Haematology and growth performance characteristics of broiler birds fed abattoir wastes (bovine blood and rumen content)
Onunkwo, D. N. and Ekine, O. A.2
1College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State
2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Corresponding author: [email protected]; 08033388622
Nigerian Society for Animal Production
©
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effects of abattoir wastes (bovine blood and rumen content mixture) on the haematology and growth performance characteristics of broiler birds. One hundred and twenty (120) unsexed day old Abor acre broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments and replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. Four experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broilers such that the birds were fed sundried abattoir waste (bovine blood and rumen content mixture) included at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% representing Diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, with Diet 1 as the control. Each dietary treatment consists of 30 birds with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets and clean water were supplied at- libitum throughout the experimental period. Data were collected on feed intake, daily weight gain, final body weight, weight gain. Feed conversion ratios were calculated. Blood samples for hematology was collected, analyzed and recorded. At the end of the 56 days feeding trials, data collected on different parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results showed that mixtures of bovine blood and rumen content significantly (P<0.05) improved the final weight (1767.02g -1931.44g), weight gain (1367.02g -1528.44g), feed intake (107.47g -118.99g) and feed conversion ratio (4.87 – 4.08) of the broilers. Significant (P<0.05) improvements were observed on the RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, eosinophyls and the lymphocytes of the haematological parameters of the broilers. These results showed the complementary potentials of bovine blood and rumen content mixture in broiler diets, which can be included up to 15% in the ration of broilers without detrimentally affecting the growth performance and haematology of the broilers.
Keywords: Haematology, Abattoir waste, Rumen content, Bovine blood, Broiler
Introduction
Poultry industry in developing countries is faced with high production costs and technical constraints. The largest dietary requirements for poultry are energy and crude protein (Onunkwo, 2019). These are predominantly supplied by maize and soybean meal in poultry diets respectively.
The high cost of these feed ingredients resulting from diverse usage in human diets as well as industrial applications makes it necessary to search for alternative replacements that are cost effective. Feed accounts for70-80% of the total cost of
broiler production in Nigeria, with high cost of the conventional poultry feedstuffs stemming directly from their competition with human staple (Ademola and Farinu, 2006; Anoh and Akpet, 2013). Of the total cost of feed, about 95% is used to meet energy and protein requirements, about3- 4% for major minerals, trace mineral and vitamin requirements (Esonu et al., 2006).
Recent advances in modern poultry production have further increased the competition for conventional feedstuffs between livestock industry, agricultural p r o d u c t - d e p e n d e n t i n d u s t r i e s (confectioneries and distillers) and humans
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(Bolu and Adakeja, 2008). The problem of poultry industry in Nigeria is further aggravated by heavy dependence on grains such as maize, millet and sorghum; and oil seed resources such as groundnut cake, soybean cake, cotton seed cake and palm kernel meal (RMRDC, 2003). The contribution of livestock sector in the achievement of optimum protein supply, economic returns and sustainable environment in most developing countries will require a continuous search for alternative feed sources that are environmentally friendly, cost effective and in less demand as direct food resource for humans. It has therefore become imperative to explore other alternatives for the feed industry in order to reduce the current stress on human food supply. One of such waste that needs to be accessed is Bovine Blood and Rumen Content Mixture.
Rumen contents and blood are substantial wastes generated daily at abattoirs with about 50,000 and 17,000 metric tonnes per year respectively in Nigeria (Adeniji, 1995; Odunsi
et al.,
2004; Adeniji, 2005;Makinde, 2006). Rumen content is a material from the rumen of cattle. The rumen accounts for about 80% of the capacity of the adult ruminant stomach (Van Soest, 1987; Church, 1993). It is composed of plant material at various stages of digestion rich in microbial protein and other micro-flora such as fungi, protozoa and bacteria (McDonald
et al..,
2000; Dairo,et al..,
2005and Esonuet al.
, 2006). Rumen content is an important source of energy and vitamins especially vitamin B-complex (Rezakhani et al., 2008; Agbabiaka et al., 2012). Bovine Blood meal has been reported to contain about 80-85% crude protein. This might vary due to differences in processing methods (McDonald et al., 1998; Anoh and Akpet, 2013). Blood meal is one of the richest sources of lysine, arginine,methionine, cystine, and leucine, but very poor in isoleucine and contains less glycine than fishmeal (Donkoh et al, 1999;
Olukayode, et al., 2008). Blood is a source of high quality protein as blood meal about 80- 90% crude protein, in essential amino acids, especially lysine (NRC, 1994; Esonu et al., 2011). The nutritional value of blood meal increases when fed in combination with other protein sources (Adeniji and Balogun, 2001; 2002; Adeniji and Jimoh, 2007; Rios-Rincon et al., 2010). Hence, a combination of rumen contents and blood assures a potential alternative protein source. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the impact of abattoir wastes (rumen contents and bovine blood) on the haematological indices and growth performance of broiler chickens.
Materials and methods Experimental location
The study was conducted at the Rabbitry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State.
Umudike is located on latitude 05 C 28'
0North and 07 C 32'East and lies at an
0altitude of 122 m above sea level. This area is situated within the tropical rainforest zone of West Africa which is characterized by long duration of rainfall (April - October) and short period of dry season (November- March). Average rainfall is 2169.8mm in 148 – 155 rain days. Average ambient
0 0
temperature is 26 C with a range 22 C and 30 C. Its relative humidity ranges
0from 50 to 90%. These meterological d a t a w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e meteorological station at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike Abia State (NRCRI, 2019)
Experimental animals and management One hundred and fifty (150), one day-old Abor acre broilers chicks were purchased from a reputable hatchery in Ibadan, Oyo
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S t a t e , N i g e r i a . Tw o w e e k s p r e - experimental period were used to acclimatize the broiler chicks to the experimental procedures. Thereafter, 120 two weeks old broilers were selected and randomly assigned to four treatments replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design feeding trial that lasted 56 days.
They were managed on deep litter pens throughout the experimental period and were fed experimental diets with water supplied ad-libitum. Routine management p r a c t i c e s w e r e a l s o c a r r i e d o u t appropriately.
Collection and processing of abattoir wastes
Fresh rumen content and blood were collected from freshly eviscerated cattle, from the slaughter house of an abattoir located at Obunago—Kwata, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The rumen content was collected and emptied into a clean bag and the rumen fluid was locally squeezed out using hands to reduce the moisture content and bulkiness of the rumen content.
The rumen content was spread for eight hours on a clean nylon sheet for sun drying in a well aerated environment. During
drying, it was turned regularly to facilitate drying. The dried rumen content was milled using a FFC- 45 hammer milling machine to a fine ground rumen content meal. The blood was collected as the cattle were being slaughtered. The blood was then transferred into a drum and heated for 15 minutes at 100 C using a stove for coagulation It was 0
sieved after coagulation and excess water removed. The coagulated blood was sun dried in a well aerated environment on a clean aluminum sheet and frequently turned to facilitate drying. The dried blood was milled using a FFC-45 hammer mining machine to a fine ground blood meal. The ground rumen content meal and the ground blood meal were used in formulating the experimental diets. Four experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broilers such that the birds were fed sun-dried bovine blood and rumen content mixture meal incorporated at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% representing Diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, with Diet 1 as the control. The gross and proximate compositions of experimental diets are presented in Table 1 and 2, while the proximate composition of Bovine blood and rumen content mixture is presented in Table 3.
Table 1:Gross composition of the experimental diets
Ingredients (%) Diet1 (0%) Diet 2(5%) Diet3 (10%) Diet 4(15%)
Maize 55.00 55.00 55.00 55.00
Soybean meal 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00
BBRCM* 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
Fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Wheat offal 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
PKC 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Bone meal 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Vit/min Premix** 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
*BBRCM = Bovine blood and rumen content mixture
**Premix composition (per kg of diet): vitamin A, 12,500 IU; vitamin D3, 2500 IU; vitamin E, 50.00mg; vitamin K3, 2.50mg;
vitam in B1,3.00mg; vitamin B2, 6.00mg; vitamin B6, 6.00mg; niacin, 40mg; calcium pantothenate, 10mg; biotin, 0.08mg; v itamin B12, 0.25mg; folic acid, 1.00mg; chlorine chloride,300mg; manganese, 100mg; iron, 50mg; zinc, 45mg; copper, 2.00mg;
iodine, 1.55mg; cobalt, 0.25 mg; selenium, 0.10mg; antioxidant, 200mg.
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Table 2: Proximate composition of experimental diets
Parameter (%) Diet1 (0%) Diet2 (5%) Diet3 (10%) Diet4 (15%)
Moisture content 13.95 10.32 11.90 11.47
Ash content 15.15 8.77 9.08 8.75
Crude protein 20.19 19.74 19.29 19.10
Crude fiber 4.07 4.99 5.93 6.84
Ether extract 3.38 3.79 3.63 3.47
Lysine 1.26 1.12 0.99 0.86
Methionine 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.50
Calcium 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.59
Phosphorus 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83
Energy (ME Kcal/kg) 2885.60 2884.75 2883.90 2891.35
Table 3: Proximate composition of the abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture)
Parameters (%) BBRCM*
Moisture content 9.34
Crude protein 35.35
Ether extract 3.60
Crude fiber 15.67
NFE 25.06
Ash 10.98
*BBRCM = Bovine blood and rumen content mixture
Experimental design
The study was a CRD experiment with 4 treatments consisting of sundried abattoir waste (bovine blood and rumen content mixture) included at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%
representing Diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, with Diet 1 as the control. The treatments were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized experimental design. Each treatment consisted of 30 birds with 10 birds per replicate
Yij = U+ Ti + eij
Where Yij= individual observation on the broiler characteristics.
ì = overall mean Ti = treatment effect
eij = random error assumed to be independently, identically and
normallydistributed with zero means and constant variances.
Data collection and evaluation
Initial body weights of the broilers were measured on arrival to the pen.
Subsequently, body weights and other growth performance parameters were taken at weekly interval throughout the study. All
weight measurements were done using a sensitive digital weighing scale (SF-400).
Weight gain was calculated from the difference between the final weight and initial weight. Feed intake was recorded while feed conversion ratio was calculated.
The experiment lasted for 56 days.
Proximate analysis
The proximate analysis of the bovine blood/rumen content meal and the experimental diets were carried out using the method of A.O.A.C (2000). The following parameters were determined:
moisture content, carbohydrate content, crude fiber, crude protein, ash and fat content
Haematology
Four (4) blood samples from each replicate were collected from the broiler birds for hematological examination at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. A 5- ml syringe fitted with a sterile needle was used to collect about 2 ml of blood and quickly transferred to Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid (EDTA) sample bottles. The EDTA sample bottles were shaken gently to p r e v e n t c l o t t i n g . T h e f o l l o w i n g
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hematological indices were determined:
Packed cell volume, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell, Mean Cell Volume, Mean Cell Hemoglobin and Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration. Packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by the micro-hematocrit method as described by Dacie and Lewis (1991). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration wasdetermined using a s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r t h r o u g h t h e c y a n o m e t h a e m o g l o b i n m e t h o d a s described by Kelly (1979). Red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) counts and its 'differentials' were determined using Neubauerhemocytometer method as described by Jain (1993) and Feldman,et al.
(2000). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and m e a n c o r p u s c u l a r h e m o g l o b i n concentration (MCHC) were calculated according to Jain (1993) and Bain et al.
(2006).
Data analysis
Data collected on different parameters were subjected to Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) in accordance with the methods of Steel and Torie (1980). Significant means were separated using Duncan's New Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955).
Results and discussion
Haematological characteristics of broiler birds fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture) are presented in Table 4. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed on haemoglobin, packed cell
volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration of the haematology of broilers fed bovine blood and rumen content mixtures across the groups. They are statistically similar with the control.
This showed that the test ingredient did not have detrimental effects on these
p a r a m e t e r s
m e n t i o n e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , s i g n i f i c a n t increase (P<0.05) was observed on the white blood cell,red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume and mean cell haemoglobin of the experimental diets compared to the control. The values of the red blood cells were within the normal
range ( ) for healthy
broiler birdsas recommended by Talebi et al. (2005). This showed that the abattoir waste meal enhanced the immunity and disease resistance ability of the broilers in Diets 2, 3 and 4. This is similar to what was observed by Ekunseiten et al. (2013) who fed diets containing three differently processed discarded vegetable/bovine blood and rumen content mixtures to broiler birds. The red blood cells are also within the normal range of (1.0 -
6 3
4.0x10 /mm ), MCV (90 – 140fl) and MCH (26 – 40%) as recommended by Akinmutimi (2004); Talebi et al. (2005) and Ibrahim (2012) for healthy broiler birds. Low values of red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cell hemoglobin indicates anemic condition and iron deficiency in the diets. This showed that Diet 2, 3 and Diet 4 are better digested, absorbed and utilized by the broilers.
6 3
2.5 - 3.5 x10 /mm
Table 4: Haematological characteristics ofbroilers fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content
mixture)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Haemoglobin(g/dL) 9.00±1.00 9.02±1.00 10.30±1.30 10.00±1.00 Red blood cell (x106/mm3) 2.70±0.I5c 3.63±0.15a 2.85±0.15c 3.00±0.15b White blood cell(x103/mm3) 5.33±0.06c 5.83±0.06b 6.20±0.05a 5.60±0.05bc Packed cell volume (%) 27.00±3.00 27.04±3.00 30.90±3.90 30.00±3.00 Mean corpuscular volume (fl) 94.54±5.56c 102.61±10.59b 114.14±8.12a 99.67±5.27b Mean cell haemoglobin (%) 31.51±1.84b 36.08±3.52a 38.06±2.71a 33.27±1.67b Mean cell
haemoglobin concentration(%)
33.30±0.00 33.50±0.00 33.38±0.00 33.20±0.00
abcd: means with different superscripts along rows are significantly different (p<0.05).Mean± Standard deviation.
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Differential count of white blood cell of broilers fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture) is presented in Table 5. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed on the heterophils, basophils and monocytes of the differential white blood cell counts of the broilers fed bovine blood and rumen content mixture compared to the control.Also, significant increase (p<0.05) were observed on the eosinophils from 1.67% in Diet 1 to 2.07 in Diet 4, and lymphocytes from 30.00% in Diet 1 to 38.00% in Diet 2. These haematological parameters are associated with body defense mechanism. The eosinophils and lymphocytes values (1.58 – 2.10% and 30 - 38%) as observed in this study are also within the healthy normal range as documented by Campbell et al,(2003) and Chinrasri and Aengwanich, (2007) for different breeds of broiler chicken. This showed that the test ingredient improved the differential red blood cells of the broiler birds.
Growth performance of broilers fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture) is presented in Table 6.
From the results in Table 6, it was observed that significant differences (P<0.05) existed on the final weight, weight gain,
daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers fed bovine blood and rumen content mixture compared to the control. The final weight increased from 1767.02g in Diet 1 to 1931.44g in Diet 4, while the daily weight gain increased from 24.41g in Diet 1 to 27.29g in Diet 4.
Also, the daily feed intake reduced from 118.99g in Diet 1 to 107.47g in Diet 3, while the FCR improved from 4.87 in Diet 1 to 4.08 in Diet 4. The final weight, weight gain and the daily weight gain increased, while the feed intake and feed conversion ratio improved as the level of inclusion of bovine blood and rumen content mixture increased.
This implied that the broilers consume less feed and still meet up their energy requirements for both maintenance and production. The birds fed bovine blood and rumen content mixture ate less feed and gained more weights compared to the control group. The improvements of feed conversion ratios also confirmed that broilers fed the experimental diets performed better than the control. The test ingredient improved the feed conversion ratio across the treatments. It has been proved that the treatment having a lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control is better.
Table 5: Differential count of WBC ofbroilers fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture)
Blood parameters Diet1 Diet2 Diet 3 Diet4
Heterophils (%) 57.00±2.00 60.00±2.00 58.00±2.00 60.00±2.00 Eosinophils (%) 1.67±0.58b 1.87±0.23ab 2.00±1.00a 2.07±0.00a
Basophils (%) 2.08±0.25 2.45±0.36 2.33±0.58 2.42±0.75
Lymphocytes (%) 30.00±2.00b 38.00±2.00a 35.00±2.00a 37.00±2.00a
Monocytes (%) 2.33±0.58 2.00±0.00 2.12±0.58 2.05±0.00
abcd: means with different superscripts along rows are significantly different (p<0.05). Mean± Standard deviation.
Table 6: Growth performance ofbroilers fed abattoir waste (Bovine blood and rumen content mixture)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 SEM
Final weight (g/bird) 1767.02c 1894.73b 1865.68b 1931.44a 58.79
Initial weight (g/bird) 400.00 400.00 402.00 403.00 2.89
Weight gain (g/bird) 1367.02c 1494.73b 1463.68b 1528.44a 64.15
Daily weight gain (g) 24.41a 26.69b 26.14b 27.29b 1.16
Daily feed intake (g/bird) 118.99a 111.68b 107.47c 111.23b 2.23
FCR* 4.87a 4.18b 4.11b 4.08b 0.14
abc: means with different superscripts along rows are significant (P<0.05). *FCR= Feed conversion ratio.
SEM= standard error of mean
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The improvement on feed conversion ratios compared to the control showed that Diet 2, 3 and 4 are much better than Diet 1.
The experimental diets are more efficiently being utilized by the broilers for maintenance and production than the Diet 1. This improved performance is attributable to higher protein component from microbial protein of the rumen material, long chain fatty acids and partially digested feed protein in the rumen material. This improved performance might have also resulted from the high protein content of the bovine blood, signifying the complementary potentials of these two feed ingredients. This result showed that combination of bovine blood and rumen content can be successfully included up to
15
% in broiler diets without affecting the weight gain and growth performance of the broiler birds negatively.This observation collaborated with the reports of Odunsi, (2003), Onu et al. (2011) and Yitbarek et al. (2016) who included bovine blood and rumen content mixtures in the diets of broilers.
Conclusion
From the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that inclusion of bovine blood and rumen content in the diets of broilers significantly improved the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the haematological characteristics of the broiler birds. Moreover, the findings also indicated the complementary potentials of bovine blood and rumen content mixture in broiler diets, which can be incorporated up to 15% in broilers diets without affecting t h e g r o w t h p e r f o r m a n c e a n d haematological characteristics negatively.
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Received: 10 November, 2019th
Accepted: 17 February, 2020th
