQb ce Uc`USYQ\YjQSY^ DQi\_b cU `bU_Se` aeU U^ce dU_bQ cU RecSQbQ \Q `bU`QbQSY^ QTUSeQTQ
TU SQTQ dbQRQZQT_b S_^ \Q VY^Q\YTQT TU aeU
FDGDWUDEDMDGRUVHDVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHDGLHVWUDGRSDUDTXH
DOFDQFH VX JUDGRPiV HOHYDGR GH HILFLHQFLD
,- i aeU Q\ ]Yc]_ dYU]`_ TUZQbQ TU `bU_Se`QbcU `_b e^Y^SbU]U^d_ U^ U\ cQ\QbY_ `QbQ bUQ\]U^dU `bU_Se`QbcU `_b
PDQWHQHU XQD DFWLWXG PHQWDO DPLVWRVD
UHVSHFWRDVXVSDWURQRV\DWRGDVVXVFRQGLFLRQHVGHWUDEDMR
,.RecSQ^T_\QQb]_^QcY^`bU_Se`QbcU`_bU\RYU^UcdQbUS_^]YS_
1.3.1.3. Henry Fayol. (1841 - 1925). 215
8U^bi 6Qi_\ VeU U\ `bY]Ub_ U^ cYcdU]QdYjQb U\ S_]`_bdQ]YU^d_ WUbU^SYQ\ `U^cQRQ aeU \Qc
`bvSdYSQc QT]Y^YcdbQdYfQc QSU`dQTQc cYWeU^ SYUbd_c `Qdb_^Uc \_c SeQ\Uc cU `eUTU^ YTU^dYVYSQb i
Q^Q\YjQb 1 `QbdYb TU UcdQ `bU]YcQ RvcYSQ dbQj U\ `b_iUSd_ TU e^Q T_SdbY^Q S_^WbeU^dU TU \Q
QT]Y^YcdbQSY^\QSeQ\cYWeUS_^cUbfQ^T_]eSXQVeUbjQXQcdQ\QVUSXQ
6Qi_\ cU `QbUSU ]eSX_ Q DQi\_b
—
ce S_^dU]`_bv^U_—
`_b ce VU U^ \_c ]}d_T_c SYU^dVYS_c+cY^U]RQbW_DQi\_bcUY^dUbUcQRQ`bY]_bTYQ\]U^dU`_b\QcVe^SY_^UcTU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^]YU^dbQcaeU
6Qi_\ cU Y^dUbUcQRQ `_b \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^ d_dQ\ i cU U^V_SQRQ XQSYQ \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ aeU U^ ce
_`Y^Y^ UbQ \Q _`UbQSY^ U]`bUcQbYQ\ ]vc TUcSeYTQTQ <Q Q`_bdQSY^ ]vc bU\UfQ^dU TU UcdQ dU_bQ
Uc aeU Q^dUc TU 6Qi_\ U^ WU^UbQ\ cU `U^cQRQ aeU \_c ²WUbU^dUc ^QSU^ `Ub_ ^_ cU XQSU^³ ^_
_RcdQ^dU 6Qi_\ Y^cYcdQ U^ aeU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ UbQ S_]_ SeQ\aeYUb _dbQ XQRY\YTQT aeU cU `_TbQ
U^cU Qbe^QfUjaeUcUU^dU^TYUbQ^cec`bY^SY`Y_cVe^TQ]U^dQ\Ucc_cdU^QaeU*
HOEXHQDJHQWHQRHV
XQ SURGXFWR HVSRQWiQHR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D SDUD TXH H[LVWD KD VLGR SUHFLVR IRUPDUOR \ HVWD IRUPDFLyQ
UHSUHVHQWDJHQHUDOPHQWHODUJRV\ODERULRVRVHVIXHU]RVHQORVTXHSDUWLFLSDQODIDPLOLDODHVFXHOD
HOWDOOHU\HO(VWDGR
,/
@QbQ 8U^bY 6Qi_\ UhYcdU^ !$ `bY^SY`Y_c Ve^TQ]U^dQ\Uc `QbQ e^Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ UVUSdYfQ*
GLYLVLyQ GHO WUDEDMR DXWRULGDG \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GLVFLSOLQD XQLGDG GH PDQGR XQLGDG GH GLUHFFLyQ
VXERUGLQDFLyQ GHO LQWHUpV LQGLYLGXDO DO LQWHUpV JHQHUDO UHPXQHUDFLyQ FHQWUDOL]DFLyQ MHUDUTXtD RUGHQ
HTXLGDGHVWDELOLGDGGHOSHUVRQDOLQLFLDWLYD\XQLyQGHOSHUVRQDO
,0
1.3.1.4. Max Weber. (1864 - 1920). 218
5\c_SY\_W_Q\U]v^=QhGURUb`U^cQ^T_aeUd_TQ_bWQ^YjQSY^TYbYWYTQQQ\SQ^jQb]UdQci
S_]`eUcdQ `_b ]Y\Uc TU Y^TYfYTe_c bUaeUbQ e^ UcdbUSX_ S_^db_\ TU cec QSdYfYTQTUc TUcQbb_\\ e^Q
dU_bQ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU Reb_SbQSYQc aeU ceRbQiQRQ \Q ^USUcYTQT TU e^Q ZUbQbaeQ TUVY^YTQ U^
d}b]Y^_c]eiUcdbYSd_cibUWYTQ`_bbUW\Q]U^d_ci\^UQcTUQed_bYTQTTUVY^YT_cS_^d_TQS\QbYTQT
213 Frederick W. Taylor. Op. Cit., p. 124.
214 Ibidem. p. 124.
215 Henry Fayol. Administración Industrial y General. Editorial Herrero hermanos, S. A., México, 1966. pp. 131-278.
216 Ibidem. p. 234.
217 Ibidem. p. 158.
218 Max Weber. La ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo. 16ª ed. Ed. Península, España, 1998.
3_^cYTUbQRQaeU\Q _bWQ^YjQSY^YTUQ\ UbQe^Q Reb_SbQSYQ S_^QSdYfYTQTUc i _RZUdYf_c
UcdQR\USYT_c ]UTYQ^dU e^ bQj_^Q]YU^d_ `b_Ve^T_ i S_^ e^Q TYfYcY^ TU\ dbQRQZ_ TUdQ\\QTQ
Uh`\SYdQ]U^dU GURUb dQ]RY}^ `U^cQRQaeU \QS_]`UdU^SYQ d}S^YSQ dU^QWbQ^Y]`_bdQ^SYQ i aeU \Q
UfQ\eQSY^ TU \_c bUce\dQT_c TURUbQ UcdQb d_dQ\]U^dU Ve^TQ]U^dQTQ U^ \_c ]}bYd_c+ d_TQ ce dU_bQ
\Q RQcQ U^ \_c `bY^SY`Y_c TU \Q T_SdbY^Q bU\YWY_cQ TU\ \edUbQ^Yc]_ QcSUdYS_ T_SdbY^Q aeU RecSQ \Q
`UbVUSSY^Uc`YbYdeQ\QdbQf}cTUe^QfYTQQecdUbQiTUQbTe_dbQRQZ_QVYb]Q^T_
FXiQSRGHURVDPHQWH
WHQtD TXH LQIOXLU VREUH OD SURGXFWLYLGDG GHO WUDEDMR HQ VHQWLGR FDSLWDOLVWD OD H[FOXVLYD DVSLUDFLyQ D
DOFDQ]DUHOUHLQRGH'LRVSRUPHGLRGHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHOGHEHUSURIHVLRQDO\HOVHYHURDVFHWLVPRTXHOD
GLVFLSOLQDHFOHVLiVWLFDLPSRQHFRPRFRVDQDWXUDODODVFODVHVGHVSRVHtGDV
1.3.1.5 Chester I. Barnard. (1886 - 1961). 220
9^db_TeZ_ U\U]U^d_c Q \Q dU_bQ S\vcYSQ aeU cUbQ^ TUcQbb_\\QT_c `_b UcSeU\Qc `_cdUbY_bUc
CUW^ 2Qb^QbT \Qc `Ubc_^Qc cU bU^U^ U^ _bWQ^YjQSY_^Uc V_b]Q\Uc `QbQ Q\SQ^jQb VY^Uc aeU ^_
`eUTU^ \_WbQb dbQRQZQ^T_ c_\Qc+ cY^ U]RQbW_ ]YU^dbQc `UbcYWeU^ \Qc ]UdQc TU \Q _bWQ^YjQSY^
dQ]RY}^ TURU^ cQdYcVQSUb cec ^USUcYTQTUc Y^TYfYTeQ\Uc 1c 2Qb^QbT \\UW Q ce dUcYc `bY^SY`Q\*
ODV
RUJDQL]DFLRQHVHVWiQIRUPDGDVSRULQGLYLGXRVTXHWLHQHQUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHVLQWHUDFWLYDVHVGHFLUFRRSHUDQ
HQWUH HOODV HO p[LWR GHSHQGH GHO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH EXHQDV UHODFLRQHV FRQ ODV SHUVRQDV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV
H[WHUQDVDODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\FRQODVFXDOHVpVWDLQWHUDFW~DGHPDQHUDUHJXODU
112
1e^aeU2Ub^QbTXQR\TU\QY]`_bdQ^SYQTU\_cWUbU^dUcUZUSedYf_cdQ]RY}^`bUcdRQcdQ^dU
QdU^SY^Q\`Q`U\TU\dbQRQZQT_bY^TYfYTeQ\²S_]_VQSd_bUcdbQd}WYS_RvcYS_TU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^³1\Yb
]vcQ\\viUcdQR\USUbaeU\Q_bWQ^YjQSY^Uce^QU]`bUcQU^\QaeUS__`UbQ^Y^TYfYTe_caeUdbQRQZQ^
bUe^YT_c U^ V_b]Q TU Wbe`_c ]_^d U\ UcSU^QbY_ `QbQ U\ TUcQbb_\\_ TU WbQ^ `QbdU TU\ `U^cQ]YU^d_
QSdeQ\ TU \Q QT]Y^YcdbQSY^ TU BUSebc_c 8e]Q^_c 3_^S\eiU aeU d_TQ S__`UbQSY^ bUce\dQbv fQ^Q
]YU^dbQc ^_ cU SeU^dUS_^\TUbUc S_]`b_]UdYT_c S_^ e^Q ]_bQ\UcdQR\U iS_^ e^ Q]`\Y_ cU^dYT_TU
\_c Y^dUbUcUc Y^TYfYTeQ\Uc TU SQTQ dbQRQZQT_b U\ SbUU VUbfYU^dU]U^dU U^
OD FRRSHUDFLyQ GH KRPEUHV
OLEUHV SDUD ORJUDU TXH RWURV KRPEUHV FRRSHUHQ OLEUHPHQWH FXDQGR HVFRJHQ WUDEDMDU MXQWRV ORJUDUiQ
DOFDQ]DU ORV PiV DOWRV GHVHPSHxRV ORJUDQGR FRQ HVWD OLEUH FRRSHUDFLyQ KDFHU FUHFHU ORV LQWHUHVHV WDQWR
LQGLYLGXDOHVFRPRFROHFWLYRVSDUDTXHDODODUJDVHDQDOFDQ]DGRVFROHFWLYDPHQWH
1.3.1.6. Elton Mayo. (1886 - 1949). 223
5\d_^ =Qi_ i Q\We^_c S_]`Q Ub_c TU 8QbfQbT U^dbU U\\_c 6bYdj : B_UdX\YcRUbWUb i GY\\YQ] :
4YS[c_^ `QbdYSY`Qb_^ U^ \QcUbYU TU UcdeTY_c bUQ\YjQT_c U^ \Q GUcdUb^ 5\USdbYS 3_]`Q^i U^dbU!)"$i
!)## \_c SeQ\Uc S_^ U\ dYU]`_ cU S_^_SYUb_^ S_]_
´ORVHVWXGLRVGH+DZWKRUQHµ
`_baeU ]eSX_c TUU\\_cVeUb_^bUQ\YjQT_cU^\QVvRbYSQ8QgdX_b^UTUGUcdUb^5\USdbYSSUbSQTU3XYSQW_<_cUcdeTY_c