The GAP was also one of the first steps towards the 2012 World Development Report (WDR) Gender Equality and Development.2 The WDR recognizes the essential role that governments can play in achieving greater gender equality through the influence of gender-sensitive programs and policies on formal and informal institutions, markets and even the household. The featured cases reveal why policymakers who want to make markets work for women must consider the interplay of markets, formal and informal institutions, and household decision-making.7 The chapters present policy lessons organized around four themes of crucial importance to women and their families. : (i) access to labor markets; (ii) improved workplace conditions, (iii) opportunities for entrepreneurs and income earning, and (iv) increased land titles and agricultural productivity. The gender gaps in education, access to health services, labor force participation and political engagement have narrowed, closed and sometimes even reversed.8 The region has taken steps to protect women's rights and economic equality.
In addition, supported childcare is presented as an active labor market policy that helps women enter – and stay in – the workforce.
INCREASED LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOmEN IN CHILE
The pilots adopted a Case Management Model, whereby female beneficiaries receive personal care managed centrally by a single person—an employment broker. The labor broker provides ongoing guidance and direction to the female beneficiaries, and is responsible for managing and coordinating all their activities related to the program. In mujeres Jefes de Hogar, the labor broker counseled female beneficiaries during the training, helped with their job search and placement, and provided mediation with employers.
In mejor Trabajo, the employment mediator provided women with knowledge and information to support them in the transition from temporary emergency work to effective self-employment. To measure the impact (separated over both programs) of the Case Management model, an experimental design was used. The women's treatment groups received case management support in addition to routine program services - training and job placement in the case of mujeres Jefes de Hogar, and short-term low-wage employment in the case of Mejor Trabajo.
When interpreting the results, it is important to remember that the evaluations measure the ability of the case management model to improve the effectiveness of the original interventions. That is, they measure the added value of the case management model for two types of ongoing programs. The evaluations do not measure the effect of the Case Management Model in the absence of any intervention.
APPROACH
The activity was linked to the highly successful ChileCalifica project to increase the likelihood that the results would be disseminated among the most important government agencies involved in education and employment. Poor women often need greater and more focused support to participate in APZ, complete programs, and transition into the workforce. Women participating in the direct employment program, mejor Trabajo, a pilot, reported increased self-esteem and self-confidence.
RESULTS
An evaluation of the labor intervention program, mujeres Jefes de Hogar, found no effect of the case management model on any of the dimensions studied. Differences in program design may explain the differences in results in the two programs. On the other hand, in mejor Trabajo the case management model had a completely different goal than the original intervention – the evaluation measured the case management model's ability to help participants move from temporary emergency employment to effective self-employment.
Gender Equality Strategies of the Municipal Employment Offices in Curuzú Cuatiá employment office: locally adapted trainings for gender equality; mass communication. The evaluation measures the impact of the intervention on labor market opportunities and 69. Thus, the difference between the two groups shows the impact of professional skills only.
Are there any differences in the impact of the program for male and female participants. Greater gender equality in the workplace allows better use of the abilities of women and men and addresses their personal needs in a more equitable way. Raise awareness of the positive incentives for participation in the private sector and the valuable returns on gender equality investments.
The public sector partner helps generate public recognition of the firm's gender equality achievements. The program has benefited 500,000 employees (55 percent from the private sector, 44 percent from the public sector and 1 percent from NGOs).
MEGA 2009”
Women's economic empowerment plays a key role by strengthening women's participation in land, labor, financial and production markets. In 2009, RPRP launched the Gender Equality Pilot Project to strengthen the economic role of women through these community investments. The RPRP pilot project was aimed at (i) facilitating women's access to markets (work and production), (ii) reducing the burden on women in the household, (iii) empowering women to participate in household and community decision-making, (iv) improving the dynamics of traditional gender relations in poor rural society and (v) poverty reduction.
It is designed to prevent unfair redistribution of land that favors men and to raise awareness of women's economic importance in the process. Traditional gender norms that affect both beneficiaries and program officers can prevent women's participation in land projects. A strong M&E system should do more than report on women's participation – it should capture the economic outcomes for women and the social impact within their households and communities. gt;>.
However, women's access to economic opportunities can also be limited by a lack of control over household resources – this is especially true in agriculture. A large distributional gap favors men despite the legal recognition of women's right to individual or joint ownership of land. Focus groups revealed that PATH officials and beneficiaries lack awareness of women's legal rights.
It is important that the goal of the project is to increase the direct participation of women in the procedures of marriage regulation and granting of titles. A gender assessment was conducted in 2009 to investigate the level and manner of women's participation in land use decision-making in Mestizo, Afro and Indigenous communities.
APPROACHOBJECTIvE
The number of individual property rights granted to women has indeed increased in some regions, but this can be explained by male migration, and the share of women in joint property ownership has remained low. The plots belonging to women were usually smaller, preventing women from shifting from subsistence to commercial agriculture. The goals are to encourage cooperation, increase awareness of the economic role of women and mitigate potential social conflicts.
Include women in the cadastre process: PRODEP strengthened capacities and guidelines for ensuring women's rights among implementing agencies. A correlation was also found between women's economic participation and decision-making power in the community. Peru's Agricultural Research and Extension Program (INCAGRO) provides equal opportunities for indigenous people and women's organizations.
INCAGRO created a competitive fund – the Agricultural Technology Fund – to strengthen and decentralize the market for innovation services. The competitive fund was made more accessible to indigenous peoples and women's organizations through careful design of eligibility criteria, funding conditions and selection. Under the second phase of the program, the project financed 155 sub-projects coming from indigenous peoples (44 percent women) and women's productive organizations (with at least 70 percent women).
RESULTS OBJECTIvE
It developed a sliding scale for co-financing so that projects for women and indigenous peoples only needed to co-finance a minimum of 15 percent of the total sub-project amount (compared to 25 – 35 percent for other producers). . The partnership between the two ministries significantly increased awareness of the benefits of social inclusion. RESEPAG aims to improve the delivery of public agricultural services and includes a series of activities to strengthen gender equality in the policies and operations of the Ministry of Agriculture.
Community consultations identified low financial literacy as one of the biggest constraints for women farmers. Despite setbacks from the devastating earthquake, the two ministries maintained a strong commitment to strengthen gender equality in the policies and operations of the Ministry of Agriculture. The revision of the competitive fund increased the participation of women and improved the monitoring of gender inclusion in the agricultural sector in general.
Groups sent their most capable members so that they would later share their knowledge with the rest of the group. Sectoral allocation by gender of Latin American workers over the liberalization period of the 1990s. Policy Research Working Paper 2742, World Bank, Washington, DC. Latin American women in search of a new balance.” Prepared for delivery at the 2009 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association.
Unresolved Issues in Protection, Productivity Growth, and Poverty Reduction.” Policy Research Working Paper 3799, The World Bank, Washington, DC. The Effects of Active Labor Market Policies for Women in Europe: A Survey.” IZA Discussion Paper 2365, Bonn. The Fertility Response to Land Ownership: The Role of Tenure Security and the Distribution of Household Resources.” Harvard University.
Gender, Land Rights and Household Economy in Rural Nicaragua and Honduras." Paper prepared for the conference "Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean". Feminization of Agriculture: Trends and Drivers." World Development Report 2008 Background Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Changing Household Investments and Aspirations Through Social Interactions: Evidence from a Randomized Transfer Program in a Low-Income Country.” Policy Research Working Paper 5137, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. Peru-RBI Technical Draft Paper: Enhancing the Economic Empowerment of Female Property Owners and Micro-Entrepreneurs in Lima." Consultant Report.Gender Equality as Smart Economy: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan, Washington, DC: World Bank.
