EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO ALFALFA VARIETIES UNDER NEWLY RECLAIMED SANDY SOIL AT MIDDLE EGYPT

J. Agr/c. Sci. Mansoura Un/v., 29 (4): 1615 -1629.2004

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO ALFALFA VARIETIES UNDER NEWLY RECLAIMED SANDY SOIL AT MIDDLE EGYPT

Sarhan,G. M. A.; Amal A. Helmy and Wafaa, M. Sharawy

Forage Crops R~search Section, Field Crops Res. Inst, A.R.C., Giza, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Alfalfa (M&dicago sativa. L.) is a perennial forage CfOp well adapted to grow in the newly redaimed sandy soil. This in\lestigation was carried out in the newly reclaimed area al West Bani Siuet Govemorate (Middle E9Vpt) O\Ier a two-year periOd (199912000 and 2000J200t) 10 evaluate IWO alfalfa \larielies (Local and inlloduced one) for forage yield and quality undar three le\lels of phosphorus (15. 45. arid 75 Kg P10.Y'fed) and three levels of potassium (24, 48 and

n

Kg K20ffed) fertilizaUon. The experiment set up was in a split-splil plot design with four replications ..

The results showed that application of phosphorus up to 75 Kg P,105"fed.

resulted in significant increase in fresh and dry yields as well as the quality trails compared with the medium and lowest doses (45 and

is

Kg PlOy'fed. respectwely).

Also data revealed that polassium fertilizer had 8 significant effed. on fresh and dry yields in addition 10 chemical constituents of herbage. Application of high potassium level (72 ~O Kglfed) was the most favorable treatment in produCing forage yield with high quality. .

Differences observed between the two varieties in yield and quality characters were significant. Local alfalfa \lariety (lsmailia-1) attained superiority in fresh and dry forage yields as well as protein, fiber, ash and oit yields over introduced variety (Siriver). The potential of alfalfa forage production and its quality was higher and more responsive by culti\latlng local variety (lsmailia-1) with the applicalion of 75 Kg P20sand 72 Kg K20 /fed.

Keywords: Alfalfa, fertilization (PK), forage yield and quality, sandy soil

INTRODUCTION

Alfalfa (Madicaga sativa. L.) is an important perennial leguminous fodder crop, generally regarded as one of our most \laluab'e forage crops in the newly reclaimed sandy soil. Either spring or fall is an acceptable time for seeding alfalfa in Egypt. Few; if any; other forage crop is equal to it in its capacity to produce heavy yields of highty nutrition's palatable feed to the animals, and well tolerate considerable drought and persist for several years.

Also. it increases and improves soil fertility as well as to reduce soil erosion. In a newly reclaimed area at West Bani Sluef, it is of importance to juslify the suitable alfalfa cullivar 10 be grown in this en\lironment and the proper quantities of phosphorus (P) and potassium .(K) fertilizers which are the main elements for this crop.

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are very important nutrients for alfalfa herbage production. Therefore, the knowledge of proper phosphorus and potassium fertitizers rates or choosing adapted varieties 'is a paramount importance fO( alfalfa productivity in a newly reclaimed soil. On soil wilh

Sarhan,G. M. A.

et

al.

medium phosphorus and high potassium contents, TlWana and Pun (1985) found that application of 80 Kg P20S and 40 Kg K20fha increased the fresh and dry forage yields by 22 and 4% compared with control treatment, but further increase in P and K rates were not effective. In Sharkia Govemorate under newty reclaimed soil conditions. GeweifeJ (1990) found that fresh and dry yields of alfalfa increased by increasing application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

In a study of alfalfa productivity in Mediterranean environment characterized by hot dry climate and soil with low fertility. Maiorana ef al.

(2000) reported that the highest fresh fodder yield was obtained with the application of 100 Kg P20s/ha. Also, Rice at a/. (2000) found that there was lit:tle response .of alfalfa to phosphorus fertilizer at fIVe sites in Canada. In recent research, Uoveras, at a/. (2001) concluded that the average annual dry matter yield showed a small linear response

to

K fertilization.

Soil fertility is the most ~miting factor In forage quality. Adequate fertilizer of phosphorus and potassium has controlled forage quality of alfalfa (Tiwana and Puri 1985). The chemical composition vary greatly depending on different phosphorus levels, Zeidan at a/. (1 988) indicated that crude protein (CP) and ash were increased with phosphorus fertilization, while crude fiber (CF) was decreased. Significant progress has been made in crude protein (CP) content by PK application of alfalfa pasture (Geweifel 1990, and Walworth and Sumner 1990). In contrast, Schmitt st al. (1993) reported that herbage N concentration did vary due to the imposed PK treatments when the soil test showed medium concentration of the

two

elements.

The effect of P fertilizer levels on quality traits of alfalfa herbage has received aHention of some workers. Solanki and Patel (1998) reported that ash, crude protein, and fiber contents linearly increased with increases in phosphorus from 60 to 120 Kg P20s/ha. Maiorana at al. (2000) reported that alfalfa gave satisfactory content of crude protein when applied 100 Kg P₂0y'ha.

Efforts to enhancing alfalfa production and increasing its cultivated area must focus on developing varieties adapted to wide range of environmental conditions. In new valley Egypt, Ghobrial (1978) found that the local alfalfa variety gave the highest green ;orage yield than that of the introduced varieties. Also, under sandy soil or newly reclaimed sandy land conditions, the differences among alfalfa cultivars have been mentioned by some investigators (Mousa 1982: Younis st 81., 1986; Rammah and Hamza 1988; Abd EI·Halim at al., 1992 and Mousa sf 81 .. 1996). In Mississippi. USA under fine sandy loam soil conditions, Hovermale (1998) evaluated twenty alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) cul\ivars, and found dry matter yield over 5 years

~nged from 6134 to 71221b I acre I annually.

Younis 6t a/. {1986}; Rammah and Hamza (1988); Mousa et af. (1996) and Hovennale (1998) determined that there were significant differences observed in protein, ash and fibers between alfalfa varieties.

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of t'.vo alfalfa varieties (local and introduced) under three levels of phosphorus and pOtassium fertilizers on forage yield and its quality under new reclaimed sandy soil at the Middle Egypt.

1616

J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29 (4), April, 2004

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was eslablished on new reclaimed sandy soil at West Bani-Swief Govemorate (Middle Egypt) from spring growing season 1999 to spring 2001, to study the behavior of two alfalfa varietiesle. local cv.

Ismallia-l and Siriver (introduced) under differenl levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on forage productivity and quality, The physical and chemical traits of the soil in the experimental site before sowing are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: The physical and chemical analyses ofthe soli before sowing

Anal sis com onents year 1999

MechanIcal analysis Sand %

SiJI%

Clay % Texture class Chemical analysis pH

available N (ppm) P(ppm)

K

iDDmi

72.34 17.53 10.13 loamy sand

8.10 18.73 10.00 90.00

The experiment was laid out in a spilt-split-plot design with four replications. The main plots were randomly assigned 10 three phosphorus levels 15, 45, and 75 Kg P205l'fed, the sub-plots devoted to three potassium levels 24, 48 and 72 Kg K20lfed and the sub--sub-plots were occupied the two alfalfa varieties namely local variety (lsmailia-1) and introduced variety c.v (Siriver). Each sub-sub plot was 3m X 4m (12m²). Inoculated alfalfa seeds were broadcasted at the rate of 25 Kg/fed on March 25" 1999. and surface irrigation was applied to establish the stand.

The P and K treatments were added in one dose i.e. annually in broadcasting before sowing in the first season. and the same dose repeated before the first cut of the second season. Thirty Kg Nlfed was applied as top dressing in

two

equal doses, the first one after germination and the second dose after

20

days from the first dose. The normal cultural practices for alfalfa cultivation in the new reclaimed land were applied. Thirteen cuts were harvested by hand secile, when plants were at 25% budding in the two successive years. 6 cuts in the first season and 7 cuts in the second season were taken due to the scarcity of irrigation water. The tirst cut began on May 2S^CII 1999, and last cut on March 2~ 2001.

Fresh forage yield of each plot at each cuI was weighted to record the yield of green forage. A representative sample 'rom each prot was collected and dried to constant weight in a forced air oven at tOSOC to estimate the percentage of dry matter and the total dry forage yield. Dried samples at lOGC were further used for determination of crude protein (CP).

crude fiber (CF). oil, and ash contents for each cut of the two years according to AOAC (1980) and the percentage of each constituent was transferred into Kg/fed.

SBrhBn,G. M. A. et al.

Analysis of variance and combined analysis were performed on all data according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980) using MSTAT computer program V.4 (Russell, 1986).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1· Effect of phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and varieties performance on fresh and dry forage yields

a- Phosphorus levels:

The data presented in Tables 2 ^and 3 revealed that the application of phosphorus fertilizer had

a

significant effect on fresh and dry forage yields of the individual cuts, establishment year (199912000), second year of the stand (2000/2001) and their combined except the 511'1 cut in the second year for dry forage yield. Shifts were also seen in yield performance at individual cuts in both years. The reduction in the yield of summer season al the year of establishment is attributed to the deficiency of irrigation water which pushed the alfalfa plants to flowering earlier than normal age, thus, the yield per cui was less than normal.

Increasing annual phosphorus application rates from 15 up to 75 Kg P20slfed led to significant increase in fresh and dry forage yields in both years and their combined (Table 2). On an average basis over the two-years period, annual application of 45 and 75 kg P20sffed led to increasing fresh and dry forage yields by (10.49 and 23.08%). (8.89. and 21.62%).

respectively, compared with 15 Kg P20&'fed. In general, these results indicated that the highest response of fresh and dry forage yield was achieved by applying 75 Kg P20s/fed. On the other hand, the lowest fresh and dry forage yields were produced by the application of 15 Kg P20sffed under the trial site conditions. This may be due to the fact that sandy soil is naturally poor in available phosphorus (Jess than 15 ppm). These results are in a good agreement with those obtained by Zeidan et al. (1988), Geweifel (1990). 69r9 91 aJ. (1999) and Maiorana 91.,. (2000).

b-Potassium levels:

The statistical analysis for fresh and dry forage yields of the 6 and 7 cuts in the first and second years as well as over the

two

years showed signirlCant differences among potassium levels as shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Significant differences were observed within the individual cuts in fresh and dry forage yields. except the 1¹¹, 2^nd, 3rd and sll'l cuts in first year for fresh and dry yields, as well as the 511'1 cut only for fresh yield and 11t and 511'l cuts for dry yield in the second year, respectively. Also, data showed that increasing annual potassium rates from 48 to 72 Kg K₂0/fed. increased total fresh and dry forage yields significantly in both years and their combined over the two years. When averaged over the two-years period. annual application of 48 and 72 Kg K₂0/fed increased fresh and dry forage yields by (2.69 and 7.64%) and (2.24 and 8.49%) for the two rates, respectively. compared to 24 Kg K₂0lfed.

1618

J. Agrlc. Sci. Mansoura Un/v., 29 (4), April, 2004

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Table 3: Dry Cor3ge yield (ton/fed) of the two 3.lf:llfa varieties grown under three rates of phosphorus :tnd potassium in 1999nooO, 200012001 3Dd combined over two ye3rs.

Treatments 1999 { 2000 2000 { 2001 Com.

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J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29 (4), April, 2004

Whereas. applied 72 Kg K₂0/fed produced the highest fresh and dry forage yields (38.04 and 8.70 ton/fed) compared to 48 Kg K20/fed showed a slight advantage (36.29 and 8.20 ton/fed). On the olher hand, 24 Kg K~Jred recorded the lowest fresh and dry yields (35.34 and 8.02 ton/fed, respec~ively). In general, data indicated that the crop response to the low and medium rates of K fertilizer were similar. In addition application of high rate of K fertilizer is required for alfalfa production on newty reclaimed soil. This may reflects the poor K content of the experimental site which contains available K close to the critical K level (90 ppm). Similar results were reported by Geweifel (1990) and Walworth and Sumner (1990).

c-

Variety performilnce:

According to the data listed

in

Tables 2 and 3 significant differences were observed between the two alfalfa varieties In both fresh and dry forage yields for the individual cuts in both years as well as combined over years.

However, the maximum fresh and dry forage yields were obtained from the local variety (lsmaiha-1) comparing with introduced variety (Siriver} in both years and Iheir combined. Over all, local variety (lsmailia·1) showed a 'higher advantage over the introduced variety for fresh and dry forage yields by 48.71 and 47.84%, respectively. These results indicated that the local variety proved to be higher in its fodder production than the introduced variety when grown in reclaimed sandy soil. This could be attributed to the interaction between the genetic material and the environment conditions in the experimental site and its capability to be more adapted to the Egyptian environment since it was developed from a local germplasm. These results are in line with those obtained by Mousa (1982); Rammah and Hamza

(1988): Mousa (1996) and Hovermale (199B).

2-Effect of phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and Varieties on forage quality

a- Phosphorus levels:

The variation in crude protein. crude fiber. ash, and oil yield (Tables 4-7) among phosphorus fertilizer levels was significant, and increased with increasing phosphorus levels from 15 up to 75 Kg P20slfed within the individual cuts in both years and combined over the twD,Jears except at the 5"' cui in second year for protein yield, as well as the 2 and 4th cuts in the first and second years for ash yield, respectively. On an average basis. over the two years period annual application of 45 and 75 Kg P20slfed increased crude prolein, crude fiber, ash and oil yield by (9.55 and 25.83%), (10.53 and 22.12%). (11.72 and 27.04%) and (12.84 and 28.35%), respectively.

comparing with 15 Kg P20S. Also, results indicated that the highest forage quality as crude protein. crude fiber. ash and oil yield Kg/fed were (1697.35, 2044.96, 1034.56 and 120.79) resurted tram the application of 75 Kg P20S Ifed. On the other hand, the lowest forage quality (1348.89, 1674.53, 814.33 and 94.11) was obtained with 15 Kg P20slfed. Generally, results obtained clarified thai alfalfa requires mineral phosphorus fer1ilizer to enable the crop to produce adequate quantity of good quality forage. The probable reason for . this increase was that phosphorus plays a primary role in photosynthesis by the way of energy transfer increasing the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves.

Sarhan,G. M. A. et a/.

Also. the increase in crude protein content might resulted from increasing content of nillogen due to availability of phosphorus. which have helped in more protein synthesis. The crude fiber and ash contents increased with increasing in phosphorus due to high ligniflcations of plant tissues and more uptakes of minerals as a resull of better root developmenl These findings are in accordance with those oblained by Geweifel (1990); SolanKi and Patel (1998) and Maiorana

et

81. (2000).

b· Potassium levels:

Total Clude protein, clude fiber, ash and oil yields in alfalfa herbage of the establishment year and second-year of the stand over cuts as well as combined

over

the two years were significantty affected by potassium fertilizer application (Tables 4 to 7). According 10 the data in the same tables, significant differences were observed within the individual cuts by addin~

potassium fertilizers in chemical composition of herbage, except at the 4 and 5^th cuts of total prolein yield. the 2⁰⁰ and 3^fd cuts of fiber yield, and 5'"

cuts of oil yield in the first year. While in the 2M season differences among K levels were not significant for 1,t cut only of total protein and fiber yield, the 1⁵¹ and 5'" cuts of asn yield and the 1 st and 3/"1l cuts of oil yield. Changes in total crude protein. crude fiber, ash and oil yields occurred by applied potassium fertilizers levels annually each growing season.

On an average over the two years period, crude protein and ash yields increased significantly by increasing potassium levels from 48 to 72 Kg KzOlfed; but crude fiber and ai' yields increased significantly by increasing potaSSium levels from 24 up to 72 Kg K,O/fed/annuaUy. Also, data showed that potassium fertilizer rates of 48 and 72 Kg K,O/fed increased crude protein, crude fiber, ash and oil yields by (3.03 and 10.28%), (7.49 and 12.39

%), (3.15 and 10.18%) and (5.77 and 12.57%), respectively compared with 24 Kg K₂0/fed. Previous studies have shown that low and medium potassium rates produced poor or moderate forage respectively but high rate produced Ihe highest quality as crude protein or ash yields. This implies that low potassium rate did not enhanced N, fixation or fodder N concentration in this study. It is clear that alfalfa fodder quality was largely influenced by high rates of potassium fertilization. These results are in line "..,ith thai obtained by Geweifel (1990).

c-Variety performance:

SignifICant varietal differences were observed regarding crude protein, crude fiber, aSh. and oil yields in both years and over the two years (Tables 4 to 7). Where. local variety (lsmailia-1) produced the higher values of chemical composition in the establishment year and second-year of Ihe stand, and their combined. On an average basis, local variety contained crude prolein, crude fiber, ash, and oil yields by 4827, 49.66, 48.69, and 57.66%, respectively. over the introduced variety, for the components in the same order above. It is clear from data obtained. that local variety (lsmailia·1) is well adapted to our environmental conditions especially in the newly reclaimed soil, and provides a high forage yield of good quality suitable to the animal feeding. Similar results were reported by Younis et al. (1986);

Rammah and Hamza (1988) and Mousa (1996).

1622

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3·lnteraction effects:

The combined analysis over years Tables 2 to 7 demonstrated that all interactions between phosphorus X potassium; phosphorus X varieties, potassium X varieties and phosphorus X potassium X varieties had a significant effect on fresh and dry fodder yields as well as crude protein, crude fiber. ash and oil yields except the Interaction bet'-Neen potassium X varieties for protein yield. The significance of interaction indicated thai the relative periormance of the two varieties was not consistent across phosphorus and potassium levels, as well as phosphorus treatments did not respond the same to changes in potassium treatments. These results are not in agreement with that obtained by Gewelfal (1990) who found that the interaction between phosphorus and potassium fertilization did not has a Significant effect on forage yield and quality.

In general, with respect of the three variables interaction results revealed that local variety (lsmailia-1) fertilized with 75 Kg P205 and 72 Kg K₂0lred, recorded the highesl forage production quantity and quality of alfalfa under newly reclaimed sandy soil in Middle Egypt. Meanwhile, introduced variety, (Siriver) must be tested in a wide range of environments before recommend to be grown in a specific site.

REFERENCES

Abd EI-Halim, A. Z.: I.A. Hanna and T. A. Mahmoud (1992). Productivity and forage quality of some alfalfa cultivars on newty reclaimed sandy so;l. Egypt J. Appl. SeL, 7: 407-427.

AOAC. {19BOl.Official Methods of Analysis of the Association Official Analytical Chemist. 13^1h Ed. Washington, D.C .• U.S.A

Berg, W. K.; J. J. Volenec; B. C. Joern; K. D.; Johnson and S. M. Brouder (1999). Potassium and phosphorus nutrition of alfalfa: Preliminary look at impact on yield components and root physiology. Better- Crops with Plant Food. 83: 1~11 (Journal article 89).

Geweifel. H. G. M. (1990). Response of alfalfa to P and K fertilization under newty reclaimed soil conditions. Proc. 4'" Conf. Agron .• Cairo, 15-16 Sept 11: 299-312.

Ghobrial, K. M. (1978). Vegetative growth and yield of four varieties of alfalfa in the new valley. Agric. Res. Review, 56: 39-42.

Hovermale, C. H. (1998). Alfalfa variety trials in South Mississippi. Bulletin Mississippi Agricultural and Foresty Experiment Station, 1074.

Lioveras,

J.:

J. Ferran: J. Boixadera and J. Bonet (2001). Potassium fertilization effects on alfalfa in a Mediterranean climate. Agron. J ..

93: 139-143

Maiorana. M.; G. Convertini; F. Fornaro and L. Sulas (2000). Leguminous forage crops of different origin in the Mediterranean Sub-Network of the FAO-CIHEAM Inter-Regional Cooperative Research and Development Network on Paslures and Fodder Crops, Sassari, lIary, 4-9 April 45: 153-156.

Mousa, M. E. (1982). Evaluation of some local and introduced varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, l.) M.Sc. ThesiS, Fac. Agric. At-Alhar Univ Egypl.

Sarhsn,G. M. A.

et

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Mausa, M. E.: I. A. Hanna and Z. M. Marei (1996). Evaluation of some alfalfa (Medicago sativa. l.) cultivars for growth and yield in sandy soils al north cost of

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Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 23:29-49.

Rammah, A. M. and A. S. Hamza (1988). Cutting schedules and seasonal effects on yield and quality of alfalfa. Annals of Agric. Sc ..

Moshtohor, 26:61·74.

Rice, W. A.: N. Z. Lupwayi: P.

E.

Olsen: D. Schlechte and S. C. Gleddie (2000). Field evaluation of dual inoculation of alfalfa with inorhizobium meliloti and Penicillium ilaii. Canadian J. of plant Sci ..

80: 303-308.

Russell, D. F. (1986). MSTAT, V.4: A Microcomputer Program for the Design Management and Analysis of Agronomic Research Experiment.

Michigan State, Univ. U.S.A

Schmitt M. A; C. C. Sheaffer and G. W. Rondall (1993). Preplant manure commercial P and K fertilizer effects on alfalfa pmduction. J. Prod.

AgoC., 6:385-390.

Snedecor, G. W. end W. G. Cochran (19S0). Statistical Methods 7¹¹¹ Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press. Ames Iowa, USA

Solanki, R. M. and

R.

G. Patel (1998). Influence of irrigation, sowing methods and phosphorus on quality of alfalfa. Forage Res., 27: 77- 81.

Tiwana, M. S. and K. P. Puri (1985). Effect of phosphorus and potash levels on the forage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) Indian J. Ecolog ..

12: 376-79. (e.F. Herbage Abs1., 1987; 1064).

Walworth, J. L. and M. E. Sumner (1990). Alfalfa response to time, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and molybdenum on acid ultisols. Fertilizer Research. 24 (3):167-172. (C.F. Herbage Abst..

1991).

Younis. A. A; M. A. Nasr, F. M. Ali; W. Kadry and Y. E. Hyatimy (1986).

Evaluation of forty five varieties of alfalfa under sandy soil conditions at Ismailia in Egypt. Annals of Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 24: 1271-1278.

Zeidan, E. M.; A. A Assey and H. G. Geweifel (1988). Effect of P fertilization and CUttin9 schedules on dry forage yield and chemical composition of alfalfa cultivar (CUF 101). Thirty-first North American Alfalfa Improvements Conference. Maryland, USA.

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