Processing of scientific information

The complex information encoded into the element connectivity of a system gives rise to the possibility of graphical processing of divisible systems by using the Graph theory. An application in this sense is the quantitative characterization of molecule topologies of drugs, proteins and nucleic acids, in order to build mathematical models as Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationships between the molecules and a specific biological activity. These types of models can predict new drugs, molecular targets and molecular properties of new molecular structures with an important impact on the Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Diagnosis, and Treatment. The current review is focused on the mathematical methods to encode the connectivity information in three types of graphs such as star graphs, spiral graphs and contact networks and three in-house scientific applications dedicated to the calculation of molecular graph topological indices such as S2SNet, CULSPIN and MInD-Prot. In addition, some examples are presented, such as results of this methodology on drugs, proteins and nucleic acids, including the Web implementation of the best molecular prediction models based on graphs.

2. LARGE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION To understand how easy is to create information, it is necessary to analyse the social media, for example Twitter, which has more than 90 millions of tweets per day, which represents a total of 8 terabytes of information everyday. The information of web transactions has increased significantly, nowadays, Wal-Mart, the largest retailer in the world, administrates one million of transactions by hour which increases a data base valued on 2.5 petabytes. An example in the scientific area is the collider of particles CERN, which can eve create 40 terabytes of information per second during the experiments. In networking, the information registered by a system of research and network management can reach terabytes in two days.

The photogrammetric surveys of these towers are being measured with Total Station, as well as with laser distance-meters. The terrestrial stereoscopic photographs are being taken by means of a camera of 22 Megapixeles and a lens with focal points of 14, 20 and 28 mm, accompanied by orthogonal and oblique aerial photographs taken with a multi-camera remote control with compact camera of 12 Megapixeles and fixed focal length equivalent to 28 mm. For the restitution and processing of the information a computer with 32 Mb of RAM is being used. We are using software licenses for photographic rectification (ASRix), PoivilliersF for stereo photogrammetry, Orthoware for bundle adjustment and Photoscan for photogrammetric and photomodeling scanning.

When computing processes have to share the workstation with comrnunication processes, (he sequential rclative pn>cessing power could change, and it could be necess[r]

LPT processes LO-POH, verifies BIP-2 through the b1-b2 of V5 bytes. lf block errors of VCl 2 are detected, the number of the block errors will be displayed in the performance event LP-BBE in the local terminal. And it will be reported back to the equipment in the remote terminal through b3 of V5. Toe number of the block etTors will be displayed in the performance event LP-REI (low order path - remate error indication) in the equipment of the remate terminal. When monitoring J2 and b5-b7 of V5, if mismatch occurs (what should be received is not consistent with what is actually received), LP-TlM (low order path - trace identifier mismatch) and LP-SLM (low order path - signal label mismatch) will be generated in the local tenninal. At this moment, the signals in the corresponding channels at Point l of LPT will be output as all ··1", and LP-RDl alarm (low order path - remate defect indication) will be at the same time sent back to the remate tetminal through b8 of V5 in corresponding path (charinel). This makes the remate terminal know that the correspondin� VC12 path signal in the receive end is defect. lf a consecutive of 5 frames are detected that the b5-b7 of V 5 is 000, the corresponding path will be judged as unequipped, and LP-UN EQ (low order path - unequipped) alarm will appear in the corresponding channels of the local tenninal.

Statistical processing of the information collected allows us to compute the break-up frequency and daughter size distribution of the bubbles as a function of the bubble size and the [r]

Recent reports by longitudinal studies indicate that although ADHD persists into adulthood, it has not been observed in the expected proportion, Moffit et al. (2015) recently noted that 90% of adult ADHD cases lacked a his- tory of childhood ADHD. Thus, ADHD may display dif- ferent trajectories in its clinical presentation (Agnew-Blais et al., 2016; Asherson, Buitelaar, Faraone, & Rohde, 2016; Caye et al., 2016; Matte et al., 2012; Moffitt et al., 2015). The symptomatic expression of ADHD, including adult- hood onset ADHD, depends on the context, in other words, the interaction between biological aspects such as neuro- cognitive resources and environmental aspects such as the familial, interpersonal, academic and work spheres in which the affected subjects develop (Lasser, Goodman, & Asherson, 2012). Other factors such as sex, age at the time of evaluation, differences in definitions of impairment or context (e. g., urban vs. sub-urban, traditional vs. non-tradi- tional school, etc.) are known to influence the presentation of ADHD.

Scientific/technical Scientists, practitioners ES Summary: “[T]his review and guidance has been prepared to provide a general introduction to GIS issues, its application not only for wetland inventory, but also for wetland assessment and monitoring purposes and other applications, in order to cover the full scope of the integrated framework for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring that was prepared concurrently by the STRP (COP9 Resolution IX.1 . . . Annex E). The review outlines data management issues and provides guidance on a set of criteria which should be applied by those considering using GIS systems for wetland data handling and management. Information on available data viewer software and low-cost GIS products is provided . . . .”

Snowball, D., On the Integration of Accounting Research in Human Information Processing, Accounting and Business Research ( 1980 ) pp. D., The Normative Origins of Positive Theories[r]

There are several mechanisms that allow for the existence of LS, one of such mechanisms is the appearance of LS as a single spot of a localized pattern. In a system which presents a subcritical pattern there is a parameter region in which this pattern coexists with the homogeneous solution (Figs. 1.7 and 1.8). For instance, this is the most common situation when, in a system with two spatial dimensions (2D), the arising patterns are hexagons. In this region, LS may appear as a single spot of the localized pattern on top of the homogeneous background [68, 78–80] (Fig. 1.7). The appearance of LS through this mechanism was first reported in a Swift-Hohenberg equation in the weak dispersion limit [81], and were also found in the degenerate [82–84] and non degenerate [85] models for Optical Parametric Oscillator and the self-focusing Kerr Cavity [86] (this is the type of LS that will be studied in Part II). Experimentally localized structures arising through this mechanism have been observed in sodium vapor with single feedback mirror [71], semiconductor lasers [61], fluids [87], granular media [62] and chemical reactions [88]. This kind of LS, that appear as a single spot of a subcritical pattern have been described by means of generic Ginzburg-Landau [89] and Swift-Hogenberg [90] models.

Building on our work developing models of photopolymers for use as holographic recording media we have applied these same models to explain in a detailed way the basis and significance of the most common metric used to characterise the data storage performance of a recording medium, the scaling law of diffraction [25]. In particular in [25] the effects of electromagnetic theory and photopolymer material parameters have been discussed. In an entirely different approach to the same problem, in [26] we have assumed a linear material response and examined the use of random phase shifts and monomer diffusion between exposures to improve material data storage performance.

A preliminary study to the one reported here showed that, with differ- ent degrees of accuracy, people were able to remember scientific informa- tion contained in a short story. From the results of this previous study three basic questions emerged: what type of memory is being used to remember such knowledge? How efficient are narrative texts compared with factual ones in communicating science? And by which of these two written expressions does the information obtained stay longer in the memory?

The importance and benefits of this particular course and the issue of the cyber dimension of ecocriticism include several related aspects. First, a set of technical communication and literature students who had largely ignored the subject of climate change were exposed not only to the science of global warming but also to the ways that different groups and organizations present and critique that science. Second, these students not only learned content about the subject, but also skills about how to advise governmental and nongovernmental organizations on better ways to represent information about environmental issues via the web more effectively. Third, they discussed the ways in which this particular environmental issue is framed, as could well be the case with other ones, result in critiques of contemporary consumer culture and point out the areas of daily life that require significant and rapid transformation from an ecological perspective. Fourth, it is possible to have a course with a high technological application content and emphasis that includes throughout an ecocritical perspective and environmental concern, not only in relation to its specific subject, but also to the general ecology of website design. This result may prove useful to other ecocritics who teach courses largely or exclusively outside of literary studies to figure out how to integrate environmental issues into skill dominant courses.

The connection between information-theoretic key agreement and quan- tum entanglement purification has led to several analogies between the two scenarios. The most intriguing open question is the conjectured existence of bound information, a classical analog of bound entanglement. It refers to classical correlations that, despite containing some intrinsic secrecy, do not allow its extraction by means of any protocol based on local operations and public communication between two honest parties. Despite some evidence of its existence in the bipartite scenario, a proof is still missing. By exploit- ing the analogies between the quantum and classical scenario, we provide two probability distributions that are not key-distillable by two-way com- munication protocols and therefore may have bound information. Then, we show that the combination of these two distributions leads to a positive secret-key rate. This result thus supports the idea that the secret-key rate, a fully classical information concept, may be a non-additive quantity.

Before we look into the details of the interference experiments, a brief overview of the phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) will be given. A SLM consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD) that is able to electrically control the birefringence. By computing gray-level images and encoding them onto the device we can modulate the phase of an incident beam to produce a beam possessing exceptional characteristics. The nature of the SLM allows us only to encode information on the polarization com- ponent parallel to the liquid crystal molecules. To remove the undiffracted component from the desired, diffracted component, a grating is placed over the hologram, separat- ing the undiffracted zero-order and the diffracted first-order to two independent lateral positions. By the same means, one is able to modulate amplitude by applying a phase grating or a checkerboard pattern. Note that while we have used a phase-only SLM, there do exist SLMs that modulate the amplitude and phase, or only amplitude. Such devices can also be used in phase-only mode with a little care [49], for example, by use of two appropriately aligned polarizers, or in a binary phase configuration. In general the device may have a coupled amplitude and phase response and the reader is encouraged to correct this prior to implementing the holograms discussed here. For further details on the functioning of the SLM, please refer to past Am. J. Phys. articles [50–53].

xml:lang is the preferable means of language identification. To ease the usage of xml:lang , a declaration for this attribute is part of the non-normative XML DTD and XML Schema document for ITS markup declarations. There is no declaration of xml:lang in the non- normative RELAX NG document for ITS, since in RELAX NG it is not necessary to declare attributes from the XML namespace. Applying the Language Information data category to xml:lang attributes using global rules is not necessary, since xml:lang is the standard way to specify language information in XML. xml:lang is defined in terms of RFC 3066 or its successor ([BCP47] is the "Best Common Practice" for language identification and encompasses [RFC 3066] and its successors.)

The fat content in leather is determined by extraction, which is facilitated by the solubility of fat in low-polarity solvents. In order to maximize efficiency, the process is performed in a continuous manner in a Soxhlet extractor at a high temperature. An amount of 5 ± 0.01 g of powdered leather was used to evenly fill a cellulose cartridge and covered with a thin cotton layer. The extraction flask was dried by heating at 102 ± 2 ◦ C for 30 min in the presence of two glass beads, and weighed after cooling in a desiccator. The leather powder was extracted with methylene chloride and, after at least 30 applications, the solvent containing the extract was distilled. Then, the flask was dried at 102 ± 2 ◦ C for 4 h; if any water drops were visible, a volume of 1–2 mL of ethanol was added to facilitate thorough moisture removal. At that point, the flask was allowed to cool in a desic- cator and weighed. This was followed by redrying in a stove for 1 h, cooling and weighing. The process was repeated to weight constancy. All analyses were carried out in duplicate.

"Rationale. The rationale of the model is based on three basic premises. First, all organisms are data, information, knowledge systems. They could not deal with the external world without them. Second, information is a state of consciousness (i.e., awareness). Thus, information is a cognitive/affective process and the products of that process (Miller, 1978). The focus is on the product and management of these processes (Drucker, 2001). Third, technology augments the human capacities and the products there from. (Englebart,1962).

6 collaborative work as an activity in which several people work together to define a meaning, explore an issue, or improve some skills. Particularly, and as Johnson & Johnson (1999) pointed out, collaborative work goes beyond simple teamwork because there are shared objectives and common beneficial outcomes both individually and for the whole group are searched. As Guitert, Guerrero, Romeu & Padros (2008:27) highlighted: “collaborative work is a process in which every single person learns more than what he or she would learn by his/her own, as a result of the interaction between the components of the team”. In addition, the emphasis is on the idea of “built knowledge” (Scardamalia & Bereiter, 1994; Staht, 2006), which happens when the group goes forward shaping meanings that allow discovering knowledge and achieving the expected skills from the joint reflection.

Another line of work that completes and supplements the PACCTA are the training opportunities already in process. This offering covers topics oriented towards its protagonists. In the case of librarians and documentarians, training in scientific information covers themes such asmetadata schemes for the formal and semantic description, information recovery, and aspects of measurement and impact of infor- mation behavior, among others. At the same time we offer training in editorial planning, digital editing, layouts and management to editors and students of editing. We also take into account cross-curricular topics such as legal and technical regulations. Other esteemed beneficiaries of our training are authors and researchers. We focus on scientific communication practices, that is, on the development of scien- tific texts, presentation of images and statistics that illustrate them and, especially, the citation of docu- mentary sources. Such global authorial management of scientific contents involves aspects of scientific writing and related communicational strategies.