DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF CONTAINER SHIPS

ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MARITIME TRANSPORT

COLLEGE OF MARITIME TRANSPORT AND TECHNOLOGY

Alexandria, Egypt

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF CONTAINER SHIPS

By

Walid Mohamed Ahmed Bahgat

A Thesis submitted to the College of Maritime Transport and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the award of

MASTER DEGREE In

Maritime Transport Technology

"Marine Engineering Surveying"

Supervised by

Prof. Dr. El Sayed Hegazy Dr. El Sayed Agwa Visiting Professor

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Manager of Regional Maritime Examination Center Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

2006

ABSTRACT

Regarding to the remarkable development of container ships during the previous thirty years, it was natural to renovate ships and ports to face the current quick change in handling goods. Therefore, giant cranes and equipments must be changed to be ready to facilitate containers handling.

Statistics were made for these types of vessels; many methods were made to find out the principal dimensions of these ships. Unfortunately these methods have become out of date. Consequently, it was necessary to find out new statistics for most new modern ships that actually exist or under construction.

This is a descriptive analytical thesis. In other words, the collected data concerning modern container ships to build out statistics for them used computer to draw curves in order to know the main dimensions of these ships. The researcher visited Damietta port to study the most modern equipments used there to facilitate handling of containers.

The aim of the thesis is to give quick method for determination of the main dimensions of container vessels by using statistical survey of existing container ships. Also the study explains the different design considerations and the special requirements of the classification societies for such ships.

One of the most important results that the researcher retched to is a simple way to know the main dimensions of container ships. The results were compared with previous methods, and thus it was found that the actual results are nearer to the fact, and therefore, they are applicable in future.

I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: Introduction

1-1 Introduction 2

1-2 Scope of work 4

1-3 Objective of thesis 5

1-4 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER II: Historical Review 2-1 Unitization 7

2-2 Palletization 7

2-3 Containerization 9

2-4 Standardization of sizes 11

2-5 The origin of containerization 19

2-5-1 The origin of “TEU” 21

2-6 Container ships 22

CHAPTER III: Design Considerations of Container Ships

3-1-1 Open Container Ships 31

3-1-2 Container Ship Capacity 31

3-2 Container Ship Design 33

3-3 Design Starting Point 34

3-4 The Weight Design Equations 34

3-5 The Volume Design Equations 36

3-6 Design Based on Linear Dimensions 38

3-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Relationships for Container Ships 40

3-7-1 General Discussion 40

3-7-2 The Breadth / Length Ratio B = F (L) 41

3-7-3 Depth / Breadth Relationship D = F (B) 44

3-7-4 The Draught / Depth Relationship T = F (D) 48

II

3-7-5 The Depth / Length Relationship D = F (L) 53

3-7-6 Draught / Length Relationship T = F (L) 57

3-7-7 Draught / Breadth Relationship T = F (B) 61

3-8 Dimensional Constraints 65

3-9 Recommendations on Metacentric Height 67

3-10 Ways of Influencing Stability 68

3-10-1 Intact stability 68

3-10-2 Damaged Stability 71

3-11 Approximate Formulae for Initial Stability 71

3-11-1 Height of The Center of Buoyancy above the Keel 72

3-11-2 Height of Metacentre above The Centre of Buoyancy 73

3-11-3 Height of The Metacentre above Keel 73

3-12 International regulation 75

3-12-1 Code on intact stability 75

3-12-2 Damaged Stability 79

CHAPTER IV: Classification Societies Requirements for the Construction of Container Ships

4-1-1 General Arrangement 81

4-1-2 Ship's Data 81

4-2 Structural Configuration 82

4-2-1 Information Required 83

4-3 Materials and protection 84

4-3-1 Materials and grades of steel 84

4-3-2 Protection of steelwork 84

4-4 Longitudinal strength 84

4-4-1 General 84

4-5 Deck structure 86

4-5-1 General 86 4-5-2 Longitudinal under deck girders 87

III

4-5-3 Deck openings 87

4-6 Shell envelope plating 88

4-6-1 General 88

4-6-2 Side shell and sheer strake 88

4-7 Double bottom structure 88

4-8 Longitudinal bulkheads 88

4-8-1 General 88

4-8-2 Plating 89

4-9 Transverse bulkheads 89

4-9-1 Transverse watertight bulkheads 89

4-9-2 Transverse non-watertight mid-hold bulkheads 89

CHAPTER

: Proposed Method for Fixing Main Dimensions of New Container Vessels

5-2 Methods of Estimating Ship's Length 95

5-3 Method 1: Schneekluth's Formula 96

5-4 Method 2: Formulae Based on Statistics of Built Ships 96

5-5 Method 3: Cube Root Format 98

5-6 Method 5: Proposed Method for Determination of Ship's Length 100

5-7 Comparison between Different Methods 110

5-8 Proposed Design Method for Determination of Main Dimensions of Container Vessels 111 5-9 Optimizing the Dimensions of Container Ship 112

5-9-1 The breadth 112

5-9-2 The Length 114

5-9-3 The Depth 114

Conclusions & Recommendations

References

Arabic Abstract 122

IV

List of Figures

Fig.(2.1) Standard dry container 13

Fig.(2.2)(a,b) dry Refrigerated container and insulated container 14

Fig. (2.3) Open top (soft top) container 15

Fig. (2.4) Open top with tilt, and roof bows removed; door header 15

Fig. (2.5) Tilt removed side walls collapsed 16

Fig. (2.6) Half height container; solid removable top 17

Fig. (2.7) Dry bulk container showing filling and discharging opening 18

Fig (3.1) Length and breadth relationship 43

Fig (3.2) L/B Ratio and Length relationship 44

7 Fig (3.3) Depth and breadth relationship 4

Fig (3.4) B/D Ratio and breadth relationship 48

Fig (3.5) Draught and depth relationship 52

Fig (3.6) T/D Ratio and length relationship 52

Fig (3.7) Length and depth relationship 56

6 Fig (3.8) L/D Ratio and length relationship 5

Fig (3.9) Length and draught relationship 60

Fig (3.10) L/T Ratio and length relationship 61

Fig (3.11) Draught and breadth relationship 64

Fig (3.12) B/T Ratio and length relationship 65

Fig. (3.13) Effect of the free surfaces 70

Fig.(3.14) Unsymmetrical flooding 71

Fig.(3.15) comparison of ship's water plane with a trapezium of same area 75

Fig.(3.16) Weather criterion 77

Fig. (3.17) Dimensions of container ship 78

Fig.(4.1) containership midship section 82

Fig. (4.2) Breadth of hatch coaming for container ship 86 99 Fig. (5.1) Graphs of C_B & V/L for several ship types ^{B 0.5}

V

Fig. (5.2) LBP & TEU relationship for ships less than 1000TEUs 101

Fig. (5.3) LBP & TEU relationship 1000TEUs < for ships < 2000TEUs 102

Fig. (5.4) LBP & TEU relationship 2000TEU < for ships < 3000TEU 104

Fig. (5.5) LBP & TEU relationship 3000TEU < for ships < 4000TEU 105

Fig. (5.6) LBP & TEU relationship 4000TEU < for ships < 5000TEU 106

Fig. (5.7) LBP & TEU relationship 5000TEU < for ships < 6000TEU 107

10 Fig. (5.8) LBP & TEU relationship for ships more than 6000TEUs 8 Fig. (5.9) Design spiral 112

VI

List of Tables

Table (2.1) Names & main particulars of existing container vessels 25 Table (3.1) LBP, B and L/B ratios for container ships 41 Table (3.2) B, D and B/D ratios for container vessels 45 Table (3.3) LBP, D, T and T/D ratios for container ships 50

Table (3.4) LBP, D and L/D ratios 53

Table (3.5) LBP, T and L/T ratios 58

Table (3.6) LBP, B, T and B/T ratios 62

Table (3.7) Main dimensions for ships passing in certain canals 67 Table (3.8) Standard GM - for “outward journey", fully loaded 68

Table (4.1) The values of factor C₁ 85

Table (5.1) Typical dwt coefficients for merchant ships 94 Table (5.2) Typical V/L^0.5 values for merchant ships 99

Table (5.3) LBP for ships less than 1000TEUs 100

Table (5.4) LBP for ships more than 1000TEUs and less than 2000TEUs 101 Table (5.5) LBP for ships from 2000TEUs and less than 3000TEUs 103 Table (5.6) LBP for ships more than 3000TEUs and less than 104 Table (5.7) LBP for ships more than 4000TEUs and less than 105 Table (5.8) LBP for ships more than 5000TEUs and less than 106

Table (5.9) LBP for ships more than 6000TEUs 107

Table (5.10) Proposed Formula for determining the length of new built

container ship 109

Table (5.11) Comparison between actual length and calculated length 109

Table (5.12) The difference between methods 110

VII

List of Abbreviations

APL – American president lines

ASA – American standards association C_w - Water plane area coefficient DWT- Dead weight in tonnes FEU - Forty equivalent units

GM – The height of metacentric point above the centre of gravity in meters GZ – Righting lever in meters

ISO – International organization for standardization

KG – The height of centre of gravity above the keel in meters KM – The height of metacentric point above the keel in meters MT – Torque loading in tonne.meters

SLWL – Summer loaded water line TEU –Twenty equivalent units

∆ - Displacement in tonnes

VIII

References

1. ARMADILLO MARINE CONSULTANTS (2005)

'Containerization',[online][cited 25 January 2005] Available from the internet, <URL:http://www.Marine Talk.com/articles-marine- companies/com/armadillo-marine-consultants-ARM008.html>

2. ARMADILLO MARINE CONSULTANTS (2005) 'Container Ship Safety', [online][cited 15 February 2005] Available from the internet,

<URL:http://www.Marine Talk.com/articles-marine

companies/com/armadillo-marine-consultants-ARM008.html>

3. AGNEW, JOHN and HUNTLY, JACK (1978),Container stowage:

A Practical Approach, London: Cerberus publishing.

4. BARRAS, C.B (2004), Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates.-Amsterdam:ELSEVIER

5. BURG, G.VAN DEN (1975), Containerization and other Unit Transport, London, Hutchinson Benham.

6. BUXTON, I.L. (1976) (2^nded.) Engineering economics and ship design, Wallsend:British ships research assotiation.

7. Carl AThoresen (2003), Port designer's hand book, Thomas Telford, London.

8. Chadwin, MARK L. (1990), Ocean Container Transportation/Mark L. Chadwin, James A. pope and waynek. Talley, N.Y.,Taylor &

Francis.

9. Comstock, John P. (1976) (ed.), Principles of Naval Architecture\ edited by John P. Comstock, Naval Architect & Ship Building and Dry Dock

company, N.Y., The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

10. ERIKSTAD, S.O. (1994), Improving concept exploration in the early stages of the ship design process, 5^th International Marine Design Conference.

11. Eyres, D.J. (2001) (5^thed.), Ship Construction, Elsevier Ltd.- Oxford:Butterworth-Heinmann.

119

12. Gillmer, Thomas C. and Johnson, Bruce (1982) Introduction to Naval Architecture, London:E.&F.N.Spon.

13. Gillmer, (1975) (2^nded.), Modern Ship Design.-Annapolis:Naval Institute.

14. HOUSE, DAVID (1998) (6^th ed.), Cargo Work.-Oxford: B&H.

15. IMO (1995), Code on intact stability for all ships covered by IMO instruments, International Maritime Organization, London.

16. KEANE, A.J., PRICE, W.G. and SCHACHTER, R.D. (1991), Optimization techniques in ship concept design, Trans.RINA.

17. Munro-Smith, R. (1975), Merchant Ship Types.-London: Marine Media Management Ltd.

18. Munro-Smith, R. (1975), Elements of Ship Design.-London: Marine Media Management Ltd.

19. MUCKLE, W. (1975), Naval Architecture for Marine Engineering- London:Boston

20. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE (1976), Some Ship Design Methods, WATSON, DAVID G.M.

21. Rawson and Tupper, (1983), Basic Ship Theory.-N.Y.:Longman.

22. Schneekluth, H. (1998), Ship Design for Efficiency, Economy\ H.

Schneekluth and V. Bertram BH, 2^nd ed.

23. SEN, P. (1992), Marine design:The multiple criteria approach, Trans.RINA.

24. TABAK, HERMAN D. (1970), Cargo Containers Their Stowage, Handling and Movement, Cambridge, Cornell Maritime Press.

25. TAGGART, ROBERT (1980) (ed.), Ship Design and Construction.- N.Y.: The society of naval architects and marine engineers.

26. Taylor, D. (1996), Introduction to Marine Engineering.-Amsterdam:

Elsevier Ltd.

120

27. WATSON, DAVID G.M. (1998), Practical Ship Design.- Amsterdam:ELSEVIER

28. [online][cited 15 March 2004] Available from the internet,

<URL:http://www.ships on stamps.org/topics/html/container.htm>

29. [online][cited 1 April 2004] Available from the internet,

<URL:http:// www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/fleet/vessels.html>

30. [online][cited 18 June 2005] Available from the internet,

<URL:http://www.dnv.com/maritime/notations_info/containerships/i ndex.asp

121