Smartphone Communication

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Smartphone Communication

This book offers a unique model for understanding the cognitive underpinnings, interactions, and discursive effects of our evolving use of smartphones in everyday app-mediated communication, from text messages and GIFs to images, video, and social media apps.

Adopting a cyberpragmatics framework, grounded in cognitive pragmatics and relevance theory, it gives attention to how both the particular interfaces of different apps and users’ personal attributes influence the contexts and uses of smartphone communication. The communication of emotions – in addition to primarily linguistic content – is foregrounded as an essential element of the kinds of ever-present paralinguistic and phatic communication that characterises our exchange of memes, GIFs, “likes,” and image- and video-based content. Insights from related disciplines such as media studies and sociology are incorporated as the author unpacks the timeliest questions of our digitally mediated age.

Aimed primarily at scholars and graduate students of communication, linguistics, pragmatics, media studies, and sociology of mass media,

Smartphone Communication traffics in topics that will likewise engage

upper-level undergraduate students.

Francisco Yus is Full Professor at the University of Alicante, Spain, and guest

professor at Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China. He is currently the

head of the Inter-university Research Institute of Applied Modern Languages

of the Valencian Community (IULMA) at the University of Alicante as well

as Head of the Research Group Professional and Academic English.

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Routledge Studies in New Media and Cyberculture

Women and the Digitally-Mediated Revolution in the Middle East

Applying Digital Methods

Chiara Bernardi

The Discursive Power of Memes in Digital Culture

Ideology, Semiotics, and Intertextuality

Bradley E. Wiggins

Digital Media, Sharing and Everyday Life Jenny Kennedy

Digital Icons

Memes, Martyrs and Avatars

Yasmin Ibrahim

Artif cial Intelligence in Cultural Production

Critical Perspectives on Digital Platforms

Dal Yong Jin

Loving Fanf ction

Exploring the Role of Emotion in Online Fandoms

Brit Kelley

Posthuman Capitalism

Dancing with Data in the Digital Economy

Yasmin Ibrahim

Smartphone Communication

Interactions in the App Ecosystem

Francisco Yus

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/

Routledge-Studies-in-New-Media-and-Cyberculture/book-series/RSINC

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Smartphone Communication

Interactions in the App Ecosystem

Francisco Yus

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First published 2022 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

The right of Francisco Yus to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-06066-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-06067-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-20057-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003200574 Typeset in Sabon

by Apex CoVantage, LLC

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To my supportive family: Pilar, Mónica and Javier

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Contents

List of figures ix

List of tables xi

Acknowledgement xii

1 Introduction: the smartphone phenomenon 1

PART I

Pragmatics, cyberpragmatics, and smartphones 11 2 Relevance theory, internet pragmatics, and

cyberpragmatics 13

3 Contextual constraints and non-propositional effects 27 4 Smartphone communication and app usability 43

PART II

Smartphone-mediated discourse and communication 55

5 Texting: from SMS to smartphone messaging 57 6 Phone calls and video calls are (surprisingly)

also enabled 107

7 New narratives and storytelling on the smartphone 119

PART III

Media on the smartphone 141

8 Media on the smartphone: images 143

9 Media on the smartphone: video and animation

(GIF, sticker) 173

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viii Contents

PART IV

The interplay between the physical and the virtual 193

10 Livestreaming: the case of Twitch 195 11 Location-based smartphone interaction 211 12 Towards online–offline congruence: social

networking apps 231

13 Concluding remarks and future projections 270

References 275

Index 307

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1.1 The evolution of smartphones with some representative

devices per year. 3

3.1 A chart of extended cyberpragmatic research. 36 5.1 Pragmatic implications of contractive and expressive

textisms .

61

5.2 An example of misunderstanding in the use of emojis. 80 5.3 SM conversation in which emoji substitutes verbal

elements of the message. 90 5.4 A conversation including an instance of emoji without

function. 93

5.5 WhatsApp conversation made up of emojis. 94 6.1 Evolution of human interaction and socialisation

(adapted from Wellman 2001 ). 110 6.2 Overlapping mutual cognitive environments

(inspired in Schlote and Linke 2010 : 124). 116 7.1 Evolution of cybergenres ( Shepherd and Watters 1998 ). 122

7.2 Spanish Twitter thread by Noe T. 137 8.1 Visual explicature from a panel in the comic book

Exit. © Nabiel Kanan. 144

8.2

User–audience contiguity (through an image) on social

media. 154 8.3 A cyberpragmatics of the selfie. 161 8.4 Visual explicature and visual implicature in selfie-based

communication. 165 9.1 A cyberpragmatics of (first-order) video-related

communication. 174 9.2 The smartphone app Bilibili. 183

10.1 A cyberpragmatics of livestreaming on Twitch. 197 10.2 The T witch interface (desktop and smartphone). 200 10.3 Three sample chat box interactions on Twitch. 203 10.4 “Global” system

emotes on Twitch. 204

11.1 Facebook check-ins. 225

Figures

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12.1 Facebook app interface (left) and Messenger app for

interactions (right). 233 12.2 Stickers and emojis in replies to users’ posts on Facebook. 241 12.3 Some of the multimodal humorous discourses shared

on SNAs during the coronavirus pandemic. 244 12.4 Paralinguistic digital affordances on Facebook plus recent

coronavirus-related reactions. 250 12.5 Image-based

interactivity triggers .

261 12.6 Dialogue cross-cutting the physical–virtual realm and

group-identity effects. 267

x Figures

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8.1 Identity-related constraints–effects correlations mediated

by images. 159 10.1 Questions on Twitch (summarised from Ask et al. 2019 ). 196 10.2 Some popular Twitch

emotes described. 206

11.1 User’s environmental orientations between physical and

virtual contexts ( Misra and Stokols 2012 ). 213

Tables

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Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Bryn Moody for his stylistic suggestions on a draft of this book.

I would also like to thank the Routledge editorial team, Suzanne Rich-

ardson, Tanushree Baijal, and Emma Sherriff, for their outstanding job at

editing this book.

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1 Introduction

The smartphone phenomenon

1.1 The ubiquity of smartphone communication

Nowadays it is almost impossible to walk on the street without coming across someone typing on their smartphone. These devices are ubiqui- tous, much more than first-generation mobile phones. Unlike those mobile phones, smartphones are small-sized computers that people use for myriad purposes, beyond the oral or video conversations that initially constituted the main point of mobile phones compared to today’s massive use of apps.

In the smartphone era, communication between humans has not decreased;

talk has, though. The

app ecosystem on smartphones, as labelled in the title

of the book, offers users a whole range of options for interaction beyond traditional phone calls.

Certainly, the number of options for interaction and communication that

we are currently offered through smartphone apps has soared in comparison

to previous devices: “persistently internet-connected smartphones afford

communication patterns as complex as those available on the personal com-

puter. Additionally, they offer possibilities for access to online information

as well as various forms of content consumption and production, including

multimedia and games” ( Bertel 2013 : 6). The smartphone can be considered

a metamedium, as proposed by Márquez (2017 ), a platform which houses

many old and new media. Similarly, Jansson (2013, in Pettegrew and Day

2015 : 124) proposed the term

mediatisation for a transformation brought

about by technology that not only influences our communication but also

reflects how other social processes become inseparable from smartphone

technology and dependent on it across a broad variety of domains and at

different levels. Finally, such devices fit the label of polymedia ( Madianou

2014 , 2020 ), understood as an environment of communicative opportuni-

ties that functions as an “integrated structure” within which each individual

medium is defined in relation to all other media (thus fitting the label app

ecosystem proposed in this book). This kind of interrelated structure satisfies

the need for imbrication and complementation between apps that we find on

smartphones nowadays. Indeed, in polymedia “the emphasis shifts from a

focus on the qualities of each particular medium as a discrete technology to

DOI: 10.4324/9781003200574-1

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2 Introduction

an understanding of new media as an environment of affordances” ( Madi- anou and Miller 2012 : 170).

Framed within this app ecosystem, smartphones give people enhanced opportunities to strengthen personal relationships via more efficient relational coordination. As Pettegrew and Day (2015 : 126) stressed, new technologies such as smartphone apps are reshaping various forms of communication and workplace relationships along with everyday forms of talk.

Such advances in the digital age form a collective dimension of interpersonal communication that fully centres technology on our day-to-day experiences.

Similarly, Wei and Lo (2006 ) proposed six gratifications arising from smartphone use: information seeking, social utility, affection, fashion and status, mobility, and accessibility.

At the very heart of this new media ecosystem lies the app as the quintes- sential unit of smartphone management. Especially for younger generations, apps serve as the gate through which they conceptualise the world they live in. This ecosystem of smartphone apps entails that users can pursue a wide variety of goals with their devices and add new apps when new personal needs turn up in the future: “Users decide what a smartphone is for themselves, rather than just adopting a given product” ( Jung 2014 : 300). As Gardner and Davis (2013 : 8) emphasised, whatever human beings might want should be provided by apps; and if the desired app still does not exist, it should be devised right away; and if no app can be imagined or devised, then the desire simply does not (or at least should not) matter.

The smartphone has invaded face-to-face interactions too. People often look at their smartphones for a substantial amount of time and dismiss those around them in their physical environment, often causing uncomfort- able situations. Reid (2018 : 5) states in this respect that we have normalised our techno-lives: “We have come to accept that smartphones lurk in the background of every conversation and interaction, and we rarely expect full attentiveness from one another. We excuse our smartphone habits as important and necessary, constantly making justifications for their presence.”

Two main aims underlie this book. On the one hand, it aims to describe the issues involved in the production, communication, and interpretation of discourses on smartphones, additionally providing a theoretical, (cyber) pragmatic account of the kinds of interaction that are sustained through these devices. On the other hand, the book ultimately aims to find an explanation to why people find smartphone communication so interesting, why users get so addicted to information and interactions on these devices even though they are often trivial, cues-filtered and lacking means of contextualisation; why users dismiss the rich face-to-face environments around them and prefer to remain glued to the smartphone screen, isolating themselves from the physical world and living their digital lives so intensely through these devices instead.

The smartphone, undoubtedly the most pervasive and influential 21st-

century invention, was born in 2007 when the first

iPhone appeared in the

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Introduction

3 market with its app-mediated interface managed on a touchscreen and with the possibility to download apps. Since then, as shown in Figure 1.1 , many other companies have copied or developed this kind of interface; and the evolution of these devices has been amazing.

The smartphone is not just a mobile phone; it can actually be described in more accurate terms as a portable personal computer ( Masur 2019 : 187).

Indeed, smartphones offer apps for any user’s need (synchronous messaging communication, social networking, email, location-based services, camera, photo editing, video . . .) in a single device. This

app ecosystem, together with

internet connectivity and their capacity to track users’ location, stand out as the three key features of smartphones nowadays ( Bertel 2013 : 13).

With the countless apps that are available to download on smartphones, users can take advantage of these devices for entertainment, search for information, and/or use apps to maintain relationships. This device is also optimal to achieve hedonic goals, when users are bored and just want to “kill time.”

As such, smartphones have proved to be addictive in two realms. Firstly, addiction to the smartphone itself, with users carrying the device with them at all times as an extension of their bodies (a digital companion in the words of Carolus et al. 2019 ), and causing

nomophobia (fear of not having the

smartphone with them); and secondly, addiction to the apps installed, which causes fomo (fear of missing out, that is, fear of not accessing all the barrage of information provided by these apps, for instance, missing out on the latest news about the celebrities that the user follows).

Both addictions (to the device and to apps) can be easily understood given the range of interactive and communicative options that the smart-

phone ecosystem offers, which may include voice-based audio files, written

Figure 1.1 The evolution of smartphones with some representative devices per year.

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4 Introduction

messages (i.e. typed and often oralised using what will be labelled as

text alteration in Chapter 5 , in conjunction with visual aids such as emojis, stick-

ers and GIFs), pictures, videos, and links or other digital content, to quote but a few. Depending on the app through which these types of communications take place, the content can be extremely private and sensitive (e.g. in dyadic messaging conversations) or non-sensitive and public (for instance, when posting a publicly available picture on a photo-sharing platform such as Instagram for others to see and comment on).

1.2 Main objectives and underlying hypotheses

This book has as its objective to provide the first ever fully cyberpragmatic account of smartphone communication ( Yus 2011a ).

¹

If purely pragmatic analyses of internet-mediated communication are scarce (see Herring 2013b ), such pragmatic analysis applied to smartphone communication is certainly even more scarce. Therefore, the ultimate aim of this volume con- sists in filling this gap existing in (cyber)pragmatic research.

Its foundations can be identified in my theory of cyberpragmatics. Accord- ing to the premise underlying this book, all smartphone-mediated communication can be explained by resorting to basic claims regarding a cognitive and inherently human search for relevance (also in their everyday smartphone interactions), paired with human reluctance to expend too much effort in these smartphone-mediated interactions. Broadly speaking, relevance theory (the theoretical foundation of cyberpragmatics) claims that, because our minds are relevance-oriented, we tend to focus our attention on what will most probably provide us with some interpretive reward, or expressed differently, on what is bound to be beneficial to us. Therefore, in smartphone communication users are also bound to show a biological tendency to pay attention to the most relevant stimuli on their smartphones, the ones that draw their attention more than other competing stimuli. At the same time, they will be discouraged if their smartphone interactions demand too much mental effort, for instance apps that demand too many taps on the screen to get to the desired information. However, as will be seen in the book, very often users are ready to spend additional effort in managing certain apps if they get some reward from these interactions that compensates for this extra effort.

Secondly, relevance theory claims that all utterances have a number of possible interpretations, though not all of them are equally likely (i.e. equally relevant). An addressee will inevitably tend to select the most relevant interpretation. But when it comes to smartphone communication, the hypothesis is that the mediation of smartphone interfaces, or the fact that much information on these devices is typed and hence devoid of adequate contextual information, may make this interpretive decision harder or may demand increased effort when working out the intended interpretation.

Thirdly, an underlying hypothesis suggests that studying smartphone com-

munication by focusing only on the interpretations and eventual relevance of

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Introduction

5 the propositional information contained in the utterances exchanged between users appears as a seriously limited approach to this kind of communication.

Therefore, the book argues for the importance of completing and comple- menting the cyberpragmatic study of smartphone communication with two terms: contextual constraint and non-propositional effect (see Chapter 3 ).

In a nutshell, contextual constraints may be defined as aspects which underlie smartphone acts of communication and users’ interactions (i.e.

they exist prior to the act of communication) and determine their eventual (un)successful outcome. They

frame, as it were, communication and have an

impact both on the quality of interpretation and on the willingness to engage in future interactions. Non-propositional effects, in turn, refer to feelings, emotions or impressions which may or may not be overtly intended by the sender user, but which are nevertheless triggered by the act of smartphone communication. These add (positively or negatively) to the effects obtained from utterance interpretation (propositional content). The addition of these terms becomes essential if we want to understand why users interact to such an extent on their smartphones, why they shy away from oral interactions in physical settings, or why they resort to typed text even though more contextualised (and free) options, including phone and video calls, are available on the smartphone as well.

Finally, this book will also take into account the construction and management of the relevance-theoretic notion of mutual manifestness – closer to more traditional terms such as mutual knowledge and shared knowl-

edge, albeit with a different cognitive approach. In short, this notion refers

to the intersection of the interlocutors’ accessible information at a specific stage of the dialogue in which they are engaged ( Sperber and Wilson 1995 : 40). Speakers have to guess and predict not only the characteristics of their interlocutors’ accessible contextual information, but also which part of that information is shared (mutually manifest). Successful smartphone interactions are normally the ones where contextual information plays a major part in revealing the information that is mutual or shared by the interlocutors.

In sum, interlocutors often take for granted information to which neither of them has real access due to a lack of physical co-presence or miscalculated context accessibility in the addressee, and misunderstandings and miscom- munication may consequently arise. The wrong assumptions of mutuality may be focused on the physical–virtual interface; by way of example, to assume that the other user has similar access to the information surrounding the “sender user” from their physical environment or from assumptions of usage codes involved in certain communicative strategies such as the use of emojis or text alteration.

Some more specific objectives of the book are:

[1] To study how users manage their communicative strategies and intended

interpretations through smartphone messaging apps (WhatsApp, Snap-

chat, WeChat, Line, etc.).

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6 Introduction

[2] To account for the implications of text alteration and the use of emojis when users inferentially fill the gap between what the other users type and what they really intend to communicate through messaging apps.

[3] To provide a description of contextualisation as well as presumption of information mutuality in oral communication through the smartphone.

[4] To assess the cyberpragmatic challenge posed by new narratives cre- ated on smartphones in terms of authorship, discourses, and varieties of readers.

[5] To analyse the interpretive outcomes that arise from discourses such as text, image, video, (animated) stickers, and GIFs, together with their multimodal combinations.

[6] To account for livestreaming on the smartphone, paying special attention to the portal Twitch .

[7] To study the impact of the virtual–physical interface on how communication is managed, context is selected, and mutuality of information is predicted and accomplished through location-aware smartphone apps.

[8] To account for the use of social networking apps on the smartphone.

1.3 Overview of this book

This volume is divided into four Parts. The first Part, Pragmatics, cyberprag-

matics, and smartphones, supplies the theoretical foundations of the book

and is made up of three chapters:

Chapter 2 addresses basic ideas of pragmatics (especially relevance theory), internet pragmatics, and cyberpragmatics, offering a description of the main tenets included in these theories. Relevance theory seeks to answer two main questions regarding human communication ( Carston 2009a ): (a) how does the hearer/reader of an utterance arrive at the correct interpretation?

and (b) on what basis does the speaker/writer choose a particular linguis- tic expression in order to communicate the meaning/thoughts they have in mind? These also become important for a cyberpragmatics of smartphone communication. This chapter likewise offers an introduction to internet pragmatics and cyberpragmatics.

In turn, Chapter 3 deals with the aforementioned notions of contextual

constraint and non-propositional effect, both of which will be present in

every chapter of the book as a complement to more proposition-oriented cyberpragmatic analyses.

Chapter 4 deals with the importance of app usability in today’s smartphone communication. Usability affects users’ processing effort when using apps, which clearly plays a part in the eventual relevance of the information accessed or interactions carried out through these apps.

Part II ,

Smartphone-mediated discourse and communication, comprises

three analyses of (mainly verbal) communication on smartphones.

Chapter 5 , which revolves around smartphone messaging, starts with an

analysis of SMS texting. After that, a detailed examination of smartphone

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Introduction

7 messaging is offered, beginning with interface- and user-related constraints that determine the users’ communicative activity on those messaging apps.

The next sections address smartphone messaging discourse. The chapter ends with an account of non-propositional effects stemming from smart- phone messaging use.

Chapter 6 focuses on phone and video calls, one of the richest and most contextualised means of interaction on a smartphone, because the subtleties of the interlocutors’ voice and visual nonverbal behaviour (in the case of video calls) are available to lead users in the right inferential direction. The chapter also analyses smartphone use as one further step in the evolution of human communication and interaction from door-to-door communication to today’s smartphone-mediated communication between physically scattered interlocutors. Besides, the chapter highlights a proposal of four different layers of mutuality (mutual manifestness in relevance-theoretical terminology) existing between interlocutors having a conversation in a face- to-face environment and phone calls intruding on this offline conversation.

Chapter 7 explains the specificity of new digital narratives on the internet, placing special emphasis on smartphone-mediated narratives compared to traditional printed narratives. After some insights into these narratives, several types of digital narrative on smartphones are analysed and contrasted with more traditional counterparts.

Part III , which revolves around Media on the smartphone, offers a proposal for a possible cyberpragmatic analysis of such discourses. Lack of space prevents an account of all the media involved in smartphone communication, and therefore this section focuses on three types of media: image, video, and animated discourses (stickers, GIFs).

Chapter 8 centres the analysis on images and possible types of communication sustained by means of these discourses. It starts with a proposal to equate inferential strategies typically suggested for utterances to the ones required to interpret images. The chapter continues, providing some historical background on camera practices before moving on to an account of possible contextual constraints influencing the use of images on smartphones.

The chapter comes to an end with a long section devoted to selfies, about which a cyberpragmatic chart of steps is proposed.

Chapter 9 in turn focuses on smartphone videos and their roles in smart-

phone-based acts of communication, together with an analysis of animated

discourses such as GIFs and stickers. The chapter firstly proposes an analysis

of online video, including the duality of

first-order and second-order video-

centred interactions. While the former is the initial act of video communi-

cation, the latter takes place when users share or forward the video on a

different site, which entails different audiences, strategies of contextualiza-

tion, and eventual effects. Its next section deals with the specific qualities of

smartphone videos and their management through dedicated apps. Some

smartphone-specific apps such as Bilibili and TikTok are analysed, together

with some innovative multimodal discourses, for instance the overlay of

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8 Introduction

video and text superimposed on the screen in the Chinese trend of danmu.

The final part of the chapter is devoted to animated discourses: GIFs and stickers and their respective roles in the interactions where they typically appear.

Finally, Part IV,

The interplay between the physical and the virtual, is

devoted to aspects that, one way or another, entail an interrelation between online and offline environments for communication and interaction purposes.

Chapter 10 addresses livestreaming on the smartphone, paying special attention to the platform Twitch . As such, livestreaming connects the physical and the virtual, since users normally stream from a physical location for their audiences to watch online and frequently on their smartphones. Follow- ing an initial analysis of the contextual constraints involved in livestreaming platforms, the chapter specifies possible streamer and audience reasons to engage in livestreaming and to watch it. The central part of the chapter focuses on the kinds of interactions that take place on the popular app Twitch , which exhibit different possibilities through different levels of contextualisation, from rich video-mediated communication to plain typed text in a chat box, which have interesting pragmatic implications.

Chapter 11 covers one of the most intrinsic aspects of smartphone-mediated communication: the interface between the physical and the virtual, along with the growing importance of users’ location in today’s interactions and access to information, also important in relation to pragmatic issues such as the contextualisation of utterances exchanged through these devices.

The first pages of this chapter review the increasing relevance of location and explain how mobile devices have altered traditional forms of communication in physical settings. Some possible labels that convey this idea of merging physical–virtual sources of information are subsequently listed. The chapter then shifts into more communicative issues associated with smartphone location. Several sub-sections address topics such as contextual constraints in communication through locative media, a more intention-centred account of manifestness when using locative media, and finally the analysis of non-propositional effects leaking from the use of locative media. To con- clude, the chapter mentions the trend of check-ins on social media (more specifically on Facebook).

Part IV ends with Chapter 12 , dedicated to social networking sites on

smartphones. This chapter was placed inside this Part about the interface

between online and offline environments because on social networking sites

the user is expected to remain the same unique person in both environments,

online and offline. Indeed, users regard their online self as an integral part of

their overall identity production and thus coordinate their online self-identity

with their offline self-performance. The chapter addresses interaction within

social networking sites, especially highlighting users’ reactions such as Likes

(labelled as paralinguistic digital affordances). Some specific comments

about the specificity of social networking sites on smartphones are also pro-

vided, together with an independent section devoted to the important issue

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Introduction

9 of identity on social networking sites. It is argued that identity shaping, self- expression, social bonding, and search for audience validation stand out as the main reasons users engage so intensely in social networking.

The book ends with a short chapter of concluding remarks and future projections. Some future pragmatic research issues on smartphone communication are proposed and briefly commented upon. Today’s uses of smartphones are likely to continue in the near future, but new apps will become fashionable, and new ways of interaction on these apps will turn up and eventually become conventionalised among smartphone users.

1.4 The specificity of smartphone communication

This book, in its four Parts, aims to provide cyberpragmatic insights on a number of issues framed within interaction, communication, and context accessibility on smartphones. It shows ways in which the smartphone meets current needs for communication, interaction, retrieval of information, and identity shaping. As such, it also shows how specific smartphone communi- cation is in aspects such as the following:

1 Smartphone communication interfaces the physical and the virtual; it encompasses a whole range of communicative options ranging from cues-filtered text-based discourses to highly contextualised video.

2 The smartphone is an original communicative device holding an app

ecosystem, where users combine different apps for their communicative

needs. This ecosystem is both appealing and challenging. The implications of this multiplicity of apps in smartphone communication are one of the most interesting issues addressed in the book. In this sense, Madi- anou (2020 : 76–77) comments that “to understand a smartphone, it is not sufficient to list all platforms nested in a particular mobile device.

We need to understand how the assemblage of platforms and applications produces a new dynamic that extends beyond the capabilities or affordances of individual platforms. Users define and use each platform in relation to all others within a composite environment.”

3 As a theory of how people rely on contextual information when inter- preting utterances, cyberpragmatics, with its anchorage in relevance theory, should be suited to account for the multiple acts of communica- tion taking place through smartphones on an ordinary basis.

Note

1 The book Cyberpragmatics (John Benjamins 2011) is now open access: https://

doi.org/10.1075/pbns.213.

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