The anglo chilean community

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(1)THE. ANGLOby. L. C. DERRICK-JEHU. .. i : Introduction. i ) . T H E A m 0 -CHJr -EAN COMMUNITY. I. When the genealogist o b s e r v e s t h e family origins of those persons who would today be mutually recognised as 'Ithe Community", his f i r s t impression i s that the label is as vague as that of &'the Holy Roman Empire" (as a colonv of which. t h e countrv of Chile c a m e into being). For he has to treat of those most mobile of all human beings: men 9 women who left their !x?crr,e ocuatrias ta =e& thair fortune in o t h e r lands. A n d mobility i s o n e of the h a z a r d s of genealogy: it complicates r e s e a r c h , as it confuses g r o u p definition. Yet "Anglo-Chilean Community1' i s no meaningless term. So f a r as a definition can be offered, it would r u n thus: the body of men and women, of British descent o r tradition, who have in common an affiliation with Chile through past or continuing family residence there.. If the orinin by blood i s British, the point of d e p a r t u r e f o r t h e original voyage to Chile i s usually, though not always, in t h e British Isles. T h e r e are several Anglo-Chilean families w h o s e progenitors emigrated from, for instance, Austr a l i a U Canada; and s o m e long-settled families of North American origin are closely linked with the Community. T h e male-line origin by blood is not necessarily British, as a glance through the Liat of Members of T h e Anglo-Chilean Society shows: for many families, "Anglo" by tradition and association, and usually by blood in the female-line, bear n a m e s of European origin. T h e family may h a v e other South American associations e a r l i e r than those with Chile: b many families arrived in Chile &er a stay,varying from years to generations, in for instance P e r u o r Argentina. I. 1. Bilingual fluency is not a common factor: for the Community r a n g e s from persons of non-British s u r n a m e who would be "taken for" British, to p e r s o n s with completely British s u r n a m e s w h o s e great-grandfathers forgot how to speak English. N o r is continuing residence in Chile a common factor: f o r whilst, in some families, the babies now being bord are of the sixth FJ seventh gene&. ation from the original s e t t l e r , in o t h e r families the original settler's descendants h a v e either returned to the ancestral homeland o r h a v e moved t.3 a third country. And throughout, the prefix "Anglo-18 implies lloriginll, not literalIy only in England,, bu anywhere in the British (and this whether the origin b e by blood, m a r r i a g e o r association).. T h e s e preliminary comments serve to empha s i s e the varied and mobile origins of the community h e r o trezted. ii). T H E LIMITATIONS O F T H I S P A P E R. F r o m t h e very abbreviated account of the extent b variety of British associations with Chil that i s given in this p a p e r , it will b e evident that, as suggested in C h a p t e r I1 (ii), the total n u m b e of p e r s o n s potentially involved in a complete r e v i e w of the Anglo-Chilean Community i s probably to be counted in tens of thousands. It would b e a task beyond the powers of any o n e man to trace them all and tocompile a comprehensive index. So f a as I am aware, n o book h a s hitherto been published, devoted to Anglo-Chilean genealcgy: and it would appear that only one book ( " T h e English in South America", by Michael M U L H A L L , ~ 1 8 8 0 has ) so f a r been published, devoted to biographies of British s e t t l e r s in South America generally,. T h i s paper, that I venture to offer, suffers from the inherent limitations of m y Genealogical Collection, f r o m which the Family Notices in Chapter 1V h a v e been summarised. I should t h e r e f o r e explain what those limitations are and, as it were, p r e s e n t m y credentials. I h a v e been collecting genealogical information about t h e AngloChilean Community s i n c e I first went to Chile in 1949: but, as genealogy is my pastime but not my profession, the time available to m e for r e s e a r c h h a s been limited and m y Collection h a s been buil u p in concentric c i r c l e s of connection , starting from my wife's family (IV.28 1. W h e r e there was "genealogical continuity", w h e r e any connection of a connection appeared, I h a v e sought out information recorded it. As a result, my Coilection 157.

(2) probably contains s o m e 5000 n a m e s of p e r s o n s , But I am living Ef d e c e a s e d , of this Community. v e r y a w a r e that t h e r e i s much grcund into which this "personalised" line of r e s e a r c h h a s not yet led me, particularly with r e g a r d to families of early settlement, in l e s s c l o s e touch with families of. relatively recent settlement like my wife's. Nevertheless, I offer the paper as it i s ihoping that, with the cooperation of old families, t h e omissions may be remedied, and that this p a p e r may o n e day serve a nucleus for a m o r e comprehensive work.. i i : T h e C h i l e a n People Before attempting to identify those p e r s o n s who have comprised the Anglo-Chilean Community, it is desirable first to give a brief picture of the Chilean people amongst whom that Community h a s grown.. A). HI S T , O R I C A L. ETHNOGRAPHICAL. ASPECTS i) T h e country known to u s today as the R e public of Chile extends along the w e s t e r n coast of South A m e r i c a from C a p e H o r n (so named by Jacob L E M A I R E , native of H o r n e , in Holland, w h o rounded it in 1616) northwards for 2661 miles to latitude 17' South, yet with n e v e r a g r e a t e r breadth than 250 miles between the A n d e s cordillera and the Pacific seaboard. 3. It i s said that the f i r s t European to s e t foot i n the country w a s the d i s c o v e r e r Ferdinand M A G E L L A N ( F e r n - de M A G A L H A E S : c148015211, in D e c e m b e r 1520, after h e had p a s s e d through the S t r a i t that bears his name, in the c o u r s e of h i s ( t h e F i r s t ) Circumnavigation. But the settlement Ef Colonisation of Chile, w h e r e b y it c a m e to be o n e of that family of South American republics w h e r e the Latin culture h a s been transmuted in a n Amerindian environment, dates b a c k t o 1535/36 w h e n don Diego d e A L M A G R O ( ~ 1 4 7 0 - 1 5 3 8 led the first abortive expedition into the northern Chilean deserts. T h e Marshal A L M A G R O , 'conquistador', had been with F r a n c i s c o P l Z A R R O (~1.471-1541) o n e of the original contractors for the Conquest of P e r u . T h e Conquest of Chile was an offshoot from the Peruvian Conquest,ALMAGRO having been granted b y t h e E m p e r o r C H A R L E S V the territory for 200 leagues south of Cuzco, to b e named New Toledo. T h e f i r s t Chilean expedition of 1535/36 proved to b e purely exploratory: but a second expedition in 1541, under the command of don Pedro d e VALDIVIA (1500-1544) founded the capital city o f Santiago (1541) t3 t h e port of Valparaiso (1544) and laid the foundations of the Spanish colonisation of this area. Not m o r e than 150 E u r o p e a n s took p a r t in this expedition (see "Young1' p a g e s 21/22 and miscegenation followed naturally. T h e indigenous inhabitants with whom their c o n q u e r o r s intermarried w e r e the Araucanian Indians, a valiant race unlike any other South Amerindians, who w e r e only finally defeated by the Chileans at a pitched battle in 1882. T h e n a m e 'Chile' i s p e r h a p s derived from 'tchili', the word for 'snow' in the language of the Quechua Indians of P e r u ( E . B . 1. T h e r e are today somewhat l e s s than 100,000 pure-bred Araucanians living, mainly c o n c e n t r a t e d in t h e t w o southern p r o v i n c e s of Malleco 8 Cautin: b u t the m ~ o r i t y of Chilean families who h a v e been settled f o r m o r e than four 158. o r five generations have in them s o m e strain of Araucanian blood, and are proud of it. M a n y aristocratic Chilean families c a n t r a c e a descen from o n e of the companions of VALDIVIA, a German m e r c e n a r y named Bartholomew B L U M E N , who married Elvira daughter of t h e Cacique of Talagante ( s e e "Young" p a g e s 21/22).. T h e Captaincy-General Ef P r e s i d e n c y of Chil remained subordinated to the Viceroyalty of P e r u until the Declaration o f Independence i n 1810. Colonisation during nearly t h r e e centuries of S p a n i s h lmperial r u l e w a s slow. S o m e years ago, don F r a n c i s c o d e B E S E , of the Chilean Central Office of Statistics, estimated that the population of t h e country was about 80,000 i n 1700, and about 500,000 when Independence was d e c l a r e d in 1810. T h i s half - million "included 300,000 'mestizos' (mixed bloods), half as many 'criollos' ('Creoles', i.e. natives of European d e s c e n t ) , s o m e 20,000 peninsulares' (recently a r r i v e d S p a n i a r d s , among whom B a s q u e immigrants from northern Spain formed an energetic commercial element), and a smattering of n e g r o e s and recently emancipated Indiazs"! E. B. ) Meria GR/U-iAM (see v i ) , visiring Valparaiso in 1822, likens it to an English fishing village by comparison with which Sidmouth would b e an important town.. '. .. ii) T h e Declaration o f Independence o n 18th S e p t e m b e r 1810 (commemorated annually as the 'Diez-y-ocho' , t h e Chilean national d a y ) was provoked by the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which i h r e w the p a r t s of t h e f o r m e r E m p i r e e a c h o n its own r e s o u r c e s . Chile w a s t h e f i r s t of the Spanish p o s s e s s i o n s in South A m e r i c a to proclaim its independence, and its revolt was at the time directed against continued government from L i m a by the Viceroy of P e r u . T h e autonomists w e r e split amongst themselves and in 1814 were defeated in battle at Rancagua by the royalists, who r e s u m e d control of the country for another two and a half years. In 1817 fighting acain b r o k e out, the patriots being led by t h e Argentinian liberator, General Jose de S A N MARTIN (1778-1850); and with the decisive victory at Maipu, April 1818, independence was effective. H o w e v e r , fighting stil1 continued against the last S p a n i s h royalist g a r r i s o n s in the south of Chile: and it w a s not until 1826 khat they w e r e finally expelled from Ancud, o n the island of Chiloe.. With the opening of the ports and of c o m m e r c e to E u r o p e a n t r a d e , Chile grew and prospered. I'By 1850 England, France t3 Germany had largely crowded Spain out of Chilean trade" (E.B.1. T h e 1907 C e n s u s r e c o r d e d a population of 3,249,279 and the 1930 C e n s u s r e c o r d e d 4,287,445 of whdm 105,463 were 'foreign-born' (one quarter of them Spaniards). About o n e q u a r t e r of t h e total population live in the central P r o v i n c e of Santiago..

(3) 'Whilst G e r m a n , S l a v fr Italian immigrants p r e dominate d e r S p a n i a r d s , t h e body of British settlers is of significant s i z e within the nation, and about 1900 it was estimated that 20,000 residents in Chile were of British descent.. The population of Chile today h a s p a s s e d ' the 7 million m a r k ; and it would not be very r a s h to h a z a r d the g u e s s that about o n e percent of the Chilean nation has s o m e s t r a i n of British blood. Indeed, t h e r e i s probably no other country in the world, that never was a p a r t of the British E m p i r e o r Commonwealth, w h e r e British associations and sympethies are so strong.. B) SOCIOf.0CICAL A S P E C T S T h e Chileans, in common with other South A m e r i c a n s , are intensely a w a r e of family relations h i p s end kinships to a degree that would s e e m udusual to most of t h e inhabitants of modern urbank e d Britain. T h i s i s undoubtedlydue to the Latin sense of family having been transported to a remote part of t h e world, to continue t h e r e throughout centuries in relatively i s d a t e d 8 small communities. Until the opening of the P a n a m a Canal in 1914, Chile was one of the countries most distant by trade route from Britain; and the sea voyage by sailing shir could l a s t months. Nevertheless those families that could W o r d to do so s e n t their s o n s t o E u r o p e f o r education, throughout the XIXth Century, often involving parent-child separations of u p to 7 years: and it may b e this custom as much as any o t h e r factor that accounts f o r the dual allegiance of s o m e of the old Anglo-Chilean families. Vocabulary is the prime clue to t h e strength of famiiy .feeling. T h e English words father, mother, s o n 8 daughter are translated. into Spanish by 'padre', (madre', 'hijo' & 'hijaf. T h e grandparent-grandchild relationships are m o r e specificabuela', nieto' 8 'nieta'. aily r e n d e r e d 1 abuelo', T h e c u m b e r s o m e great-great prefixes of English are replaced b y the m o r e manageable labels 'bisabuelo' 'tatarabuelo', or tbisnieto' etcetera: ( a n e c e s s a r y verbal economy in a country w h e r e g i r l s m a r r y young and live to g r e a t a g e s , w h e r e by great-relationships are commonplace). For t h e untidy '-in-law' s e r i e s , t h e r e i s a s e t of specific words: 'suegro', 'suegra', 'verno' 0 'nuera' meaning respectively father-, mothen, son0 daughter-in-law. T h e 'step-' relationships are identified by t h e suffix I -astrot : thus 'padrastro' a n d 'hijastra' mean respectively step-father 8 fr step-daughter. Brothers-in-law are recognised in two degrees: t h e 'cunado' i s the s i s t e r ' s husband o r t h e wife's brother, and the I concunado' i s the wife's sister's husband.. '. '. ,. T h e r e are also w o r d s for human relationships, for which t h e r e are no exact translations Consuegro' defines the connection into English. between t h e respective fathers of the bride and bridegroom. Compadre' defines the association between t h e godfather and the father of the baptised child. And the colloquial term 'ti0 politico' (literally "political uncle" 1 usually indicates a v e r y remote connection through m a r r i a g e , mutually recognised f o r mutual benefit.. '. Against s u c h a background, the British immigrant, exposed 1to the dual influences of remoteness. from the home-country and assimilation by a hospitable host-nation, h a s tended t o absorb and a c q u i r e this highly developed s e n s e o f f amily. Generalising, t h e "Chileno" (€2 the Anglo-Chilean) knows to an extensive degree who h i s cousins are, and who are related to p e r s o n s w h o married h i s cousins. Fifty y e a r s ago, so it is said, it was a dinner-party g a m e f o r t h o s e p r e s e n t to "relate" themselves to o n e another. If two Chileans are introduced f o r t h e f i r s t time, t h e instinctive reaction is for them to catechise o n e another in the hope o f identifying s o m e common link (which t h e y usually s u c c e e d in doing). In small, remote and intermarried communities, a different w a y of life r u l e s , in which it i s not possible for t h e l e a s member to remain anonymous.. Anglo-Chilean genealogy thus tends to become a vast exercise in what o n e might call "sidewaysgenealogy'' (of which examples c a n be found in t h e diagrammatic c h a r t in Anthony S A M P S O N ' s book "Anatomy of Britain'' 1962, and in T a b l e s 111 B IV of S i r Anthony WAGNER'S "English Genealogy" 1960). T h e pre-Chilean origins of the Community are as d i v e r s e as life itself: but the immigrant family, o n c e settled, usually b e c o m e s connected through its first local m a r r i a g e s with the Community that it h a s joined. T h e G e n e a g r a p h annexed to this paper gives s o m e indication of t h e connections through intermarriage that c h a r a c t e r i s e the AngloChilean Community, C). NAMES 0 SURNAMES. The Chilean i s required to. u s e , by t h e law of his country, two s u r n a m e s ; t h e paternal followed by the maternal, without any conjunction. T h i s i s v e r y confusing for foreigners w h o are unfamiliar with the practice. ii t h e n a m e of a prominezit Chilean i s mentioned in the British Press, it i s usually wrongly cited, as if o n e were to refer to t h e g r e a t wartime P r e m i e r a s S i r Winston JEROME. E v e n recognised w o r k s of family r e f e r e n c e , when recording cadet b r a n c h e s settled in Chile, h a v e not avoided this pitfall; and the reader unacquainted withthe family would often be misled as to the identity of the s u r n a m e (in a n English s e n s e ) . To avoid any possibility of confusion in this paper, 1 h a v e followed t h e practice that 1 observe in my Collection, namely to place the maternal s u r n a m e in brackets: but I must emphasise that this i s purely a personal practice. T h u s (in p a r a . lV.8.d.i), L u i s s o n of James L Y O N by his wife G e r t r u d e P E R E Z w a s known in Chile as L u i s L Y O N P E R E Z , though h e may h a v e written his name as "Luis L Y O N P.''.. Hyphenated s u r n a m e s are not unknown in Chile, well-known examples being G O M E Z - L O B O and GARCIA-HUIDOBRO, to which would be added in e a c h individual case the other parental surname. It i s a practice that greatly assists the tracing of relationships; but which p r o d u c e s s o m e odd r e s u l t s when a British immigrant h a s already b e e n baptised with his mother's maiden s u r n a m e ( - as in the case of Ralph R O G E R S ( R A L P H ) , see IV.20.b). A m a r r i e d woman i s formally styled b y suffixing 'de' 8 her husband's paternal s u r n a m e to h e r o w n maiden name: thus, continuing the foregoing illustration, J a m e s L Y O N ' s wife was known as G e r t r u d e P E R E Z de LYON. When widowed, the 'de' becomes I viuda d e ' (abbreviated in writing to 'vda.de'). In practice, women is9.

(4) are frequently r e f e r r e d to by their maiden names only, though they may h a v e been married for years and have had children: and this o c c u r s not only in conversation ( a habit of s o m e confusion f o r newly a r r i v e d f o r e i g n e r s ) , b u t also in their official documents (identity c a r d s 0 p a s s p o r t s ) which sometimes may never be altered t o record their married names. T h e range of given names in Chile is not as restricted as it i s in Argentina, w h e r e it is illegal to name a child other than after o n e of the saints B u t a certain conservatism (by in the calendar. British s t a n d a r d s ) in naming habits is m o r e than compensated by a multiplicity of diminutives and nicknames, which are invariably used in conversation to identify the p e r s o n r e f e r r e d to. D ) N A T I O NA L l T Y T h e f i r s t Constitution of Chile w a s promulgated in October 1822. T h e aspect of a written Constitution that particularly interests the genealogist i s that which r e f e r s to Citizenship b Nationality. Chapter II of Part I of that Constitution defined as. Chileans: 1) those b o r n in t h e country; 2 ) those of Chilean parents living abrdad; 3 f o r e i g n e r s married to Chileans, after t h r e e years of residence: 4 ) foreigners who invest in Chile a capital of not l e s s than 2000 pesos, €? after five years of residence. A t that time, the peso (originally the S p a n i s h piece o f eight), had parity with the A m e r i c a n dollar. U n d e r t h e second definition, Chilean nationality c a n , in fact, b e claimed f o r a child b o r n outside Chile, even when the mother only i s Chilean. To understand the philosophy behind those definitions, o n e must r e m e m b e r that t h e population was then probably little m o r e than 500,000 (see para.A.i above), and appreciate t h e anxiety of a n e w independent S t a t e to i n c r e a s e the n u m b e r of its citizens.. .b o r n. T h e Anglo-Chilean who t r a v e l s elbroad may, though d o e s not always, claim h i s second nationality: f o r Chile (unlike s o m e o t h e r S o u t h A m e r i c a n Republics) i s tolerant towards the human problem of dual nationality. B u t the Anglo-Chilean, b o r n 0 resident in Chile, i s f i r s t 0 foremost a Chilean national.. iii :B r i t i s h Assoc iations with Chile E). T H E ROYAL LINKS. S i r Anthony W A G N E R refers in his book "English Genealogy" (p.199) t o "the magic of royalty and royal descent". T h e line of descent of t h e British Monarchs is, a s it were, the "Greenwich meridian" of the g r e a t c h a r t of British genealogy. T h e c h a r t of Anglo-Chilean genealogy has a r e g a l point o f original r e f e r e n c e in the m a r r i a g e o n 25th July 1554, only 19 years &er A L M A G R O ' s first expedition into Chile, of MARY T U D O R , Queen of England a n d P H I L I P of H A B S B U R G , KING OF C H I L E . P H I L I P did not become King P H I L l P II of S p a i n until 18 months l a t e r , 16th J a n u a r y 1556, when his father t t e E m p e r o r C H A R L E S V resigned the crown of S p a i n to him. In o r d e r that P H l L l P might not be of lesser r a n k than his bride, his father created him King of h i s most recently acquired ti distant None o t h e r h a s held t h e title "King of dominion. Chile" s i n c e P H I L I P . " T h e r e i s an old painting now hanging at t h e M u s e o de Bellas A r t e s in Fantiago, p e r h a p s t h e only o n e in existence, of Bloody Mary in h e r robes as Queen of Chile. O v e r t h e picture an inscription reads MARIA T U D O R : R E G I N A C H I L A E " (see Young p.12).. For m e m b e r s of the Anglo-Chilean Community who c a n trace a descent from EDWARD I, King of England, and his first wife, special interest lies in the fact that Queen C o n s o r t E l e a n o r w a s daughter of ST. F E R D I N A N D I11 (d.12521, King of Castile & Leon. ISABELLA the Catholic, Queen o f Castile b L e o n (reigned 1474-15041, w h o s e belief in Christopher C O L U M B U S ( ~ 1 4 4 6 - 1 5 0 6 )enabled him to sail o n his Voyage of Discovery of t h e N e w World 1492, was a great-granddaughter of J O H N of G A U N T , Duke of L a n c a s t e r (by his 2nd wife, S h e m ar r i ed C O N S T A N C E o f Castile). F E R D I N A N D (11, King of A r a g o n , l a t e r ) V , King of Spain (reigned 1479-15161, in whose n a m e Vasco Nunez d e BALBOA ( ~ 1 4 7 5 - 1 5 1 7 ) took possession of the " G r e a t South Sea" 1511 (re160. named Pacific Ocean 1520 by M A G E L L A N ) . At that time, 1511, the King of England was H E N R Y VIJI, son-in-law of F E R D I N A N D . ,. T h e Conquest of P e r u in 1524 by P I Z A R R O b A L M A G R O , & its s e q u e l , that of Chile 1525, both took place in the reign end s e r v i c e of the E m p e r o r C H A R L E S V, grandson maternally of F E R D I N A N D b ISABELLA, b first-cousin of h i s daughter-in-law MARY T U D O R , Queen of England 0 Chile. Of the Families noticed in C h a p t e r IV, t h o s e o f G I B B S ( s e e 91, P R I C E ( s e e 13) a n d W O D E H O U S E (see 32) h a v e d e s c e n t s from King EDWARD IEI (see Ruvisriyts F l a t a g e n e t Roll) : that of B L A I R (see 2 9 ) h a s a descent f r o m King R O B E R T Ill of Scotland: b the WHITE family (see 11) h a s its confused tradition of Hanoverian origin: but genealogical p r e c e d e n c e must be allowed to the family of L Y O N ( s e e 8 ) with its uninterrupted male descent f r o m Sir John L Y O N of Glamis by his wife Joan duaghter of King R O B E R T IIq of Scotland. T h e y were a n c e s t o r s also or H . k . Queen E L I Z A B E T H T h e Queen Mother: which connection r e n e w s today t h e four-hundred year old link between Chile b the B R I T I S H C r o w n .. F) T H E COl.0NIAI P E R I O D . 1535-181Q. British associations with Chile during the first two centuries of its history are, &S o n e would expect, exclusively maritime and consist of contacts with the Chilean coastline b islands on t h e part of the great English navigators. To the genealogist t h e r e i s something about this period reminiscent of the period of Viking r a i d s along t h e English coast, p r i o r to permanent N o r s e settlement. T h e r e must have been s o m e mingling of British with Araucanian and mestizo blood, but quite beyond the k e n of any genealogist to trace.. i). S i r Francis DRAKE. (1545-15961,. c o u r s e of his glorious Circumnavigation. in the on the.

(5) "Golden Hind", was off the coast of Chile during the y e a r 1578, plundering €2 pillaging. " H e then continued his voyage along the coast of Chile b P e r u , taking all opportunities of seizing S p a n i s h ships, and attacking them o n s h o r e , till his men w e r e satiated with plundert# ( E . 6 . ) . ii) T h o m a s C A V E N D I S H (?1555-1592), t h e second English circumnavigator, behaved in similar fashion and, o n t h e "Desire" (140 t o n s ) , touched et Quintero fr Arica in 1586. (see *1Galdames18). iii) Alexander S E L K I R K (1676-17211,prototype of "Robinson Crusoe", was sailing m a s t e r o n t h e 'Y3nque Porte1@galley, o n e of the two v e s s e l s commanded by William DAMPIER (1652-1715), b u c c a n e e r fr h y d r o g r a p h e r , o n an expedition to t h e In S e p t e m b e r 1704 this ship put in South Seas. at Juan F e r n a n d e z Islands and S E L K I R K w a s left behind, as o t h e r English seamen had been marooned t h e r e before him. H e was taken off in F e b r u a r y 1709 by Captain Woodes R O G E R S (circumnavigator of f708/11), commdnder of t h e llDukell privateer (DAMPIER being the pilot 1 (E.B T h e Juan F e r n a n d e z Islands (so named after the Spanish pilot who discovered them in 15631 lie s o m e 400 to 500 miles off Valparaiso, and are Chilean territory.. ... iv) Commodore G e o r g e A N S O N (1697-17621, l a t e r B a r o n Anson, also called at Juan F e r n a n d e z in his flagship "Centurion", in J u n e 1741, during his expedition to attack the Spanish possessions: a n d l a t e r that year h e captured t h e town of P a i t a , in t h e north of P e r u ( E . B . ) .. VI Admiral t h e Hon. John B Y R O N (1723-1786) ~. ("Foul-Weather Jack". grandfather of the poet had been a midshipman in A N S O N ' S expedition, on t h e "Wager" wrecked n e a r Cape Horn. He commanded a circumnavigation 1764/66 (see his "Narrative" published 17781, in w h i c h Philip C A R T E R E T (1733-17961, later Rear-Admiral, commanded the "Dolphin". C A R T E R E T subsequently commanded the llSwallowll in Wallis' expedition of 1766/69, during which h e called at Juan F e r n a n d e z and discovered Pitcairn Island, 1767 ( s e e his Journal" in H a w k e s w o r t h ' s Woyages". 1773). Whilst i t m a y b e stretching genealogical connections almost as far as those seamen stretched maritime r o u t e s , it i s possible to include D R A K E ' s name in the annexed Geneagraph and to show connections between A N S O N b the P R I C E family, fr between B Y R O N D thefamilies of W O D E H O U S E & R A I K E S (IV.28.c). T o w a r d s the end of the XVIIIth Century, British contacts of another sort begin to be made T w o prominent that lead t o family settlement. instances also s e r v e to illustrate what must have been t h e comparable careers of scores of u n r e corded men who did not attain to eminence. vi) A m b r o s e O'HIGGINS w a s born in 1720 at Ballinary, Co. Sligo (according to 'lGaldamestt o r at Summershill, Co.Meath (according to P H. ) 'i'he son of a peasant f a r m e r on the estate of t h e Countess of Bective (sic P . H . 1, h e w a s educated at Cadiz by a n uncle who w a s a chaplain at the Court at Madrid. H e went to P e r u in commerce, end a r r i v e d in Chile in 1761 as a Captain-General of Chile in 1788, w a s promoted Field-Marshal 1789, and pacified the Indians. In. .. .. 1. 1796 h e w a s appointed Viceroy at Lima, w h e r e By Isabel R I Q U E L M E , h e h e died 18.3.1801. left a natural s o n , B e r n a r d o (see para. G.iii) (llGaldamesll 0 P. H .).R o s a , s i s t e r of B e r n a r d o i s mentioned as living 1822 ( l l G r a h a m t l ) .. ,. vii) Juan M A C K E N N A , b o r n in 1771 at Drogheda Co. Louth,was a nephew of Alexander 0' R E I L L Y (1722-17941, who settled in S p a i n , w a s created a Count, commanded S p a n i s h f o r c e s in Louisiana 1769 b in A l g e r i a 1774, w a s disgraced b died at Chinchilla, Murcia ("Galdames") MACKENNA went to P e r u b s e r v e d under V i c e r o y O'HIGGINS (i.e. in o r before 18001, a n d w a s appointed G o v e r n o r of Valparaiso in 1811, H e was killed at Buenos Aires in 1814 in a duel with Luis C A R R E R A (see para. G.ii) ("Galdames"). His grandson Benjamin VICUNA ( M A C K E N N A ) (18311886) w a s a distinguished Chilean historian. T h e M A C K E N N A family is r e p r e s e n t e d in Chile today in both m a l e b female lines: and i s thus o n e of t h e Chilean families able to t r a c e the earliest known d e s c e n t s from an original progenitor b o r n in the British Isles.. .. viii) B e s i d e s those men from t h e British Isles who a r r i v e d in Chile through the S p a n i s h s e r v i c e , as s o l d i e r s b civil s e r v a n t s , t h e r e were the s e a m e n who in d i v e r s circumstances stayed o r were left behind. T h e r e must have been similar instances throughout the XVlIlth Century, but nc specifically named cases have come to my notice e a r l i e r than t h e XlXth Century. I n 1802, D r . G e o r g e E D W A R D S , s u r g e o n o n the w h a l e r "Backhousetl, settled at Coquimbo b founded what h a s beaoma a prominent Chilean family in public life (IV.2). In 1804, a ship bound for Australia mutinied off t h e Chilean coast b s o m e 100 of t h e p a s s e n g e r s landed a: Conzepcion, inclcding Dr. H e n r y FAU L K N E R who later b e c a m e G o v e r n o r of Quillota (P. H 1. T h e s u r n a m e F A U L K N E R continues in Chile today, probably i n d e s c e n t f r o m him. William K E N N E D Y , mate of t h e "Scorpiont' in 1808, when h e r captain b s o m e of h e r c r e w w e r e m u r d e r e d , stayed in Chile, b e c a m e a merchant b was resident in Valparaiso, 1823 ( P . H. ).. .. ix) in 1805, Amasa ' D E L A N O ( w h o s e b r o t h e r P a u l founded a prolific family in Chile: ~ e e I V . 4 native of Boston, who t r a d e d o n the Chilean coast, captured offCoronel the mutineered s l a v e r " P r u e b a 8 @ (see his "Narrative" published 1817).. A n 'early example of an English t r a d e r in Chile w a s John M I E R S , coppersmith, who settled at Concon in 1808, m a r r i e d t h e r e G had i s s u e , and published his " T r a v e l s in Chile" 1826.. x). xi) W i t h ' t h e exceptions o f M A C K E N N A , E D W A R D S , D E L A N O (collaterally) and possibly F A U L K N E R , none of t h e other n a m e s mentioned in this p a r a g r a p h ( F)are indicated as having been the progenitor of a family subsequently resident in Chile: and it might b e objected that t h e mention of those other names would b e m o r e Bppropriate in a historical account r a t h e r than in a genealogical paper. But the reader h a s b e e n w a r n e d in t h e Introductory C h a p t e r of the limitations of this p a p e r . And, in any case, t h e interest of t h e o t h e r n a m e s to the genealogist ( w h o s e role is to c h a r t the s t r e a m s of blood, noble & common, open b hidden) is that, in a period of incomplete and virtually unr e s e a r c h e d r e c o r d s , they illustrate the various w a y s in which the first w a v e of British blood must 161.

(6) I. h a v e seeped into Chile in the y e a r s prior to the m o r e formal & r e c o r d e d travel of the XlXth Century. T h e descendants of t h e unnamed s e a m e n and soldiers-of-fortune, who s e t out from the British Isles before t h e end of the XVlIlth Century, hispanicized their s u r n a m e s and adopted Chile as their home, and their families today must b e as completely Chilean as their neighbours. Yet they mu& also have p r e s e r v e d , f o r a generation or two, s o m e tradition of their British origin: and so, through their cushioning p r e s e n c e , and undoubted hospitality t o w a r d s subsequent a r r i v a l s f r o m Britain, they would have facilitated the acclimatization of the XIXth Century s e t t l e r s , amongst whom w e find the progenitors of t h e extant B recognisable Anglo-Chilean Community. T h e p r e s e n t d a y descendents of t h e "first wave" of British blood can r a r e l y b e said to form p a r t of t h e Anglo-Chilean Community: but the p r e s e n c e of their f o r e b e a r s made the existence of that Community possible. GI. T H E I N D E P E N D E N C E P E R I O D . 18101 8 2 6 : N A V A L b MILITARY A S S O C I A T I O N S. During the period of a d e c a d e 5 a half that i) intervenes between the Declaration of Independence and its complete unchallenged e x e r c i s e , t h e r e is a considerable influx of British names into Chile: and, in this "second wave", the names of transient soldiers- b sailors-of-fortuni overlap with those of eventual settlers. T h e focal point f o r the soldiers w a s the "English Brigade" (recruited mainly from officers who had s e r v e d in the Peninsular W a r , 1808/14), which formed p a r t o f 0"lGGlNS' Patriot Forces in S A N h4AR'Tlh"s &my o f Liberation, that c r o s s e d the A n d e s in January 1817 and defeated t h e Spanish royalist f o r c e s at Chacabuco, 12.2.1817. T h e focal point for the s a i l o r s w a s s e r v i c e u n d e r Admiral L o r d C O C H R A N E ( s e e para.iv below).. ii). T h e first Independence movement o f 1810. (sea Chapter 1l.ii) w a s originally a 'junta' ( c o m mittee) movement, from which the dominant f i g u r e. to e m e r g e w a s Jose Miguel C A R R E R A ( b r o t h e r of L u i s , see para.F.vii). H e w a s born in 1785 at Santiago, s e r v e d in the Spanish A r m y against N A P O L E O N , b returned to Chile in 1811. Styled t h e ItLiberator of Chile", h e was Dictator from 1812 until deposed by t h e royalists in 1814, being subsequently counted as the 1 s t P r e s i d e n t of the Republic. H e w a s shot at Medoza, Argentina, in 1821 ("Galdamestv). His niece Magdalena married a b r o t h e r of C a r m e n S A N T A MARIA, the wife of G e o r g e L Y O N (IV.8) (see "Young" p.60).. iii) T h e l e a d e r of t h e second 5 effective Independence movement (see C h a p t e r 1I.K) w a s B e r n a r d 0 O'HIGGINS ( R I Q U E L M E ) , t h e g r e a t national hero. B o r n at Chillan, Chile, in 1776 5 educated in England, h e returned to Chile in 1802 and commanded t h e Patriot Forces in 1813, in s u p e r During the period of s e s s i o n of C A R R E R A . royalist restoration, h e w a s in Argentina, helping S A N MARTIN to o r g a n i s e the A r m y of Liberation: and, aRer the battle of Chacabuco (see para. i a b o v e ) , h e w a s appointed b y S A N MARTIN Director-General of Government. 0'HIGGINS i s counted as t h e 2nd P r e s i d e n t of t h e Republic. , H e ruled until 1823, when h e resigned 5 retired to P e r u w h e r e h e died peacefully in 1842 ("Galdames" b E.B.). H e left no descendants. It w a s a t his 162. .invitation that C O C H R A N E entkred t h e Chile? service.. iv) T h o m a s COCHRANE, (Admiral L o r d C O C H R A N E ) (1775-1860) accepted in 1817 t h e invitation to command the Chilean naval squadron, which h e c a r r i e d out with complete s u c c e s s 1818/ 23 in a s e r i e s of actions fought along C h i l e ' s extensive coast, f+ h a s s i n c e been r e v e r e d as a national hero. His signal exploit w a s the cutting out of the Spanish frigate "Esmeraldal' u n d e r the fortifications of Callao h a r b o u r , P e r u , 5.11.1820. In 1823 h e t r a n s f e r r e d his s e r v i c e s to Brazil and w a s created Marquess of Maranhao by the E m p e r o r Dom P E D R O 1. H e succeeded his father as 10th E a r l of Dundonald in 1821 ("Galdames" b B u r k e ' s Peerage). His descendants maintain c l o s e links with Chile and with the Anglo-Chilean Society (see para. M.vI.. v) Prior to C O C H R A N E ' s a r r i v a l , t h e r e i s r e c o r d in 1817 ( P - H . 1 of Captain MACKAY, a f o r m e r s e a m a n on a w h a l e r , l e a d e r of a party of 6 unemployed English sailors ( S a m BRAIN, Dan F U R E Y , G e o r g e J E N K I N S , T o m MARTIN, Aleck MORRlS 5 Bill SHAE) w h o set out from Valparaiso in a launch b captured t h e "Minerva" in Africa. T h e y subsequently captured a Spanish brig bearing despatches from t h e Viceroy of P e r u to the Spanish royalist authorities in Chile, which n e w s MACKAY p a s s e d to the P a t r i o t s in VaIparaiso, who then iegalised his privateer.. O n 22nd April 1822, H.M.S. frigate"Doris" vi) put into Valparaiso, aboard being Maria GRAHAM, widow of the 1 a t e commander Capt. T h o m a s GRAHAM, R.N., who had died off Cape Horn b who w a s buried at Valparaiso. Maria daughter of G e o r g e D U N D A S , Vice-Admiral of t h e Blue, w a s born 1785 n e a r Cockermouth b died 1842 at Kensington. S h e had m a r r i e d Capt. GRAHAM in 1809; and in 1827 m a r r i e d , as h e r 2nd husband, Augustus Wall C A L C O T T (1777-1844, knighted 1837, F . R . A . 1813, o n e of w h o s e best-known paintings i s "Milton dictating h i s poem t o his daughterst11. Maria GRAHAM travelled widely 8 published a number of books; but E.B. omits to mention (in the r e f e r e n c e t o h e r , s u b A. W. C A L C O T T ) h e r I'Journal of a Residence in Chile 1822", published 1824, and recognised i n tha country as a n authoritative description of the e a r l y d a y s of t h e Republic. Capt. GRAHAM had been a colleague of C O C H R A N E , who p r e s e n t e d the widow to Chilean society, amongst whom s h e lived f o r t h e following 9 months.. vii) In h e r Journal, s h e mentions the n a m e s of 1 2 naval officers who were at Valparaiso in 1822, apparently serving under C O C H R A N E . F o u r of them are also mentioned in WMuthalP or P.H.: M r C A N D L E R , of the I'Doris". Capt. COBBETT, nephew of William COBBETT (1763-1835: the Radical). H e was drowned 1826 off Cape H o r n , when C O C H R A N E ' s f o r m e r flag ship tlOIHiggins't (that had been t h e Spanish frigate "Maria Isabel" before s h e was captured) Wwrecked on h e r voyage to Argentina (which country had bought the ship) (P.H.). Dr. CRAIG, s u r g e o n o n thet8OVHigginstt:apparently temporarily resident in Santiago. Capt. C R O S B I E , commander of t h e flagship "0' Higgins": an Irishman. According to "Mulhall" , h e m a r r i e d C O C H R A N E ' s daughter: but t h e r e is.

(7) no mention of s u c h a m a r r i a g e in B u r k e ' s P e e r a g e . M r D A N C E , of the I1Dorisl1. P. 0. G R E N F E L L , Lieutenant in the Chilean Navy. commander of t h e "Mercedes". M r J A C K S O N , of t h e i*Moctezumal'. Capt. M O R G E L L , of t h e Chilean brig "Aranzazu'? Capt. the Hon. F r e d e r i c k S P E N C E R , commander of the frigate ''Alacrity". Capt. V e r n o n , of t h e "Doris". Capt. WILKlNSON (also named in tlMulhallll). Capt. W I N T E R , of t h e "Moctezuma". He was later in command of the "Independence" when that ship was sold to Argentina, but s h e w a s broken up at T d c a h u a n o , 1826 ( P . H . 1. Only one military n a m e i s mentioned in the Journal: that of Major O ' C A R R O L , who attended General S A N MARTIN when h e passed through Valparaiso o n h i s return to Argentina from Lima. And only o n e merchant captain i s named: Capt. WHITE, of t h e "Medwayt1, in Valpafaiso h a r b o u r at t h e time of t h e earthquake of November 1822. viii) O t h e r naval n a m e s survive from other s o u r c e s . In 1818, Capt. T U R N E R of t h e "Santa Rosa" was put a s h o r e at Valparaiso by mutineers ( P H In the s a m e year, B Y N O N (IV.5) engaged as C O C H R A N E ' s signal midshipman. In 1819, the American, P a u l D E L A N O , a r r i v e d to deliver the corvette 1Quriacio" to the Patriots fr stayed to join them: h i s s o n P a u l Hinckley engaged as a midshipman under C O C K R A N E , & l a t e r founded a numerous family (IV.4). In 1821, Robert W. S I M P S O N entered t h e Chilean Navy, t l a t e r settled (IV.25.d.iii): a n d in 1822, Humphrey B U N S T E R settled in unique style, being lassooed (IV.5). A l s o in 1822, John R O B E R T S O N , a sailor on t h e British brig-of-war itHecatelt (which ship had been Capt. GRAHAM'S first command i n 18101, joined the Patriot Navy t w a s given command of a brig. H e settled on La Mocha Island, off Talcahuano @ m a r r i e d a Chilean. He was captured b y the royalists, escaped t resumed Patriot s e r v i c e , turned privateer t w a s killed by the S p a n i a r d s ( P . H . ) . In 1826, Capt. YOUNG commanded t h e P e r u v i a n brig-of-war "Congressol' (ltMulhalll*): and in t h e same year Lieutenant O X L E Y , of the brig IIGalvarina" (formerly the "Hecatel'), w a s p r e s e n t at the capture of Chiloe ("Mulhall"). . ... .. ix) John WILLIAMS entered the Chilean Navy before 1826. H e w a s b o r n in South Wales, nahtralised a Chilean, & hispanicized his name to Juan G U I L L E R M O S . L a t e r Captain, h e formally b o k possession of the S t r a i t of Magellan in the name of Chile, 21st S e p t e m b e r 1843. His son Admiral WILLIAMS ( R E B O L L E D O ) ( b , 1826 at C u r a c e v i ) l a t e r s e r v e d in t h e Pacific W a r 1879 ("MulhaiP t 3 P.H.). Another settler prior t o 1826, L Y N C H , from Ireland (IV.lO.a.i), w a s also probably a naval man. ''Mulhall~~also mentions Capt. B L A I R , commdnder of a pirate vessel off the Equadorian .coast, who was captured in 1821 by C O C H R A N E and subsequently released. A rare military refe r e n c e is to (201. T U P P E R (b. 1800 in G u e r n s e y , C - I - ) , who a r r i v e d in Chile in 1821, & m. 1826 Valparaiso a grand-daughter of Count Z E E G E R S had issue: he defeated the Spanish at Chiloe in ' l 8 2 6 , W w eppoipted Governor of Coquimbo 1829,'. .. & w a s murdered 1830 after the battle of Maule by rebellious Indians ('tMulhall''. M a n y British subjects (particularly S c o t s @ Irish) w e r e similarly engaged during this period e l s e w h e r e in South America: and amongst them, General Nicholas B U T L E R , in Argentina, w a s ancestor of several families l a t e r settled in Chile (IV.3).. It i s probably d u e to the British s e a m e n of this period that all British immigrants and visitors to Chile have been and are known by the g e n e r i c t e r m 'gringos'. T h e derivation o f t h e word 'gringo' i s o b s c u r e , but i s said to allude to the refrain " G r e e n grow the r u s h e s O!" chanted b y the s e a m e n as they heaved at the capstan. H ) T H E I N D E P E N D E N C E P E R I O D . 1810-1826 T R A D I N G & CIVIL A S S O C I A T I O N S. i) Whilst the fighting for Independence continued, the foreign mercantile and civil community was already beginning to take s h a p e ; and marly of t h e f i r s t British merchants to t r a d e with South A m e r i c a were those who already had trading connections with the Peninsula, particularly t h e C a d i z m e r c h a n t s Indeed, it could be argued that N A P O L E O N ' S attempt to conquer E u r o p e was t h e catalyst through which the Anglo-Chilean Community originated, Unemployment after the campaign s e n t the ex-combatants to South America. Blockade during that campaign sent t h e merchants there. And both t h e s e movements of individuals were in consonance with British Government policy, epigrammatically defined o n 12th D e c e m b e r 1826 b y G e o r g e CANNING (1770-18271, then F o r e i g n S e c r e t a r y , when h e declaimed: "1 called the N e w World into existence to redress t h e b a l a n c e of the Old'? Oiie might style him the "political godfather" of emancipated South America. H e can be remotely connected with families now r e s i d e n c e in Chile ( s e e B u r k e ' s Peerage, art. 'IBaron Garvagh" ii) P e r h a p s o n e of the earliest r e f e r e n c e s to a British merchant in South A m e r i c a , w h o s e trading activities g a v e r i s e to a family l a t e r settled in Chile, i s to John P a r i s h R O B E R T S O N (1792-1843) e H e w a s b o r n at Kelso, Scotland, s o n of t h e Asst. Secretary of the Bank of Scotland, by h i s wife He Julia P A R I S H , dau of a Hamburg merchant. went t o South A m e r i c a in 1807, w a s t h e f i r s t merchant to t r a d e with Paraguay 1811, founded the S c o t s colony of Monte G r a d e on t h e R i v e r P l a t e 1825, G retired to Scotland 1830, w h e r e h e died. His y o u n g e r b r o t h e r William P a r i s h R O B E R T S O N ( 1 7 9 5 - 1 8 6 1 )settled in South A m e r i c a in 1814, died at Valparaiso, B was the father of William R O B E R T S O N (IV.15.c). Another early South American settler, who left descendants in Chile, was T h o m a s P A T R I C K S O N (1V.ll.b) who d, 1819 at Buenos A i r e s .. iii) A n d r e w B L E S T , merchant, of Co. Sligo, Connaught, a r r i v e d in Chile in 1813 on the ship "Emily", with h i s 2 b r o t h e r s , & settled (S.P.M.1. Joshua WADDINGTON (b.1792 a t Y o r k , d.1876) went to Buenos A i r e s in 1812, fr thence to Valparaiso in 1817. H e financed the copper mines at Copiapo fr Coquimbo, and irrigation at Limache, trading a s 'Waddington, Templeman 6 C 0 . 1 ("Mulhall") In o r soon after 1822, WADDINGTON w a s joined by Edmund E A S T M A N , founder of a family resident in Chile (IV.6).. .. 163.

(8) iv) It is evident f r o m Maria GRAHAM'S Journal ( s e e para. G.vi a b o v e ) that by 1822 t h e r e w a s alr-eady an "English" colony resident in Valparaiso. But s h e i s a disappointing authority for a genealogist tr often only identifies h e r contacts with blanks or initial letters. S h e tells u s , f o r instance, that "five English" died in t h e earthquake of November 19th: and s h e mentions meeting an Englishman, manager of a soap B candle factory n e a r Melipilla, who had been a s a i l o r o n a whaler wrecked n e a r Juan F e r n a n d e z : but s h e d o e s not give any of their names. T h e non-Spanish residents named in h e r Journal were:. Mr B E N E T T , from Co. Lincs.. H e had been G o v e r n o r of E s m e r a l d a in the early p a r t of the W a r of Independence, and later became C O C H R A N E f s s e c r e t a r y B manager of his estate at Quintero. M r B E R N A R D , of Santiago; known as 'don Diego' settled with a family. M r C A M P B E L L , S c o t s merchant, who had m. a s i s t e r of Mariano d e E N C A L A D A . Mr C L A R K E (no details). M r C R U I K S H A N K , of Quintero Viejo. M r DAVIDSON (no details). M r F A W K N E R , "born in >England", Lt-Governor of Quillota ( w h o must b e identical w i t h D r F A U L K N E R , see para. F.viii). M r G O L D S E G G , who had c o m e from Woolwich, with his family, to make r o c k e t s to fire against Callao. Mr HOGAN, the American Consul at Valparaiso, his wife b daughter. M r H O S E A S O N ( n o details). M r MIERS k his family (see para., F . x ) . M r O L V E R , shipwright. M. P H A R O U X , proprietor of the "Hotel F r a n c e s " at Valparaiso. . Mr P R E V O S T , the American-Consul General k a Chilean judge, w h o s e father, a S w i s s from Geneva, had settled in Chile. M r T H O M P S O N , phi!anthropist b founder of schools, who s e e m s to have been a transierrt and to have left Valparaiso for Lima in June 1822. British C o n s u l a r representation apparently commenced t h e following year, 1823, with the appointment a s V i c e Consul o f William Henry ROUSE. In 1827 h e went t o Concepcion as Consul, B later returned to Valparaiso in that office. H e m a r r i e d c1838 A d e l a daeghter of Auguste B A R D E L , t h e F r e n c h Vice-Consul at Concepcion. R O U S E i s said to have been Ita s o n of King G E O R G E 1V k anoriental lady" ( P . H .) T h e f i r s t British Consul-General at Valp a r a i s o (after t h e A c t of 1825 regulating the appointment of consuls) w a s Christopher Richard N U G E N T , who held office until 1828 ( P . H . 1 . Rev. T h o m a s K E N D A L L (bapt.1778), who went to New South Wales in 1813, w a s a missionary in New Zealand 1814/25 tr w a s ordained 1820 in the U K., was resident in Valparaiso 1825/27. T h e r e w a s a "Burying Ground f o r Foreigners" a t Valp a r a i s o from a n early date: and Capt. P e t e r D I L L O N subscribed to its upkeep in 1827, o n his w a y to discover the fate of LA P E R O U S S E ' s Expedition. But British c h u r c h e s fr schools ( a t least those that s u r v i v e in t o d a y ' s community) are of l&er foundation. v). -. .. .. vi) O n e of the f i r s t British merchant h o u s e s to establish itself in Chile, and still today one of the 164. leading houses, w a s that of 'Antony Gibbs b Sons', founded in London in 1808 with Peainsula connections. In South A m e r i c a , t h e h o u s e first traded in Peru, u n d e r the s u c c e s s i v e s t y l e s of 'Gibbs Ci-awley M o e n s b Co.' f1822/24) b 'Gibbs C r a w l e y k Co .I (1824/47 1 T h e latter firm opened its first office in Chile in 1826: and from 1847 onw a r d s Gibbs have continuously traded in Chile under the s u c c e s s i v e styles of 'William Gibbs D Co.1 (1847/79), *Gibbs b C0.I (1880/1948) and 'Gibbs y Cia. S.A.C.' ( s i n c e 1948). Their s t o r y is told in " T h e History of Antony ti Dorothea Gibbs" by J . A . G I B B S , published privately 1922,. and in "Antony Gibbs B S o n s , Limited, Merchants b B a n k e r s , 1808-1958", compiled 1958 by W. MAUDE. T h e first English employees of t h e firm mentioned as resident i n South A m e r i c a were G e o r g e T h o m a s DAVY (d.18741, who went to P e r u in 1823 k stayed in S o u t h A m e r i c a until 1846, being subsequently a p a r t n e r (1848/74) ; and John H A Y N E (d.18641, who went to Pemr In 1825 k stayed in South A m e r i c a until 1846. H A Y N E , who was a p a r t n e r (1848/59), w a s uncleof J a m e s C h a r l e s H A Y N E ( p a r t n e r 1880/56: d.18991, who resided in South A m e r i c a 1849/79 0 w a s t h e father o f Caroline w h o m. 1887 Archibald WILLIAMSON ( l a t e r 1 s t B a r o n F o r r e s ) ( s e e para.K.ii 0 IV.16). F r o m 1828 o n w a r d s , s o m e members of the G I B B S family have occasionally resided in Chile (IV.9).. .. vii) In 1826, t h e year in which the Spanish were finally driven from their l e t stmnghold, G e o r g e L Y O N (1803-1866) settled in Chile. H e had been "sick 0 ailing" and w a s s e n t to Chile for his health his family possibly havicg been influenced by t h e publication of Maria GRAHAM'S Journal, 1824 in which s h e described t h e country m t t a n e a r t h y paradise b beneficial to t h e lungstt (see "Young", p.61). H e settled and founded a large family, w h o s e descendants are widely connected by m a r riage with o t h e r Anglo-Chilean families 0 with Chilean families. (1V.8).. ,. In the s a m e year, 1826, Mathew B E G S (d. 1853) b his wife went to Lima, Peru, and raised a family that subsequently (1842) settled in Chile. Between the descendants of D E L A N O ( 1 8 1 9 ) , L Y O N (1826) 0 B l G G S (18261, the genealogist can trace c l o s e connections with a l a r g e proportion of the families that today c o m p r i s e the Anglo-Chilev Community. J). T H E EA R L Y T R A D l N G P E R I O D 1826-185Q. i) In the 1830s Chile w a s exclusively ( a s it still continues largeIy today) an agriculturai 0 mining country, and the export of mined p r o d u d s h a s always accounted for t h e great part of C h i l e ' s foreign trade. T h u s the trading pattern of the country, which from this period o n w a r d s provides the occupational background of t h e mqjority of t h e British immigrants, is o n e familiar throughout the World during t h e XlXth Century, namely t h e export of national raw materials and t h e import of European finished goods and technical knowledge.. A t the beginning of this period, the principal The export w a s 'guano' for u s e as fertiliser. droppings of milliards of s e a b i r d s over centuries of time had formed r i c h deposits along the coast that required no m o r e than to be cut out and shipped In the w o r d s of t h e clerihew quoted to me in 1949.

(9) by t h e Hon. Antony Gibbs. Gibbs first made their dibs out of t h e t u r d s of foreign birds. S o m e of t h e l a r g e r of the e a r l y merchant h o u s e s owned their own fleets of sailing v e s s e l s , such those of CANCIANI S o b r i n o s (an Italian family settled ~ 1 8 3 0 ,with many Anglo -Chilean descendants: see N . 1 0 1 B the C o r n i s h family of R O G E R S 8 Co., of whom Ralph R O G E R S m. e granddaughter of James F R A Z E R (b.1794, d. T h e 'Pacific Steam Navig1847 et 'Valparaiso) &ion Company' ( P . S . N . C . ) w a s founded in 1840 D established itself as t h e traditional shipping line o n "the West Coast", a generic term in common local u s a g e embracing Chile, P e r u 8 Bolivia, and w h e r e b y many old-timers refer to themselves as "West-Coasters". .. .. Traders l a r g e B small went to Chile thems e l v e s , cr s e n t p a r t n e r s , and later their contracted m a n a g e r s , c l e r k s B overseers a s their needs dictated. Other British subjects, sometimes professional men, went to Chile independently to test their luck: and s o m e who went a s employees s t w e d to set up business on their own account. And through t h e whole s t o r y of British immigration t h e r e r u n s an intriguing thread of men whom o n e c a n only d e s c r i b e as "cliance settlers": men who were apparently "en route" for s o m e o t h e r country or to n o w h e r e in particular, and who fell in love wit&-chils B stayed to there. T h e motives .-.-settleof t h e mobile would in themselves %e afascinating study. S o m e who went to Chile moved on o r returned; o t h e r s brought their wives with them: but many, original settlers or their children, married in the country, F9 so the Community with its network of connections through intermarriage took shape. It will b e noticed that only a minority of the names so f a r mentioned carry r e f e r e n c e s to "Chapter IV", w h e r e a s the mqjority of the names subsequent to this point are so cross-referenced: and the r e a d e r is w a i n reminded of the limitations of this p a p e r , explained in t h e Introduction.. ii) Another g r e a t English name connected with Chile at this time w a s that of C h a r l e s R o b e r t DARWIN (1809-1882), the naturalist B scientist, H e took part in the surveying expedition of the '!Beagle1' 1831/36, which cruised up the Chilean c o a s t 1832, in t h e c o u r s e of h e r circumnavigation. It was the observations that h e made o n this voyage that inspired him to begin his w o r k , 1837, o n t h e tlTransmutation of Species"; and h e mentions t h e island of Chiloe m o r e than o n c e in his w o r k s . Again, a remote connections with the Community can be traced, through the m a r r i a g e of his s o n Sir F r a n c i s (1848-1925) to Amy R U C K , w h o s e s i s t e r Mary w a s mother of the 1 s t Baron A T K I N of Abcrdovey (IV.23). iii) D r . William B L E S T (1800-18841, born at Sligo, County Sligo, physician a n d surgeon, settled in Chile 1827, D became deputy D senator. H e m. G A N A & had i s s u e 3 s o n s born in Chile: 1 ' ) Guillermo (1829-19051, b. at Santiago, p l a w r i g h t 8 poet, b e c a m e Chilean Minister Pleni, potentiary to Argentina & Brazil. About 1880 b e. ---. *. w a s lntendente of S a n Felipe. H e m. an Englishwomen. 2') AIberto (1831-19201, novelist, deputy, 8 Intendente of Colchagua. H e left Chile in 1886 to b e Envoy Extraordinary to P a r i s & London. 3") Joaquin (b.18321, l a w y e r , tj editorof the daily n e w s p a p e r 1ICorreof1, w a s Minister of Information 1866/71 D P r e s i d e n t of the H b u s e of Deputies 01880. (llGaldames" & "Mulhall" 1. iv) T h e following are s o m e names that o c c u r during the period 1830-1850, most of whom left descendants, m e m b e r s o f t h e Anglo Chilean Community today, as noticed in C h a p t e r IV:. -. McLAUGHLIN, T h o m a s Morris (1800-1882) : w a s settled at T a c n a , P e r u before 1830. H e m. Maria MAZU E L O S (1802-1886 1B his great-grandchildren w e r e surnamed A L L A R D I C E B B I R R E L L . P O R T E R , James: b. in London c 1800. H e m. before 1830, N a r c i s s u s daughter o f F e r n e u d o M A R T E L L , of Valparaiso (P.H.1.. F L I N D T , Adolph Ferdinand (1813-18511, from Larenfeld, Denmark. H e settled at Valparaiso c 1832/33 B m. a niece of Antonio CANCIANI, w h o s e p a r t n e r h e became (lV.10). - --. WHITE, ---, whosefamily w a s settled at Valparaiso before 1837m when h i s s o n - i n - l a w T h o m a s P A T R I C K S O N d. t h e r e ( N . 1 1 ). MacKAY, D r . John (1819-1901), b. at Inverness. H e qualified as a doctor et Glasgow, 1838; sailed 1839 for New South W a l e s , D was s e n t thence to Chile for supplies, 1840, w h e r e h e a r r i v e d et Talcahuano w h e r e h e settled B died ( P . H . 1.. B R A U N , Elias: b. in Poland. H e settled 4 8 4 0 a t P u n t a A r e n a s , in t h e e x t r e m e south of Chile F9 set u p sheepfarming, which developed into t h e 1 Sociedad Expiotadora d e Tierra del F u e g o ' (s E .T F. ) the principal sheep-farming and wool producing undertaking in Chile (IV. 1 2 ) .. .. -. ,. Y R I B E R R Y , P e d r o : a B a s q u e from Pamplona or S a n t a n d e r , Spain. H e settled in P e r u before 1842, When his s o n Simon w a s b. t h e r e (lV.14).. R l E D , D r . C h i n a s (18iO-18691, military s u r g e o n , from Bavaria. H e settled at Velparaiso 1842, when returning to England after a tour of duty in Australia, B m. a niece of Antonio CANCIANI (IV.10).. B U D G E , F o r b e s : from Scotland. H e settled in Chile before 1843, when his daughter Isabel (d. 19351 w a s b.there. S h e m. Carlos B A R R O I L H E T (1835-18761, s o n of a F r e n c h immigrant, B their s o n C a r l o s . (1866-1954) m. Teresa C A N N O N , s i s t e r of M r s F e d e r i c o Y R I B E R R Y (IV.14).. P L U M M E R , Anthony (1817-1864) : was settled in Chile before 1844, when h e w a s already m. to A n a daughter of P a u l Hinckley D E L A N O (IV.4).. O X L E Y , S a m u e l P o t t e r (1804-18721. H e had settled at Valparaiso before 1844, when his infant daughter Isabel was buried t h e r e (IV.13).. T R U M B U L L , Rev. David (1819-18891, b. at Elizabeth, New J e r s e y , U.S.A. H e settled in Chile 1845, and founded & w a s the first minister of the Union C h u r c h , at Valparaiso, w h e r e h e d i ed. H i s granddaughter M a r y m. G e o r g e C O M P T O N (1V.ll.c).. 1 165.

(10) I in 1851 u n d s r the style of S, Williamson t (20.8, to act as F o r w a r d i n g Agents, Merchants t S h i p o w n e r s ; and the Chilean office w e opened in t h e following year by Stephen WILLIAMSON (1827-1903) , the first of s e v e r a l m e m b e r s of his family to r e s i d e occasionally in Chile (IV.16). T h e s t o r y of t h i s merchant house i s toId in "Balfour Williamson 0 Co., 5 Allied F i r m s: memoirs of a merchant house", published privately 1929, and in "Heirs of G r e a t Adventure" by Wallis H U N T , 1951. T h e style w a s changed in 1856 to 1 Balfour Williamson t2 C o ,I; and again to 'Williamson Balfour t2 Co.' in 1863, in which year David D U N C A N (1831-18863 left t h e partnership.. S A L K E L D , F r e d e r i c k ; from London, H e settled at T a c n a , P e r u , before 4846, when his daughter E l i s a was b. t h e r e (1V.14). M A C Q U E E N , William Lennie (1832-18791, b. at D r y m e n , Co. Stirling. H e settled in Chile 1849, b e c a m e Manager of the Banco Nacional d e Chile, t m. a great-niece of Antonio CANCIANI (IV.10). A R M S T R O N G , Rev. William: during this period, w a s t h e first formally appointed Consular Chaplain ' at Valparaiso. W e w a s succeeded before 1852 by Rev. Benjamin H I L L ( P . H . ) . .. K). .. David DUNCAN had been o n e of t h e t h r e e t in original p a r t n e r s in 1 S Williamson & Co. 1855 became WILLIAMSON ' s brother-in-law (IV. ,161. In 1863, h e founded, b a s e d upon an e a r l i e r firm of Ravenscroft B r o t h e r s , the third traditional British house, 'Duncan Fox ti Co.'. T H F P F R I O D O F COMMERCIAI. E X P A N S I O N . 1850-188L. i) F r o m t h e middle o f t h e XIXth C e n t u r y , t h e r e w a s construction t operation of railway lines, and t h e building. C expansion of p o r t w o r k s . T h e Antofagasta-Bolivia Railway, climbing from sealevel to t h e plateau at 1 2 , 5 0 0 ' , was a fine feat of railway engineering, T h e activities brought a f u r t h e r influx of British subjects, both as m a n a g e r s t artisans. Sometimes they a r r i v e d in p a r t i e s , as for example t h e gang of men recruited in the s h o p s of Dubbs t Co., locomotive engineers, of Glasgow, in 1862. Dubbs were manufacturing locomotives for the Chilean S t a t e Railways, and the men w e r e contracted to help s e t up the operation. T h e y w e r e led out by John KING (18331921) (IV.19.b). , Sheep-farming 0 the wool export b u s i n e s s brought out m&y S c o t s m e n and Northcountrymen to w o r k o n t h e sheep-stations, again both as managers t shepherds. O t h e r shipping lines operated o n t h e West C o a s t , s u c h as the Nautilus S t e a m ShiFping Campany ( 'Gulf Line' 1 of Gteenock (cf. IV.28) 5 the M c A U L I F F E L i n e (IV.271, who, like t h e P.S.N.C., brought out or engaged locally their s h o r e staff. Most of the v e s s e l s on t h e 'West Coast' at t h e beginning of this period were sailing ships o r paddlewheel s t e a m e r s . T h e first s t e a m e r o n this coast installed with electric lighting was R.M.S."Mendoza"(then 'Queen of the Pacific' ), commanded in 1880 by Capt. Elias John JOSTE (IV.28.b). British subjects have been employed in the nitrate, c o p p e r , iron t coal mining companies; though ownership C direction of the last t h r e e activities h a s tended to lie r a t h e r with American interests. Copper-mining h a s always been of the first importance in Chilean economy, and in 1876 Chile produced 38% of the world supply of copper. .William Gibson D E L A N O (1810-1877) (IV.4) w a s o n e of t h e pioneers i n developing coal-mining. T h e important S c h w a g e r Coal Mines (today operated by 'Cia. Carbonifera y Industrial d e Lotat ) w e r e first developed b y F r e d e r i c k William S C H W A G E R (1789-18611, b. a t Z e r b s t ( i n Anhalt, G e r m a n y ) , d. at Valparaiso, w h o s e daughter Marion (d. 1912) m. Robert Adolph C L A U D E (d.1891) t had 2 children (IV.13.c). T h e second, in o r d e r of age, of t h e leading ii) Brfiish merchant h o u s e s i s that of 1Williamson, Balfour t Co.'. T h e firm w a s established in 166. '. . Liverpool. S O T H E R S , Joseph (1815-18921, b. at G r a v e s end, London. H e s d e d et T a c n a , P e r u , before . 1645 when h e m. C a r m e n PIVIDAL, a granddaughter of G e n e r a l B U T L E R (1V.3).. '. '. T h e third original p a r t n e r in IS. Williamson 0 Co.' w a s Alexander B A L F O U R (1824-1886), who also resided sometime in Chile (IV.21). Both WILLIAMSON & B A L F O U R w e r e active philanthropists, and the Anglo-Chilean Community in Valparaiso o w e s much t o their efforts. They w e r e s p o n s o r s 0 benefactors of t h e Union C h u r c h ( s e e p a r a . J.iv. u n d e r T R U M B U L L ) , tr BALF O U R was o n e of t h e founders of t h e Y.M.C.A. in Chile. B A L F O U R also founded t h e A r t i s a n s ' School in Valparaiso in 1857, and c h o s e Peter MACKAY, of Edinburgh, as the f i r s t headmaster. S O M E R S C A L E S , the marine painter, was a m a s t e r at this Schooi iintii 1877, when MACKAY resigned. T h e school, s i n c e known as M a c K a y I s School, still teaches the community's sons.. iii) T h e period of Chile's greatest prosperity c a m e with the development and exploitation of t h e sodium nitrate deposits in t h e north of t h e country. T h e s e 'nitrate pampas' are r i c h fi extensive, and in an o r d i n a r y year s o m e 40,000 Chilean w o r k men w e r e employed in t h e 'nitrate oficinas'(E.BJ. S o m e of the r i c h e s t d e p o s i t s were i n t e r r i t o r y that then belonged to Peru t Bolivia, and many w e r e worked by Chilean companies u n d e r a g r e e m e n t s and concessions. T h i s situation, and t h e s o u r c e s of disagreement that it provoked, was t h e c a u s e of t h e " W a r of the Pacific" 1879/83, during which the Chileans occupied Lima in 1881. B y this W a r , Chile won its two northernmost provinces, T a r a p a c a t h e iurthest north) ceded by P e r u in 1883, and Antofagasta ceded by Bolivia in 1884. Most of the nitrate ports, s u c h as Iquique, are today m e r e s h a d o w s of their f o r m e r selves: but during the late XIXth 5 e a r l y XXth C e n t u r i e s many British subjects lived t worked t h e r e , and the English genealogist should r e m e m b e r that, as with so many European countries, South A m e r i c a n frontiers h a v e also changed. A man may have left Ensland to settle in P e r u o r Bolivia, and have died in Chile, yet always havelived in t h e same South A m e r i c a n town. T h e houses of Gibbs, Williamson, 5 W.R. G r a c e 0 Co. w e r e specially interested in t h e nitrate trade. iv) S o m e of the British settler family f i r m s that d a t e from t h i s period, besides those already mentioned, w e r e : Altardice 0 Co: founded 1876 by David A L L A R DICE (d. 1 9 1 2 ) , formerly a p a r t n e r in Williamson Balfour.. -.

(11) Balfour'Lyon @ Co. B e a u s i r e c/ Co: before 1870 in P e r u (IV.25). Buchanan J o n e s b Co: (IV.22) : since succeeded by Jorje J o n e s y Cia. (IV.17.b.iii). Cooper 0 Co: before 1869, closed 1899 (IV.26). Heatley E v a n s c/ Co: before 1853, liquidated 1865 (lV.10.a.iii). Jackson b Co: about 1854, closed before 1916 (lV.3.e). Morrison @ Co: about 1860, family interest sold 1963 (IV.20). Rose-lnnes & Co: about 1860, now closed (IV. 3.e.v). Wallace 0 Co: still trading. O t h e r f i r m s , with British connections, but which do not appear to h a v e been named after settlerfounders a r e Wessel Duval (still trading) and Graham R o w e (in P e r u before 1886, now s u c ceeded by Agencias Graham in Chile:. cf. IV.25. C).. VI. During this period, members of the liberal professions still settle in Chile and s e t up practice &d, after t h e XlXth Century, it is unusual for a doctor or l a w y e r , already qualified e l s e w h e r e , to settle. S u c h professions may only b e practiced today by p e r s o n s who have qualified in Chile: and amongst them i s a representative number of d e s cendants of British settlers.. t) MODE R N TIMEs ,. 1883-1964. i). For about 50 years following the ''War of t h e Pacific", times w e r e p r o s p e r o u s for Chile; though a national economy that depends to so g r e a t a n extent o n t h e export of mined products i s subject to many vicissitudes. By 1906, Chilean copper production r e p r e s e n t e d only 4% of the world sapply. But in 1910, Chile suppiied 64% of the w o r l d ' s nitrogen requirements: though only 25% in 1926 (E. B ) In t e r m s of Anglo-Chilean genealogy, this p r o s p e r i t y meant a continued influx of contracted employees to s t a r t their own businesses. And prosperity a l s o brought another category of immigrant, t h e domestic servant. For the r i c h (and s o m e were v e r y r i c h ) built l a r g e houses and set up establishments in t h e grand Victorian manner. Tutors b G o v e r n e s s e s , butlers b ladies' maids, cooks f3 g a r d e n e r s , went from Britain at this period to w o r k in Chilean b Anglo-Chilean homes: and a quota of t h e s e m a r r i e d b settled in the country.. ... ii) British Banks made a s l o w s t a r t in Chile, d u e to t h e fact that transactions w e r e usually c a r r i e d out through the merchant houses. In 1888, iargely on the initiative of Colonel N O R T H (who went to Chile for a Yorkshire firm of boilerm a k e r s , 6 acquired substantial interests in the nitrate industry), t h e 'Bank of T a r a p a c a and London' w a s founded, w i t h its first office at P i s a g u a , a nitrate p o r t in the northern province that had formerly belonged to P e r u . T h e Bank l a t e r opened offices i n Antofagasta, Santiago, Valparaiso a n d Concepcion; a n d it pioneered banking in the far south, w h e r e its office at Punta A r e n a s , o n the S t r a i t of Magellan, w a s the first bank in that locality, F r o m that area, the Bank extended its activities into Argentina, and in 1900 amalgamated w i t h the 1 Anglo-Argentine Bank' (established in Buenos Aires and in Montevideo, U r u g u a y ) , taking the name of 'Bank of T a r a p a c a and Argentina'. In 1907, t h e name w a s again changed to Anglo-South American Bank' ; and !. for the next 25 y e a r s this Bank continued to expand throughout Latin America and in S p a i n , acquiring various o t h e r banks of British origin. ( S e e " B a n k of London b South A m e r i c a L t d . , Quarterly Review, Centenary number, October 1962").. iii) M o r e family firms of British origin d a t e from this p e r i o d , including; Casa MacKenzie; H a r d y b Co (IV.30) in 1903; Kenrick f4 C o (IV. 3 6 ) ; McKAY & Co., biscuit manufacturers; Robinson b Co; Sutton b Co. ( s u c c e s s o r to Huth b Co. founded 1 9 0 1 ) ; and W e i r S c o t t b C o ; all still trading. O t h e r , 0 most d i v e r s , r e a s o n s have brought British FY A m e r i c a n subjects to settle in Chile: the GARVINs ( A m e r i c a n s : tV.35) went t h e r e in 1884 as medical missionaries; professors have gone to teach at Chilean universities; hospital matrons, schoolteachers 8 football referees have been contracted by Chilean B Anglo-Chilean organizations.. iv) During the world economic crisis of 1929/32, the Chilean nitrate industry [ a l r e a d y badly hurt by the competition of synthetic nitrates) collapsed with v e r y prejudicial effects o n the Chilean economy, on the merchant houses most involved in the nitrate t r a d e , and on many individual careers, T h e assets of the closely involved 'Anglo-South A m e r i c a n Bank w e r e frozen in 1932, and taken o v e r in 1936 b y the I Bank of London b South A m e r i c a Limited'. T h i s Bank, "a fusion of s e v e r a l h n k i n g t-nterprises established i n different p a r t s " o f South A m e r i c a (of which t h e two e a r l i e s t were begun in 1862, respectively in Buenos A i r e s b in Rio de Janeiro, B r a z i l ) , i s Ittoday the only British bank with b r a n c h e s in Latin America'' ( s e e the s a m e authority as for para.ii a b o v e ) .. ,. '. v) T h e s e Banks in turn brought out many British subjects in their employ, and at this s t a g e t h e r e i s a f r e s h genealogical aspect, for t h e banking o r g a n ization is o n e of t h e big international employers, w h o s e practice it i s to t r a n s f e r their careers. Comparable employers, from a genealogical viewpoint, with b r a n c h e s or subsidiary companies in Chile, are the Western T e l e g r a p h Co., the Shell Petroleum organization ( Shell Chile Ltd .), Imperial Chemical Industries (Cia, Chilena d e Explosivos) the British American T o b a c c o Corporation (Cia. Chilena d e T a b a c o s ) b the f i r m s of auditors, Deloitte P l e n d e r Griffiths and P r i c e Waterhouse Peat. Amongst the p a r t n e r s b executives of s u c h organizations, the genealogist finds many p e r s o n s with family connections by m a r r i a g e in m o r e than o n e South American country, t h u s extending throughout the Continent the network of "Anglo'# family connections B associations. T h e British insurance companies have sometimes s e n t their own employees to Chile: but in general their interests, which d a t e back to the 1830s, tend to h a v e been c a r e d for (as in the cases of British manufacturers 8 e x p o r t e r s 1 by firms o r individuals acting as agents.. ,. ,. vi) S i n c e the economic crisis of 1929/32, Chile h a s encouraged a g r a d u a l industrial development, in the c o u r s e of which the British merchant h o u s e s (all now trading u n d e r Chilean styles ) have diversified their activities; and in consequence their m o r e recently engaged contract employees have included technicians in various b r a n c h e s of industry. In 1960, t h e Bank of London b South A m e r i c a Ltd, acquired t h e whole of the s h a r e capital of Balfour Williamson; and in the Centenary number of its 167.