The Fundamental Law of the Social Security System dates from 1963 and the General Education Law from 1970. 1 Income per capita is above the EU average in 5 of the 17 Autonomous Communities (Madrid, Balearic Islands, Navarra, Cataluña and País Vasco) and in 3 of them (Murcia, Andalusia and Extremadura) it is below 70%. Non-contributory pension costs have increased over the past 20 years from 6% to 9% of GDP.
This created a dualism of unemployment benefits that ran parallel to an increase in the labor market. EVOLUTION OF PENSIONS EXPENDITURE IN RELATION TO GDP (Spain and EU-15 average. The employment structure and evolution will mainly influence the nature and protection intensity of pensions.
In general, the Public Health Care is reduced to the control of acute episodes and the monitoring of the case is rare. Even when these women go to a medical consultation, according to an empirical study made in the autonomous community of Madrid "the diagnosis of the psychologist. Some of the pathologies that appear more frequently in the waiting lists have a strong social labor component.
There is also an increase in the number of prisoners in prisons, doubling since 1985 (see graph 7). EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF PRISONERS IN SPAIN (IN FINAL ARREST OR AWAITING ARREST). A recent study promoted by the European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia is an exception to the lack of research on judicial custody failures.
For example, the annual reports of the ombudsman constantly refer to citizens' claims in this regard. This is proof of the fact that the right to justice is not exercised in this segment of immigration (which is very large in Spain). Most hired employees (61%) were not part of the workforce, but were hired for the centers' programs.
In the Autonomous Community of Madrid, we have a fairly complete report on the problems with housing access and non-renting that exist in relation to housing price and family income (see Graph 9). These efforts must include the adjustment of the statistical monitoring system' (INTERMINISTERIAL COMMISSION IN COORDINATION OF THE MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS 2002, page 11).
SUMMARY
The emergence of NTU in Spain
Among the most used terms to refer to the non-use of public services, we can highlight three, exclusion, non-use and impact. Nevertheless, "coverage" most times refers to the existence of a legal framework to access or not these benefits. Therefore, the dispute is about how broad or narrow the scope and clarity of laws and regulations are to cover, more or less, better or worse, people's rights and needs.
On the concept of whether or not public policies have an impact, this precise concept is the one more consistent with the definition of the EXNOTA program as it refers to the level of knowledge, utilization and satisfaction of public benefits from the perspective of the potential users. In any case, in addition to whether or not the benefit is used, the impact concept also includes other aspects such as knowledge of the source, the opinion people have about it and the degree of satisfaction of the actual users. The explicit references to the non-use of public funds, as expressed in the EXNOTA program, occur mainly in the following three ways.
In the field of the judiciary, it is also widely known and denounced (particularly in the reports of the People's Ombudsmen), judicial delays that are, among other things, the cause of the high percentage of prisoners on pre-trial detention awaiting a trial (23% of the 54,000 prisoners in June 2003). This form of categorization of non-use of public services corresponds most closely to the definition of the EXNOTA project, although it is least used in Spain. These reports compare the annual evolution of the potential users of the various measures and services to promote employment or combat exclusion with the actual number of beneficiaries, thus calculating the number of persons not covered.
This form of "undercoverage" analysis also applies to specific sectors, such as the two groups least covered by universal health services (the homeless and undocumented immigrants) or people with disabilities who do not use the resources available to them. .
Causes of non take-up
It is evident in the annual reports prepared by the Spanish government on behalf of the European Commission to evaluate employment and the fight against exclusion. With regard to the bureaucratic problems, two are particularly emphasized in the consulted bibliography; the legal uncertainty regarding some rights and benefits, such as in the case of employment of foreigners, and discretionary governance, to which is added the problem of obstacles to claims for rights to be respected. The coverage level of some benefits is sometimes dependent on budget constraints or ceilings set by the government.
This question has been studied in Spain in relation to the minimum income of the introduction of the Basque Country and the Autonomous Community of Madrid (RAYA 2000 and COLECTIVO IOÉ 2001). There is a perception that some public benefits are conditioned by requirements to fulfill obligations that are difficult to fulfill or imply a sense of humiliation on the part of the recipient. Similarly, the minimum entry income for people with basic subsistence needs problems and the active entry income for the long-term unemployed over 45 require requirements that limit access to these benefits.
Some benefits require payment for part of the services (medicines, public housing, home care services, housing for dependent elderly, etc.), which hinders access for the poorest families. In the most extreme cases, such as access to Minimum Income Payments for homeless or poor people, a significant proportion of them fail to receive this assistance. In the Autonomous Community of Madrid, for example, it was found that in 1992 only 15% of the homeless received the minimum income for inclusion, which led to the creation of new techniques to improve access and simplify procedures.
Thanks to these changes, homeless people's access to the Minimum Insertion Income increased to about 58% in 2001.
Political context of the Spanish welfare system
Liberal Anglo-Saxon and Latino-Mediterranean) are paving the way for a slow but continuous process of convergence of minimums in the field of social policy. And as long as the priorities are guided by macroeconomic and monetary objectives of a neo-liberal orientation, the social agenda and plans to fight exclusion and to promote employment will be more rhetorical than effective (RODRÍGUEZ CABRERO 2002).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COLECTIVO IOÉ, Educación para hijas de familias inmigrantes, CIDE / Instituto de la Mujer, Madrid, 2003b. CONDE, F., Representaciones sociales sobre la salud de la población activa masculina de la Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Sanidad y Servicios Sociales de la Comunidad de Madrid, 1997. CONSEJERÍA DE SALUD DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID, Plan de salud mental en la Comunidad de Madrid Madrid, 2002. y PLAZA, P., “Vivienda y Exclusión Residencial”, en AGUILAR, M., LAPARRA, M. coords.), Estudios básicos para la elaboración del plan de lucha contra la exclusión social en la Comunidad de Madrid , Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, 2001, p.
DÍAZ MARTÍNEZ, E., “Desigualdades en salud y estratificación social en España: análisis estadístico de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 1995”, en Documentación Social Nº pp. INSTITUTO COMUNITARIO DE ESTADÍSTICA MADRID, Anuario Estadístico de la Comunidad de Madrid 2001, Madrid, 2002. MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN, CULTURA Y DEPORTES, Sistema Educativo Español 2002, Secretaría General Técnica de la Subdirección General de Información y Publicaciones, Madrid, 2002.
MINISTERIO DE TRABAJO Y ASUNTOS SOCIALES, Plan Nacional de Acción para la Inclusión Social del Reino de España, Madrid, 2001b. MONEREO, J.L., "El modelo español de protección por desempleo", en LÓPEZ LÓPEZ, J. coord.), Seguridad Social y Protección Social: Temas de Actualidad, Marcial Pons, Ediciones Jurídica y Social, Madrid, 1996, p. y GONZÁLEZ FERRER, A., "Políticas de salud dirigidas a minorías étnicas y extranjeros en Gran Bretaña, Francia y España", en Revista de Documentación Social Nº 127, abril-junio de 2002, p. y VÁZQUEZ, C., "Aspectos psicosociales de la situación de las personas sin hogar en España", en Intervención Psicosocial, núm. 1, tomo NOGUERA, J.A., "Políticas de garantía de rentas. coord.), Los cambios en el estado del bienestar, Icaria, Barcelona, 2000, pp. NUÑO, J.L., "La información pública como objetivo de mejora la administración de la seguridad social en 1985”, en Revista de Seguridad Social, N° 27, 1985, pp y CASTELLANOS, J.L., “Servicios Sociales: Generales y Especializados. SERVICIO PARA PREVENIR LA EXCLUSIÓN Y INGRESOS MÍNIMOS COMUNITARIOS MADRID, Informe de Gestión 2001, Madrid , 2002.
URBANOS, R.M., Evolución de la desigualdad de acceso y utilidad en la salud pública española: una aproximación a la equidad desde las encuestas de salud, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Madrid, 1996.
Consulted research centres
List of interviews
Documents index cards
It analyzes the degree of coverage of the minimum income systems in the European Union. It notes the situation of immigrants who are on the fringes of the legal framework and closely studies the reduction of rights under Law 8/2000. It identifies as barriers to access the lack of information, not knowing how the health system works and the fear that the state acts against them.
Analyzing immigrants' relationship with services, benefits and wellness guarantees in Spain: expectations, use and impact of integration. Regarding access, it says that there is a low awareness of the services available, the specificity of the resources sought (general services are not clearly positioned as resources for immigrants) and the importance of primary groups. It provides indicators for access to and use of health services, broken down by gender and age of the respondents.
It uses the functional classification of ESSPROS, the European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics. It includes an analysis of the result of the "Surveys in households receiving the minimum income of Madrid, assessing the coverage of benefits and participation in social and economic inclusion programs. It includes an overview of the main economic and social indicators in Spain and the provincial index of social welfare.
It studies the volume and characteristics of the “waiting lists” in the public health system, around three specialized care services: initial consultations with specialized doctors, laboratory tests or diagnostics and surgical interventions.
