Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Atlantic rainforest at Santa Catarina Island, Brazil: two years of sampling

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(1)Rev. Biol. Trop., 45(4): 1641-1648, 1997. Ants (Hymenoptera:Fonnicidae) from Atlantlc rainforest at Santa Catarina Island, Brazil: two years of sampling Rogério Rosa da Silva and Benedito CQrt�!I Lopcs. *. Dep(lltamento de Ecología e Zoologí¡¡, CentrQ d� Ci@noiM Oioló¡iCM. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Cx. Postal 476, 88010-970, Florianópolis, SC, an\�i1, ( '" C()fNspondenee) Reccived 14-I1I-1997. Corrected 6-VH997. Accepted 10-VI-1997.. Resumen: Se muestreó las hormigas diurnas y nocturnas durante el período 1992/1994, en una región de selva atlanti ca ("mata atlantica"), en cerro de "Lagoa da Concei�;¡o", Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, con cebos de sardina distribuidos sobre el suelo y en la vegetación arbustiva y arbórea para las especies diurnas, y embudo de Berlese Tullgren para las nocturnas. Se identificó 74 especies diurnas (d) y 49 nocturnas (n) en las subfaruilias: Dolichoderinae (7d, 3n), Ecitoninae (Id), Formicinae (l5d, 4n), Myrmicinae (35d. 25n), Ponerinae (l4d, 17n) y Pseudomyrmecinae (2d). La Subfaruilia Myrmicinae fue la más importante en relación a la diversidad de especies y su abundancia (diurna. .. y nocturna). El muestreo con embudo mostró un aumento en las especies crípticas, particularmente en Heteroponera Mayr (Ponerinae) y Strumigenys Fr. Smith (Myrmicinae).. Key wordli: Soil ants, vegetation ants, Atlantic r¡¡jnforest, Santa Catarina Island, Brazil.. In Brazil there are many studies about Amazonian ant faunas and a few studies about faunas of particular states, especially Sao Paulo (Luederwaldt 1918, Kempf 1978). For Santa Catarina Island (State of Santa Catarina), there are sorne studies involving ants from soil and vegetation in an area of Atlantic rainforest. ant fauna in an Atlantic rainforest area located at Santa Catarina Island, providing a more complete faunal list of this region, and evaluat ing the mirmecological fauna in the diurnal and nocturnal periods. The study was done at Lagoa da Concei�ao Hill (27·35'38" S and 48·29'00" W), Santa Catarina Island, Brazil, in an area of Atlantic rainforest secondary vegetation (Lopes and. (Lopes and Leal 1991, Leal and Lopes 1992), ants of coastal sand dunes (Bonnet and Lopes 1993) and ants of mangroves (Santos and Lopes 1995). Taxonomic and ecological d iffer ences between the fauna of ants from soil and vegeta tion were discussed by Wilson (1959) and LOl)gino and Nadkarni (1990). According to. Leal 1991). Three trails of 200m each were chosen inside the rainforest. The vegetation had trees of 10 to 15m high, an herbaceous stratum and the soil is rich in litterfall. In the first year of sampling (diurnal sam pIes, autumn of 1992/summer of 1993), 20. the latter authors, there is a very conspicuous discontinuity in forests between these two habi. baits (with sardine, Romero and Jaffé 1989) were distributed on the soil and 20 among the. tats, the species from soil typically being dis. vegetation (between 1-2m high) at 10m inter. tinct from the arboricolous species. Oliveira and Brandao (1991) demonstrated that there is. vals, along each trail. The samples were repeat ed in each season, always between 1:00 and 5:00 PM, totaling 12 samples from 25/111/92. a variation in the composition of the main visit ing species in the day-night period in Brazilian savannas ("cerrado"). Here we examine, as basic objectives, the. until 20/lW93. For each sample, baits were exposed for about 60 minutes. Following, the attracted ants.

(2) 1642. REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL. were transfered to test tubes with 70% alcohol. During the s e c o n d year (autumn o f 1993/summer of 1994) nocturnal samplings were taken between 5:00 and 11:00 PM. Due to methodological difficulties during field work at night, we have onIy chosen traiI I (wider than trails II and I1I) and were distributed onto soil 15 baits at 10m intervals. The samplings were repeated twice in each season, totaling 8 sam pIings. In order to complete the nocturnal sam plings and for species record in which were not attracted by the baits, litterfall was withdrawn from the trails edge, in order to be submitted to the Berlese- Tullgren funnel (Knudsen 1966, Holldobler and Wilson 1990). Additionally, sorne spare manual samplings w e r e a l s o applie9 t o soil and among vegetation during the first and second years of samplings. The voucher specimens were deposited in the reference collection of the Laboratório de Zoologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, CCB/UFSC. For the identification of the collected ants, taxonomic keys in Holldobler and Wilson (1990) and Bolton (1994) were used. We caJculated the frequency of occurrence of each species on baits. Simpson's diversity index and the Morisita's similarity index were used for analysing and comparing the mirme cofauna (soil vs. vegetation; day vs. night), the values were adapted to the annual average fre quencies of each ant species (Brower and Zar 1984, Krebs 1989). PERIOD 1992/1993: The three trails pro duced 26 genera and 74 species (Table 1). Many ants were identified to morphospecies (52 in 74), because there were no identification keys to sorne genera, e.g. Pheidole Westwood. Similar problematic genera were: Camponotus Mayr, Crematogaster Lund, Linepithema Mayr and Solenopsis Westwood (Holldobler and WiIson 1990). The main subfamiIy in number of genera and species was Myrmicinae (10 genera and 35 species), followed by Ponerinae (7 and 14), Formicinae (4 and 15), Dolichoderinae (3 and 7), Pseudomyrmecinae (1 and 2) and Ecitoninae (1 species) (Table 1). This was sim ilar to the result of Lopes and Leal (1991) at Santa Catarina Island and of Kempf (1978) in the State of Sao PauIo, Brazil.. TABLE 1. Species of diurnal ants from soil (S) and vegetation (V) on the three trails sampled, Lagoa da Conceifiío Hill, Florianópolis, SC (1992/1993). DOLICHODERINAE. Azteca sp. ** Linepithema sp.! (LI) Linepithema sp.2 (L2) Linepithema sp.3 (L3) Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius) (T.m.) Tapinoma sp.! (TI) Tapinoma sp.2 (T2) ECITONINAE. S V S V S V S V S S -. EcUon burchelli (Westwood) * FORMICINAE. Brachymyrmex sp.! (BI) Brachymyrmex sp.2 (B2) Brachymyrmex sp.3 (B3) Camponotus sp.l (Cal) Camponotus sp.2 (Ca2) Camponotus sp.3 (Ca3) Camponotus spA (Ca4) Camponotus sp.5 (Ca5) Camponotus sp.6 (Ca6) Camponotus sp.7 (Ca7) Myrmelachista sp.l (MI) Myrmelachista sp.2 (M2) Myrmelachista sp.3 (M3) Myrmelachista sp.4 (M4) Paratrechina sp. (Pa) MYRMICINAE. Acromyrmex coronatus (Fabricius) * Acromyrmex disciger Mayr * Acromyrmex niger (Fr. Smith) * Acromyrmex sp. * Crematogaster sp.! (Crl) Crematogaster sp.2 (Cr2) Crematogaster sp.3 (Cr3) Crematogaster spA (Cr4) Crematogaster sp.5 (Cr5) Crematogaster sp.6 (Cro) Crematogaster sp.7 (Cr7) Cyphomyrmex sp. * Hylomyrma reitteri (Mayr) (H.r.) Pheidole sp.! (PI) Pheidole sp.2 (P2) Pheidole sp.3 (P3) Pheidole spA (P4) Pheidole sp.5 (P5) Pheidole sp.6 (P6) Pheidole sp.7 (P7) Pheidole sp.8 (PS) Pheidole sp.9 (P9) Pheidole sp.lO (PIO) Pheidole sp.!! (PU) Pheidole sp. l2 (P12) Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr) ** Solenopsis sp.! (SI) Solenopsis sp.2 (S2) Solenopsis sp.3 (S3) Solenopsis spA (S4) Solenopsis sp.5 (SS) Solenopsis sp.6 (S6). S V S V - V V S V V V - V S S V V S V S V. S S S S S S. V V V V V. S S S S S S S S S S S S S. V V V V V V V V V V V V. V. V V V V V S V S S S S.

(3) 1643. Silva & Lopes: Ants from the Santa Catarina rainforest. Stru:migenys denticulata Mayr (S.d.) TrÓchymyrmex oetkeri Forel * WaSmannia sp. (W). S. -. S. V. Ec��tomma edentatum Roger (E.e.) Gnnmptogenys rastrata (Mayr) (G.r.) Heteroponera flava Kempf (H.r.) HyjJoponera sp.l (Hy1) Hypoponera sp.2 (Hy2) Hypoponera sp.3 (Hy3) Odontomachus affinis Guérin (O.a.) Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille) (O.c.) Odontomachus minutus Emery (O.m.) Paéhycondyla crenata (Roger) (p.c.) Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius) (P.h.) Pachycondyla striata Fr. Smith (p .s.) Pachycondyla vil/osa (Fabricius) (p.v.) PrtJCeratium sp. (Pr). S S S S S S S S S S S S. V V V -. PONERINAE. PSEUOOMYRME CINAE. -. V -. Ps�udomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius) * ** Pst;udomyrmex picinus Ward ** * �i:: Spare manual sampling in soil, ** = Spare manual sampling in vegetation. terms in parenthesis refer to the codes used for the species in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.. �. The values of Simpson's diversity index were high, and similar when comparing soil aild vegetation (Fig. 1). Among the soil ants, ou ly five species had annual average frequen. cies aboye 20% (Fig. 1). Pheidole, one of our most important genera was also cited in other. ecosystems (Jeanne 1979, Brown 1981, Cover et al. 1990). In vegetation, we record ed a slightly smaller number of species with annua! average frequencies below 12% . A smaller númber of ants in vegetation was expected, in comparison with soil, because of the adapta tions required by arboreal life (Holldobler and Wilson 1978). Morisita's similarity index had a medium v�ue of 0.57 (soil and vegetation). Despite 33 species in common among the two communi ti�s, the most frequent soil ant species were not recorded in the vegetation or were found in low frequencies. Such fact contributed for a st'ructure difference between these communi tieso As an exa m p l e , the p o n erine Pachycondyla striata Fr. Smith, a common predatory soil ant (Leal and Lopes, 1992), was ROt found in vegetation samples. In the other tiand,. Azteca. sp.. and. Tapinoma. melanocephalum (Fabricius) (Dolichoderinae); Myrmelachista. spp.. (Formici n a e ) , c o nvergens (Ma yr). Proc r yp tocerus fjMyrmicinae), Pse u d omyrmex. (Fabricius). and. P.. pic intis. gracilis. War d. (Pseudomynnecinae) were primarily registered in the vegetation. PERIOD 1993/1994: Nocturnal samplings produced 17 genera and 49 species (Table 2), also dorninated by Myrmicinae (8 genera and 25 species), which was followed by Ponerinae TABLE 2. Species 01 nocturnal ants from soil on traill. Lagoa da Conceiráo Hil/. Florianópolis. SC (1993/1994). DOLICHODERINAE. linepithema sp.l b. Linepithema sp.2 b. Linepithema sp.3 b. FORMICINAE. Camp0lJ,otus sp.2 b. Camponotus sp.8 (Ca8) Camponotus sp.9 (Ca9) Paratrechina sp. b. MYRMICINAE. Acromyrmex subterraneus Forel * Hylomyrma reitteri (Mayr) b. Octostruma stenognatha Brown & Kempf # Pheidole sp.l b. Pheidole sp.2 b. Pheidole sp.3 b. Pheidole sp.4 A Pheidole sp.7 A Pheidole sp.9 A Pheidole sp.lO b. Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr) ** A Solenopsis sp.2 b. Solenopsis sp.3 b. Solenopsis sp 6 b. Strumigenys denticulata Máyr # b. Strumigenys eggersi Emery # Strumigenys elongata Roger # Strumigenys louisianae Roger # Strumigenys schmalzi Emery # Strumigenys sp.l until sp.5 # Wasmannia sp. b. .. PONERINAE. Acanthoponera mucronata ** Gnamptogenys rastrara (Mayr) A Gnamptogenys sp. # Heteroponera sp.l (He1) Heteroponera sp.2 until sp.4 # Hypoponera sp.l until sp.3 # A Hypoponera sp.4 (Hy4) Hypoponera sp.5 # Odontomachus affinis Guérin b. Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille) b. Odontomachus minutus Emery # A Pachycondyla crenata Roger ** "b. Pachycondyla striata Fr. Smith b. * = spare manual sampling on soil, ** = spare manual sampling on vegetation, # = sampling with Berlese Tullgren funnel, A = registered species also in the diurnal period (see Table 1). The terms in parenthesis refer to the codes used for the Fig. 2.

(4) -. t. ANNU� AVERAGE FREQUENCIES (%) <:>. Yo. Yo. D:. 1::. w <:>. W Yo. s. �. T. 31 _____ 24 22.75. T T. H�. 19.25 14.5 13.75. �. 12.25. Vi. T l•.•••••• 9.75. 10.5. _ •••_6.25 _••_ 5.75. ••_ b.25. ti). n ::r. g g O ...¡ 8 !3 'T.I J=j' b t!Q' � n �I :.: a; o ?> .Fes > - es es :s ::r _. o ::J. �'. � 'O o. !1>. ¡;.. ..,. !1>. =. e!.. � .. !1>. = -1& Jn � n. ��. """, - ., \D !3. .o =. <>. �� , !1> <> Q. � � "" ., ..., _. Y-. � 61 .. OQ. ..,. 8. fl. o .,. �. Q.. c' 8 e!.. �. fit. 5.75. _._ 5.25 __ 5 •__ 4.5. Si'�. � g ti'. 11 00. o¡:g \0("). �!i1 ""00. � !.

(5) 1645. Silva & Lopes: Ants from tbe Santa Catarina rainforest. 45SPECIES Ds = 0.9479 '". 1'-' Ilf.l. [o;l -. �[o;l ¡;;¡. i. �. 15 '" ..;. :::. 10. '" '". '" .... '". [o;l. � �. � �. � ,..:. '". .,.¡. S ..... O. le. ,.¡. "". 1).,. '". .. ¡Q. .... C). toO 1).,. toO. '". -. C). '". :;¡. � '". ..,. "". 1).,. ..,. .. �. .... ¿;. >.. 1).,. .... ... ¿;. �. q '". ... 1).,. -. '". toO. .... ..... 1).,. .... 1).,. ... .... ..,.. �. .... 1).,. ..,. .. i:t lo. SPECIES. Horizontal axis (continued):. '". '". '". � d d � d � d � � � � � d � � � � I'_'_'_'-'-'-'-'-J-'-'_'_'_,_,_,_,_, .., .... - - N ... - .... � N .., � o N � � � C) C) '" .. ¡Q ¡Q � � � � .� � '" ; ; .. = d _. Fig.. lB. Annual average frequencies of diurnal ants. from vegetadon on the three trails. sampled at Lagoa da. Conceiliiio HiII, Florianópolis, SC (1992/1993). For lbe codes used see Table 1..

(6) ANNUAAVERAGEFREQUENC1ES(�o) Q. u. o. �. �. �. �. �. 8. 53. �. P2. 23.75. P4. n. P7. n. P3. 16.25. 56. 16.25. Cr3 PI. 8.75. 6.25. 51. 6.25. W. 6.25. C.7. ¡;;. Cr1. � "-'. P4 P 10. L3. t::l .... '" -.;¡. 10. t'>¡il """-'. Pa. 7.75. otil '<::>("']. Sit!. 9.25. 1100. !='til \0("']. :¡;:¡il -.;¡oo. 7.5. P3 i;Il. 6. trJ "-'. P2 P9. 56 O.C.. >. Rr. Ca8. '" O ("'] "' o.. PI. O o. ::> ::>. ..... � {Jq c: gQ.:n .. o.c. Ll. (l � o. VJ. BI. (11. lI{j J::¡:ll. _.. e "'1. O::c ¡; "'"',. �. .. !-' > ::2. �F��. T2. f2::!j� a � 8. - � - � g �. Rr. Hy2. '". :;s. '<. :;s. a.g'�� !-' !fJ � ;. � o t"D CZl - ::> (J e. �.. B2 Ca2 MI. -. '". He 1 O.a. LI C.9. -.. t. 15 0.75 0.75. +. 52 W. Hy4. t. �. 0.75 0.75 0.75. J.. o \O ...., \O� :;s w I:l:l o. Cd Cr6. ;:::: � A \O '" c: 'E - :3 ':-"'re.. P9 P11. O.m.. 10. 7.75. =. S2. O.a.. 34.25. 15. __ f _._. L2. P10. E.e.. � � f-----j. 19.75. 11"-'. 6.25. Cr2. � trJ. P7. 7.5. �. ... <.JO. 23.25. P.s.. 10 8.75. .... Q 1. ¡. 26. 53. L3. <.JO. e. Ca2. IL25. P6. '". ¡ 1 •_________ O.r. •______ •••••• •••••. W. L2. Pa. Q. �5. p&. O.r.. ANNUAL AVERAGE FREQUENctES w.). llI1. � }:1. J;; § ...;'0. "' '". 1.25. 'Tl o. o. 1.25. <TI. > "' �. .... 1.25. Tv'JIdO�l VIDO'lOHI 3:a V1SIAffiI. 91791.

(7) 1(}47. Silva & Lpp�s,:Af1ts fr,ol,l1theSanta,Catarinarainforest. &, J.H.Zar.. (6and 17), Formicinae (2 and 4) and (1, ílnd 3) .. Símpson's v�lues. were high (Fig.2). Gn ' trail 1, the main diurnal ants were Pachycondyla striata (Ponerinae, 37.50%. Brown" Jr. W.L. 1981. Prelilllin¡¡ry contributions toward a. (MYl'lnicinae,.25.00% ),while,at night,,the. (Hym�noptera:Formicid¡te). Part L Kansas Ent. Soco. Dpli¡;;.noderinae. annualaverage frequency) and Solenopsis sp.3. Camppnotus sp.2 34.25%) and Gnamptogenys ras trata Mayr (Ponerinae, 26.00%). The genus most represen,tative were (Formicinae,. Camponotus is predoIl1inantly no cturnal. (HolldobIer and Wilson 1990, Gliveira and Brandao. 1991) and G. rastrata was mostly. Brower, }.E,. 19S4. Fidd & L ��oratory. Methods f or General Ecology. Wm. <:, �rown, Dubuque, Iowa, 226 p.. revision. of. the. aní. genus. Pheidole. 54:523-530. Cover, S.P., J.E. TolJin,& E,O,Wilson. 1990.. The �t coD1 mupitY 9 f a tropipi! lowland rainforest site i n Peruvian Amazonia, p. 699-700.. In:. G.K. Veeresh, B.. Mallik. & CA. Viraktamath. (eds.). Social Insects and. recorded al night.. lhe Environment, Proceedings of lhe 11lh Internationa1. 1). This may be due to the richness at night (only 25 species for the calcuIus of the index) and to the fact that the dominantant species were differ ent during day comparing to night (TabIe 1 and. Co. New Delhi. Holldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson, .1978. The multiple recnlÍt. Tbe Berlese-Tullgr�n funnel pUt into evi dence new generaa,nd species that due to tbeir crY)'ltic life, normally were not attractedto the. H'lIdobler, B. & E:o. WiJson. 1990. The Ants. Harvard. Morisita's similarity index wasO.63 (day. and night, trail smaller species. Table. 2).. sardiÍle baits.This is th� case of Octostruma ForeIand Strumigenys (Myrmicinae) and of " Gnamptogenyssp., Heteroponera sp.2 to 4 and . Hypoponera sp.5(Ponerinae).all obtained onIy witb the Berlese-Tullgren funnel. lt is interestin� to n�tic�·tbat tbere was an increase Íll the· number· ofponerinae species at night. Congress oi IUSSI, 1990. Oxford & IBH Publishing. ment systems oC tbe African weaver ant. longinoda. Oecophylla. (Latreille) (HYínenoptera:Formicidae).. Behavioral Ecology andSociobioJogy 3: 19-60.. University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 732 p.. .. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WethankDAP/UFSC for the grants, Carlos Roberto Ferreira Brandao forthe antid.entifica tion, Tania Tarabini Castellatiiforthe statistical analysis and l31anca Sierrll do Ledo for the Resumen.. Jeanne, RL.1979. A latitudinal gradientin ratesor ant pre. dation. Ecology 60:J211-1224 . Kempf•.. Vi .W. lQ78. A preliminary zoogeogr�phl,,¡¡1 lU1aly. sis of.a.regiónl\lant fauna in Latin. Entóinologiéa 20:43-62.. Ámerica.. Studia. Knudsen, J .W. 1966. Bjological Techniques. Harpet. .� .. Rów.NewYork.525p.. Leal, I.R .& B.C.}:,opes. 1992:. Estrntura.das corntinidades de formigas (Hymenoptera:Pormicidae) de solo. e. veg". etaliao no Morro da Lagoa da Conceilfaó, Jlhá de Santa. Catarina, SC. Biotemas 5: 107-1.22.. REFERENCES Bo1ton,·B.. Longino, J.T. & gronnd. 1994. ldentification Guide to lhe Ant Genera of. the .World.. H¡¡rv a rd. University,. N.M.. a nd. Nadkarni<1990.A comparisonof canopy. leaf. litter. ants. (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Psyche97 :81 �93.. Cambridge;. Massachusetts. 222 p.. Lopes, B .C. & I.R. Leal. 1991. Levantarnento preliminar de formigas (Hymenoptera:Pormicipae) de solo evege. Bonnet, A. & B.C. Lopes. 1993.Formigas de d(mas e. talfao em um trecho de mataatIáfitica, Morro da Lagoa. restingas da Praia da Joaquina, IIha de Santa Cátarina,. da Conc.eiliao. Ilh¡tdeSantaCl\tarina. SC. Biótemas. SC (Insecta:Hymenoptera). Biotemas 6:107-114.. 4:51-59..

(8) 1648. REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL. Biotropica 21:348-352. LuederwaIdt, H. 1918. Notas mynnecológicas. Rev. Mus. Paulista 10: I 6-64.. Santos, R.A. & B.C. Lopes. 1995. Formigas de manguezal: espécies envolvidas e utiliza�ao das plantas, p. 82. In:. Oliveira, P.S. & c.R.F. Brandao. 1991. The ant cornmunity associated with extrafloral nectaries in the Brazílian. E. Diehl-Fleig (ed.). XII Encontro de Minnecologia. UNISINOS, Sao Leopoldo.. cerrados, p. 198-212. In: C.R. Huxley & D.F. Cutler (eds.). Ant Plant Interactions. Oxford University, Oxford. Romero, H. & K. Jaffé. 1989. A comparison of methods fOf sampling ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in savannas.. Wilson, E.O. 1959. Some ecologicaI characteristics of ants in New Guinea rain forests. Ecology 40:437-447.

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